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Quality in Human-Computer Interaction: Self-Explanatory User Interfaces by Model-Driven Engineering
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Transcript of Quality in Human-Computer Interaction: Self-Explanatory User Interfaces by Model-Driven Engineering
1
Alfonso García Frey
Director: Gaëlle CalvaryCo-Director: Sophie Dupuy Chessa
Quality in Human-ComputerInteraction
Self-Explanatory User Interfacesby Model-Driven Engineering
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Research Problem: Non Quality of UIs
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Designer
User
Research Problem
Intended Quality
Perceived Quality
The designer is not the user
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Research Problem: Explanations
0 2010
Different explanation types
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Research Problem: Explanations
0 2010
Different explanation types
- Theory of Explanation in Philosophy of Science
Aristotle’s Theory of CausalityWhy (do things happen?)
[Aristotle, 370BC]
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Research Problem: Explanations
[Toulmin, 58]
0 2010
Different explanation types
- Theory of Explanation in Philosophy of Science
Aristotle’s Theory of CausalityWhy (do things happen?)
Why (reasons / arguments)
[Aristotle, 370BC]
1950
- Theory of Argumentation [Toulmin, 58]
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Research Problem: Explanations
[Toulmin, 58]
0
[Hughes, 89]
2010
Different explanation types
- Theory of Explanation in Philosophy of Science
Aristotle’s Theory of CausalityWhy (do things happen?)
How (does it work?) (can I do this?)
Why (reasons / arguments)
[Aristotle, 370BC]
1950
- Structural Explanations [Hughes, 89]
Internal parts as explanations
- Theory of Argumentation [Toulmin, 58]
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Research Problem: Support Tools
Agents
Recommender Systems
Model-Based
Social-Network
Personal assistants
[Benyon, 93]
1970
Expert Systems [Neomycin, 81]
Avatars
Desktop facilities
2010
QA Systems [Lehnert, 78]
[Paterno, 95]
[Tooltip]
[Nichols, 12]
[Apple, 11]
[Ricci, 11]
A wide exploration of support tools
[Tensator, 12]
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Research Problem: Limitations
Agents
Recommender Systems
Model-Based
Social-Network
Personal assistants
[Benyon, 93]
1970
Expert Systems [Neomycin, 81]
Avatars
Desktop facilities
2010
QA Systems [Lehnert, 78]
[Paterno, 95]
[Tooltip]
[Nichols 2012]
[Apple]
[Ricci 11]
Problem 1: Coverage of explanations
[Tensator 2012]
1978
10
Research Problem: Limitations
Agents
Recommender Systems
Model-Based
Social-Network
Personal assistants
[Benyon, 93]
1970
Expert Systems [Neomycin, 81]
Avatars
Desktop facilities
2010
QA Systems [Lehnert, 78]
[Paterno, 95]
[Tooltip]
[Nichols, 12]
[Apple, 11]
[Ricci, 11]
Problem 2: Cost of the explanation
[Tensator, 12]
1997
11
Research Problem: Limitations
Agents
Recommender Systems
Model-Based
Social-Network
Personal assistants
[Benyon, 93]
1970
Expert Systems [Neomycin, 81]
Avatars
Desktop facilities
2010
QA Systems [Lehnert, 78]
[Paterno, 95]
Problem 3: Quality of the support
2012
[Tooltip]
[Nichols, 12]
[Apple, 11]
[Ricci, 11]
[Tensator, 12]
12
Research Problem: Topic
Agents
Recommender Systems
Model-Based
Social-Network
Personal assistants
[Benyon, 93]
1970
Expert Systems [Neomycin, 81]
Avatars
Desktop facilities
2010
QA Systems [Lehnert, 78]
[Paterno, 95]
First class problem: Cost
[Tooltip]
[Nichols, 12]
[Apple, 11]
[Ricci, 11]
[Tensator, 12]
13
Research Problem: Topic
Model-Based [Paterno, 95]
First class problem: Cost
14
Models
Explanations
Research Problem: Topic
Model-Based [Paterno, 95]
First class problem: Cost
15
Models
Explanations
Research Problem: Topic
Model-Based [Paterno, 95]
First class problem: Cost
Design models are suitable for supporting end users
in the interaction process.
