QUALITY CONTROL QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURESPROCEDURES

AWARENESS ABOUT AWARENESS ABOUT HANDLING OF HANDLING OF

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.

AT A GLANCEAT A GLANCE

IntroductionIntroduction

PETROLEUM PRODUCTSFUEL OILSLUBRICATING OILSLUBRICATING GREASES

PETROLEUM PRODUCTSTESTS AND SIGNIFICANCE

THE MAJOR FUNCTION OF LUBRICATING OIL IS REDUCTION OF FRICTION & WEAR BY SEPARATION OF SURFACES

LUBRICATING OILS ALSO ACT AS A CARRIER FOR ADDITIVES

ADVANCEMENT IN LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGYGOOD QUALITY OF BASE OILS HAVE MORE RESPONSE TO ADDITIVES

PROPERLY FORMULATED LUBRICATNS LAST LONGER AND GENERATE LESS WASTE

SYSTEMATIC MANAGEMENT & TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE IS KEY TO SUCCESS

PETROLEUM PRODUCTSTESTS AND SIGNIFICANCE contd.

IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE LUBRICANTS SAFE FOR PEOPLE & ENVIRONMENT

CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH OEM’S

OEM’S ARE BECOMING INCREASINGLY RECEPTIVE BECAUSE IT IS THEIR OBJECTIVE FOR BETTER PERFORMANCE

TO GENERATE QUALITY AWARENESS IN THE USER COMMUNITY THROUGH PROPER CUSTOMER EDUCATION

CHALLENGE - TO CONVINCE THE PUBLIC TO PAY MORE FOR QUALITY PRODUCTS

QUALITY CONCEPT

ADVANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION

NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL QUALITY CONCEPT

TEST METHODS

DEFINITION OF QUALITY

QUALITY STATEMENT

ADVANCEMENT IN PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY

CHANGES IN QUALITY CONTROL TESTS

REVIEW OF TEST METHODS

CUSTOMER CARE AND FEEDBACK

ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY

ADOPTION OF NEW FORMULATION TECHNOLOGYCONSTANT REVIEW OF THE TEST METHODSINSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUESPRODUCT QUALITY IS TAILOR MADE FOR CUSTOMERSTRADITIONAL TEST METHODS ARE SUPPLIMENTED

BY MODERN INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUESTEST MODULES FOR PERFORMANCE TESTS AND

BENCH TESTSTEST RIGS AND ENGINE TEST

TO SATISFY CUSTOMERS FOR ENERGY SAVING, POWER REDUCTION, TO REDUCE MACHINERY DOWN TIME, SAFETY AND HEALTH ASPECTS ARE ALSO BEING CONSIDERED WHILE ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCTS.

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

TESTS & SIGNIFICANCE

TESTS ON PETROLEUM PRODUCTSCAN BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS :

• PHYSICAL TESTS• CHEMICAL TESTS• PERFORMANCE - BASED TESTS

A. PHYSICAL TESTS

• APPEARANCE• ANILINE POINT• ASH CONTENT• COLOUR• COPPER STRIP CORROSION• DENSITY• DISTILLATION• FLASH POINT• INSOLUBLES• POUR POINT• RESIDUE ON EVAPORATION• VISCOSITY• VISCOSITY INDEX• WATER CONTENT

B. CHEMICALS TESTS

• NEUTRALIZATION NO : TOTAL ACID NUMBER STRONG ACID NO. TOTAL BASE NO. STRONG BASE NO.

• LEAD CONTENT (TEL)

• METAL CONTENT : Ca, Ba, Zn etc

C. PERFORMANCE BASED TESTS

• OXIDATION STABILITY• EXTREME PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS• LEAKAGE TENDENCY• WATER WASHOUT PROPERTIES• RUST PROTECTION• FOAMING CHARACTERISTICS• AIR RELEASE PROPERTY• KNOCK RATING

PHYSICAL TESTSAPPEARANCE

APPEARANCE : VISUAL OBSERVATION

BRIGHT & CLEAR : GOOD PRODUCT FREE FROM CONTAMINATION

HAZY/CLOUDY : PRESENCE OF SEDIMENT WATER AND /OR WAX

ANILINE POINTANILINE POINT

MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AT WHICH ANILINE AND OIL IN EQUAL QUANTITY ARE MISCIBLE.

IT IS USEFUL IN THE CHARACTERISATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.

IT INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN PARAFINICITY.

IT GIVES THE IDEA OF COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM CARBON RESIDUE.

ASH CONTENTASH CONTENT

METALLIC DEPOSITS FORMED IN METALLIC DEPOSITS FORMED IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER & THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER & OTHER ENGINE PARTS DURING OTHER ENGINE PARTS DURING

THE HIGH TEMPERATURE THE HIGH TEMPERATURE OPERATION.OPERATION.

ASH CONTENT : ASTM D 482/874,IP 4/163,IS 1448 P:4

EQUIPMENT : CRUCIBLE ANALYTICAL BALANCE

MUFFLE FURNACE BURNER

ASH IS NON COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL IN PETROLEUM PRODUCT

CONTRIBUTED BY 1) SOLID PARTICLES 2) OIL OR WATER

SOLUBLE METALLIC COMPOUNDS

…….CONTD

PHYSICAL TESTSASH CONTENT

ASH FROM FUELS : AFFECTS FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS,

INDUCES BOILER CORROSION,

ATTACKS REFRACTORY LINING

OILS : INDICATES PRESENCE OF OIL SOLUBLE METALLIC

COMPOUNDS.

SULPHATED ASH : BASIC TOOL FOR MFG. QUALITY CONTROL

…….CONTD

PHYSICAL TESTSASH CONTENT

LOWER : LESSER ADDITION OF ADDITIVES, ADMIXTURE OF BASE OIL.

HIGHER : INCREASED ADDITIVE DOSAGE, ADMIXTURE WITH OILS OF HIGHER ADDITIVE

CONCENTRATION.

PHYSICAL TESTSASH CONTENT

COLOURCOLOUR

TEST IS USED FOR TEST IS USED FOR MANUFACTURING CONTROL MANUFACTURING CONTROL PURPOSES. IT IS IMPORTANT PURPOSES. IT IS IMPORTANT

SINCE COLOUR IS READILY SINCE COLOUR IS READILY OBSERVED BY CUSTOMER.OBSERVED BY CUSTOMER.

PROPERTIES OF FUELS AND PROPERTIES OF FUELS AND LUBRICANTSLUBRICANTS

COLOUR

USED FOR MANUFACTURING CONTROL PURPOSE.

READILY OBSERVED BY THE CUSTOMER.

A VARIATION OUTSIDE THE ESTABLISHED RANGE INDICATES CONTAMINATION/ADULTERATION.

COLOUR :1. SAYBOLT : ASTM D 156 / IS 1448 P :14

2. ASTM : ASTM D1500 / IP 196 / IS 1448 P :12EQUIPMENT :SAYBOLT CHROMOMETER ,ASTM COLORIMETER

NO QUALITY SIGNIFICANCE :• ENSURES PRODUCT UNIFORMITY• APPRECIABLE CHANGE FROM NORMAL INDICATES CONTAMINATION• PETROL COLOUR INDICATES PRESENCE OF LEAD &

PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION.

PHYSICAL TESTSCOLOUR

COPPER STRIP COPPER STRIP CORROSION CORROSION

A QUALITATIVE MEASURE OF A QUALITATIVE MEASURE OF THE TENDENCY OF A THE TENDENCY OF A

PETROLEUM PRODUCT TO PETROLEUM PRODUCT TO CORRODE PURE COPPER.CORRODE PURE COPPER.

COPPER STRIP COROSSION : ASTM D 130 / IP 156 / IS 1448 P:15

EQUIPMENT : WATER BATH - THERMOSTATICALLY CONTROLLED.

STD. COPPER STRIP,TEST TUBES, POLISHING MATERIAL

INDICATES PRESENCE OF CORROSIVE SULPHUR IN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

CAUSES: IMPROPER REFINING IMPROPER STORAGE CONDITION WATER BOTTOMS & PRESENCE OF SULPHIDES INDUCE CORROSION.

PHYSICAL TESTSCORROSION

…..CONTD.

ATTACKS FUEL SYSTEM & ALLCOPPER/COPPER BEARING COMPONENTS

“POSITIVE” TEST INDICATES PROBABLE ADMIXTURE OF ACTIVE SULPHUR BASED CUTTING OIL.

PHYSICAL TESTSCORROSION

DENSITYDENSITY

MASS/VOLUMEMASS/VOLUME

DENSITY PROVIDES CHECK DENSITY PROVIDES CHECK ON UNIFORMITY OF ON UNIFORMITY OF

SHIPMENT.SHIPMENT.

DENSITY : ASTM D 1298 / IP-160 / IS 1448 P:32

EQUIPMENT : HYDROMETER, GLASS JAR, THERMOMETER IP 64C

HELPS TO COMPUTE WEIGHT - VOLUME RELATIONSHIP

ASSISTS TO DETECT CONTAMINATION IN COMPARISON TO PARENT FIGURE IN FUELS.

SERVES AS BASIC GUIDE FOR PRODUCT MOVEMENT.

PHYSICAL TESTSDENSITY

….CONTD.

FOR OILS :LOWER VALUE : FUEL OIL DILUTION, ADMIXTURE

OF LOW DENSITY PRODUCT.

HIGHER VALUE :OXIDATION, INSOLUBLES, WATER, MIXTURES OF HIGH DENSITY PRODUCT.