Hypothesis
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Research Problem
Model-Based [Paterno, 95]
First class problem: Cost
Design models are suitable for supporting end users
in the interaction process.
Hypothesis
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Cartoonist[Sukaviriya et al. 1990]
17
Research Problem
Model-Based [Paterno, 95]
First class problem: Cost
Design models are suitable for supporting end users
in the interaction process.
Hypothesis
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Cartoonist[Sukaviriya et al. 1990]
18
Outline
Model-Based Self-Explanatory UIs for free2
Qualitative Evaluation3
Perspectives4
State of the Art in Model-Based Help systems1
Problem Statement and Focus Definition0
19
Outline
State of the Art in Model-Based Help systems1
The QAP Problem Spacea
Related Workb
Overlapping Analysisc
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State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
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State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
Coverage
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State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
Coverage Quality
23
State of the Art in Model-Based
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
24
State of the Art in Model-Based
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
25
State of the Art in Model-Based
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
26
State of the Art in Model-Based
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
27
State of the Art in Model-Based
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
28
State of the Art in Model-Based
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
29
State of the Art in Model-Based
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
30
State of the Art in Model-Based
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
31
State of the Art in Model-Based
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
32
State of the Art in Model-Based
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
33
State of the Art in Model-Based
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
34
State of the Art in Model-Based
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
35
State of the Art in Model-Based
Crystal Framework[Myers et al. 2006]
Characterization
State of the Art in Model-BasedThe QAP Problem Space
36
State of the Art in Model-BasedPervasiveCrystal
[Vermeulen et al. 2010]
Comparison of Help Systems
37
State of the Art in Model-BasedPervasiveCrystal
[Vermeulen et al. 2010]
Comparison of Help Systems
38
State of the Art in Model-BasedCartoonist
[Sukaviriya et al. 1990]
39
State of the Art in Model-BasedConclusion
[Vermeulen, 2010]
[Sukaviriya, 1990]
[Myers, 2006]
[Lim, 2010]
40
State of the Art in Model-BasedConclusion
[Vermeulen, 2010]
[Sukaviriya, 1990]
[Myers, 2006]
[Lim, 2010]
Coverage:
41
State of the Art in Model-BasedConclusion
[Vermeulen, 2010]
[Sukaviriya, 1990]
[Myers, 2006]
[Lim, 2010]
Coverage:
- no support for design rationale
42
State of the Art in Model-BasedConclusion
[Vermeulen, 2010]
[Sukaviriya, 1990]
[Myers, 2006]
[Lim, 2010]
Coverage:
- no support for design rationale
- no support for structure
43
State of the Art in Model-BasedConclusion
[Vermeulen, 2010]
[Sukaviriya, 1990]
[Myers, 2006]
[Lim, 2010]
- dedicated purpose
Coverage:
- no support for design rationale
- no support for structure
44
State of the Art in Model-BasedConclusion
Quality
[Vermeulen, 2010]
[Sukaviriya, 1990]
[Myers, 2006]
[Lim, 2010]
- dedicated purpose
Coverage:
- no support for design rationale
- no support for structure
45
State of the Art in Model-BasedConclusion
Quality
[Vermeulen, 2010]
[Sukaviriya, 1990]
[Myers, 2006]
[Lim, 2010]
- dedicated purpose
Coverage:
- no support for design rationale
- no support for structure
- no initiative
46
State of the Art in Model-BasedConclusion
Quality
[Vermeulen, 2010]
[Sukaviriya, 1990]
[Myers, 2006]
[Lim, 2010]
- dedicated purpose
Coverage:
- no simultaneous support for
- dynamicity, extensibility
- no support for design rationale
- no support for structure
- no initiative
47
State of the Art in Model-BasedConclusion
Quality
[Vermeulen, 2010]
[Sukaviriya, 1990]
[Myers, 2006]
[Lim, 2010]
- dedicated purpose
Coverage:
- intrinsic and extrinsic
- no simultaneous support for
- dynamicity, extensibility
- no support for design rationale
- no support for structure
- no initiative
48
Outline
Model-Based Self-Explanatory UIs for free2
Qualitative Evaluation3
Perspectives4
State of the Art in Model-Based Help Systems1
Problem Statement and Focus Definition0
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Outline
Model-Based Self-Explanatory UIs for free2
Demonstratora
Conceptual Architectureb
Explanation Strategiesc
Conclusiond
50
Designer
User
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeDemonstrator
Models
51
Designer
User
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeDemonstrator
Models
52
Designer
User
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeDemonstrator
Models
53
Designer
User
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeDemonstrator
Models
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Self-Explanatory UIs for freeDemonstrator
55
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
56
Cameleon Reference Framework[Calvary 03]
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
57
Cameleon Reference Framework[Calvary 03]
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
[MacLean, 83]
QOC Model
58
Cameleon Reference Framework[Calvary 03]
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
[MacLean, 83]
QOC Model
Quality Model
[García Frey, 11]
59
Cameleon Reference Framework[Calvary 03]
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
60
Cameleon Reference Framework[Calvary 03]
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
[MacLean, 83]
QOC Model
61
Cameleon Reference Framework[Calvary 03]
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
[MacLean, 83]
QOC Model
62
Cameleon Reference Framework[Calvary 03]
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
[MacLean, 83]
QOC Model
63
Cameleon Reference Framework[Calvary 03]
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
[MacLean, 83]
QOC Model
64
Cameleon Reference Framework[Calvary 03]
ErgonomicCriterion
Questions Options Criteria
Moresuitablewidget?
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
[MacLean, 83]
QOC Model
65
Cameleon Reference Framework[Calvary 03]
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
[MacLean, 83]
QOC Model
Quality Model
[García Frey, 11]
66
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
67
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
ErgonomicCriterion
Questions Options Criteria
Moresuitablewidget?
68
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
69
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
70
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Functional core
71
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConceptual Architecture
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Functional core
72
Self-Explanatory User InterfacesExplanation Strategies: Usage Questions
73
Self-Explanatory User InterfacesExplanation Strategies: Usage Questions
How To select packs?
74
Self-Explanatory User InterfacesExplanation Strategies: Usage Questions
How To select packs?
75
Self-Explanatory User InterfacesExplanation Strategies: Usage Questions
How To select packs? Task Model
Abstract Model
Concrete Model
76
Self-Explanatory User InterfacesExplanation Strategies: Usage Questions
How To select packs? Task Model
Abstract Model
Concrete Model
77
Self-Explanatory User InterfacesExplanation Strategies: Design Rationale Questions
QOC Model
Why are enginesordered by price?
Why are engines Ordered by price?
Quality Model
78
Self-Explanatory User InterfacesExplanation Strategies: Design Rationale Questions
QOC Model
Why are enginesordered by price?
Why are engines Ordered by price?
Quality Model1
79
CRITERIA
Items of a selection list must be- either in an alphabetically ordered - or in an order significant for the
user in the context of the task.
[IBM, 89]
Self-Explanatory User InterfacesExplanation Strategies: Design Rationale Questions
QOC Model
Why are engines Ordered by price?
Quality Model
80
CRITERIA
Items of a selection list must be- either in an alphabetically ordered - or in an order significant for the
user in the context of the task.
[IBM, 89]
Self-Explanatory User InterfacesExplanation Strategies: Design Rationale Questions
QOC Model
Why are engines Ordered by price?
Quality Model
2
81
CRITERIA
Items of a selection list must be- either in an alphabetically ordered - or in an order significant for the
user in the context of the task.
[IBM, 89]
Self-Explanatory User InterfacesExplanation Strategies: Design Rationale Questions
QOC Model
Why are engines Ordered by price?
Quality Model
3
82
Functional core
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
83
Functional core
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Ecore Ecore
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Ecore Ecore
84
Functional core
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Ecore Ecore ATL
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Ecore Ecore ATL
85
Functional core
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Ecore JavaEcore ATL
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Ecore JavaEcore ATL
86
Functional core
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Ecore Java
Java
Vaadin
Ecore ATL
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Ecore JavaEcore ATL
87
Functional core
Designer
User
Models Metamodels Transformations
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Ecore Java
Java
Vaadin
EcoreOSGi ATL
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Ecore JavaEcore ATLOSGi
88
Functional core
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Ecore Java
Java
Vaadin
EcoreOSGi ATL
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Ecore JavaEcore ATLOSGi
89
Functional core
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Ecore Java
Java
Vaadin
EcoreOSGi ATL
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Ecore JavaEcore ATLOSGi
- Metamodels dependent
90
Functional core
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Ecore Java
Java
Vaadin
EcoreOSGi ATL
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Ecore JavaEcore ATLOSGi
- Metamodels independent- Metamodels dependent
91
Functional core
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Ecore Java
Java
Vaadin
EcoreOSGi ATL
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Ecore JavaEcore ATLOSGi
- Metamodels independent
- QOC simplified- Design rationale
- Metamodels dependent
QOC Model
92
Functional core
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeImplementation
Ecore Java
Java
Vaadin
EcoreOSGi ATL
Models Metamodels Transformations Functional core
Ecore JavaEcore ATLOSGi
- Metamodels independent
- QOC simplified- Design rationale
- Presentation
- Metamodels dependent
93
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeIn Summary
94
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeDemonstrator
95
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeIn Summary
Full coverage of Questions
High potential for quality
- Design Rationale → Quality and QOC models - Structure → Cameleon models- Unification → Through explanation strategies
- Dynamicity → Models at runtime- Extensibility → Through explanation strategies
No cost
- By construction (model-based approach)
96
Outline
Model-Based Self-Explanatory UIs for free2
Qualitative Evaluation3
Perspectives4
State of the Art in Model-Based Help systems1
Problem Statement and Focus Definition0
97
Outline
Qualitative Evaluation3
Protocol Descriptiona
Phasesb
Conclusionc
98
Qualitative EvaluationObjectives
- HypothesisDesign models are suitable for supporting
end users in the interaction process.
- Three challenges:
- Cost- (by construction)
- Coverage
- Quality
- Approach: Experimental. Scenario based
- Use Case: Car shopping website
99
Qualitative EvaluationProtocol Description
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
100
Qualitative EvaluationProtocol Description
- Objective: know participants - Questionnaire → profiles, help habits
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Phase 1
101
Qualitative EvaluationProtocol Description
- Objective: know participants - Questionnaire → profiles, help habits
- Objective: identification of problems- Demonstrator → Tasks. Think aloud
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Phase 1
Phase 2
102
Qualitative EvaluationProtocol Description
- Objective: know participants - Questionnaire → profiles, help habits
- Objective: identification of problems- Demonstrator → Tasks. Think aloud
- Objective: Models enough? Feedback- Self-Explanatory User Interface- Questionnaire
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
103
Qualitative EvaluationPhase 1
- Number: 20
Recruitment - Age: [23, 39] years, average 27.4
- Sex: 12 male, 8 female
- Familiar with new technologies
- 16/20 like new technologies
- 17/20 use new technology everyday
- 20/20 have found problems in their use
Habits
104
Qualitative EvaluationPhase 2
Select a Cabriolet model 20/20
Change the external color to Le Mans Blau 20/20
Select the Connected Drive pack 18/20
Select a diesel engine for less than 35.000€ 17/20
Choose a sport finishing touch 15/20
Ensure that the model has a navigation system. If not, add one
12/20
Select the maintenance contract of your choice 10/10
Ensure that the model has a Terra leather upholstery. If not, choose blue leather instead
12/20
Make sure that you can listen music in the car. If not, choose the best audio system available
12/20
Visualize the result and check that everything is OK. If not, try to solve the problem.
12/20
Task Accomplishment ratio
Easy
Moderated
Complicated
105
Qualitative EvaluationPhase 2
Full coverage of questions!
106
Qualitative EvaluationPhase 2
Full coverage of questions!
Usage
107
Qualitative EvaluationPhase 2
Full coverage of questions!
Usage
DR
108
Qualitative EvaluationPhase 3: Findings
Design models are suitable for supporting users
Good coverage is needed
Good acceptance but more work identified
- Most of questions identified as useful- Unsupported types of questions
- Good acceptance (How, Where)- Gain of time (How, Where)- Why questions → Better strategies!- Design Rationale → Push on!
109
Outline
Model-Based Self-Explanatory UIs for free2
Qualitative Evaluation3
Perspectives4
State of the Art in Model-Based Help systems1
Problem Statement and Focus Definition0
110
Outline
Perspectives4
Long Term Perspectivesc
General Contributionsa
Short Term Perspectivesb
111
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConclusion
General: Design models are suitable for supporting end users
- Three challenges
- Cost
- Coverage
- Quality
112
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConclusion: Challenges
- Presentation - Intrinsic and Extrinsic questions
- Initiative - Not covered
- Dynamicity - Fully generated support by keeping the models at runtime
- Extensibility - Through explanation strategies
Quality
Not perfect, but:
113
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConclusion: Challenges
- Full coverage! - Design rationale- Structure
- Unification - Through explanation strategies
- New question types? - Add your own explanation strategy - Reuse it everywhere
Coverage
Good coverage:
114
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConclusion: Challenges
Cost
- Free by construction - Model-Based approach
- But really no cost? - A minority number of metamodel dependent elements
- Complete models?
No cost
115
Self-Explanatory UIs for freeConclusion: Challenges
Cost
- Free by construction - Model-Based approach
- But really no cost? - A minority number of metamodel dependent elements
- Complete models?
No cost
For what type of non quality applications are we providing support?
116
Designer
User
Perspectives: Short TermClosing the loop
Models
117
Designer
User
Perspectives: Short TermClosing the loop
Models
118
Designer
User
Perspectives: Short TermClosing the loop
Models
119
Designer
User
Perspectives: Short TermClosing the loop
Models
120
Designer
User
Perspectives: Short TermClosing the loop
Models
121
Designer
User
Perspectives: Short TermUsability
Models
Question
Answer
122
Designer
User
Perspectives: Short TermUsability
Models
123
Designer
User
Perspectives: Short TermUsability
Models
Question
124
Designer
User
Perspectives: Short TermUsability
Models
Question
Answer
125
User
Designer
Perspectives: Long TermEnd User Programming
Models
126
User
Designer
Perspectives: Long TermEnd User Programming
Models
128
Contributory Papers1. GARCÍA FREY, A., CALVARY, G., DUPUY-CHESSA, S., AND MANDRAN, N. Model-based self-explanatory UIs for free, but are they valuable? In Proceedings of the 14th IFIP TC13 Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT’13), 2-6 September 2013, Cape Town, South Africa (2013), Springer
2. GARCÍA FREY, A., CALVARY, G., AND DUPUY-CHESSA, S. Users need your models! exploiting design models for explanations. In Proceedings of HCI 2012, Human Computer Interaction, People and Computers XXVI, The 26th BCS HCI Group conference (Birmingham, UK) (2012)
3. GARCÍA FREY, A., CÉRET, E., DUPUY-CHESSA, S., CALVARY, G., AND GABILLON, Y. Usicomp: an extensible model-driven composer. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems (New York, NY, USA, 2012), EICS ’12, ACM, pp. 263–268
4. GARCÍA FREY, A., CÉRET, E., DUPUY-CHESSA, S., AND CALVARY, G. QUIMERA: a quality metamodel to improve design rationale. In Proceedings of the third ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (EICS 2011) (2011), ACM Press, pp. 265–270
5. GARCÍA FREY, A., CÉRET, E., DUPUY-CHESSA, S., AND CALVARY, G. QUIMERA - Toward an unifying quality metamodel. 2011 In Congrès INFORSID’11 (Lille, France, May 2011), 6 pages. (2011)
6. GARCÍA FREY, A., CALVARY , G., AND DUPUY-CHESSA, S. Self-explanatory user interfaces by model-driven engineering. In Proceedings of the CHI’10 Workshop on Model Driven Development of Advanced User Interfaces (MDDAUI’10) (2010), pp. 1–4
7. GARCÍA FREY, A., CALVARY , G., AND DUPUY-CHESSA, S. Xplain: an editor for building self-explanatory user interfaces by model-driven engineering. In Proceedings of the second ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (EICS 2010) (2010), ACM Press, pp. 41–46
8. GARCÍA FREY , A., CALVARY , G., AND DUPUY-CHESSA , S. Self-explanatory user interfaces by model-driven engineering. In Proceedings of the second ACM SIGCHI Symposium on Engineering Interactive Computing Systems (EICS 2010) (2010), ACM Press, pp. 341–344
9. DITTMAR, A., GARCÍA FREY, A., AND DUPUY-CHESSA, S. What can model-based ui design offer to end-user software engineering? In Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems(New York, NY, USA, 2012), EICS ’12, ACM, pp. 189–194