PRECAUTIONS : 1.HYDROMETER CALIBRATION MUST BE AT 15°C2. SHIFTING OF GRADUATED SCALE

3. BREAK IN THERMOMETER THREAD

PHYSICAL TESTSDENSITY

SPECIFIC GRAVITYSPECIFIC GRAVITY

RATIO OF A WEIGHT OF A GIVEN VOLUME OF MATERIAL TO THE WEIGHT OF THE SAME VOLUME OF WATER.

API GRAVITYAPI GRAVITY

API GRAVITY, DEGREE = 141.5 131.5 SP.GR. @15.5/15.5OC

CO-EFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION.

CHANGE OF DENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE.

DISTILLATIONDISTILLATION

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DISTILLATION RESULTS IS DISTILLATION RESULTS IS

BASED ON CLOSE BASED ON CLOSE RELATIONSHIP TO RELATIONSHIP TO

VOLATILITYVOLATILITY

VOLATILITYVOLATILITYTHE TENDENCY OF A LIQUID OR LIQUIFIED GAS TO VAPOURISE IS CALLED IT’S VOLATILITY.

IT HAS IMPORTANCE DURING COMBUSTION.

IT KEEPS THE LIQUID IN GASEOUS STATE.

FOR VAPOURIZATION FLASH POINT, FIRE POINT, VAPOUR PRESSURE & EVAPORATION ARE ESSENTIAL.

DISTILLATION DISTILLATION TEMPERATURESTEMPERATURES

INITIAL BOILING POINT (IBP) THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE FIRST DROP OF DISTILLATE IS COLLECTED IN THE MEASURING CYLINDER.

END POINT OR FINAL BOILING POINT (FBP)THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE RECORDED DURING THE DISTILLATION PROCESS.

DRY POINTTHE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE LAST DROP EVAPOURATES AND THE DISTILLATION FLASK BECOMES DRY DURING THE DISTILLATION PROCESS.

DISTILLATION TEMPERATUREDISTILLATION TEMPERATURE (continued)(continued)

RECOVERYTHE TOTAL VOLUME OF DISTILLATE RECOVERED IN THE CYLINDER.

RESIDUEMATERIAL REMAINED IN THE FLASK AFTER DISTILLATION. IF RESIDUE IS HIGH IT GIVES THE INDICATION OF IMPURITY.

DISTILLATION : ASTM D 86/IP-123 / IS 1448 : P18

EQUIPMENT : FRONT VIEW DISTILLATION APPARATUS, STD. THERMOMETER ,

DISTILLATION FLASK,MEASURING CYLINDER (100 ML)

CONTROLS VOLATILITY CHARACTERISTICS OFFUELS.

CONTRIBUTES TO : EASE OF STARTING WARM UP AND UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF FUEL.

PHYSICAL TESTSDISTILLATION

…..CONTD.

LIMITS : UNWARRANTED HEAVY ENDS

ARRESTS : EXHAUST SMOKING - ENGINE DEPOSITS FUEL DILUTION - IMPROPER MIXTURE DISTRIBUTION TO CYLINDER.

DISTILLATION TEST AIDS DETECTINGADULTERATION OF PETROL WITH SKO/HSD

PHYSICAL TESTSDISTILLATION

FLASH POINTFLASH POINT

IMPORTANT INDICATION OF IMPORTANT INDICATION OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION FIRE AND EXPLOSION

HAZARDHAZARD

FLASH POINT :1. ABEL FLASH POINT : IP 170 / IS 1448 P:32

2. PENSKY MARTENS : ASTM D 93/IP 34/ FLASH POINT IS 1448 P :21

3. CLEVELAND OPEN : ASTM D 92/ IP 36 / CUP FLASH POINT IS-1448 P 69

EQUIPMENT : ABEL FLASH TESTER - FUELS UPTO 70°C

PM FLASH TESTER - FUELS & OILS COC FLASH TESTER - OILS

PHYSICAL TESTSFLASH POINT

……CONTD.

FLASH POINT CONTROLS FLAMMABILITY PROPERTY OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS - INDICATES DEGREE OF SAFETY IN STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND USE.

IN USED CRANKCASE OILS LOWER FLASH INDICATES FUEL DILUTION.

BASIC CRITICAL TEST FOR FUEL DELIVERIES.

PHYSICAL TESTSFLASH POINT

FLASH & FIRE POINTFLASH & FIRE POINT IT IS THE TEMPERATURE TO WHICH THE OIL MUST BE HEATED UNDER SPECIFIED TEST CONDITIONS TO GIVE OFF SUFFICIENT VAPOURS TO FORM A MIXTURE WHICH WILL IGNITE IN THE PRESENCE OF A SOURCE OF IGNITION

FLASH POINT TEST GIVES AN INDICATION OF PRESENCE OF VOLATILE COMPONENTS IN AN OIL.

FIRE POINT IS THE TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE PRODUCT STARTS BURNING CONTINUOUSLY

IT GIVES AN INDICATION OF FIRE HAZARD.

INSOLUBLESINSOLUBLESCONTAMINANTS FOUND IN CONTAMINANTS FOUND IN USED OILS DUE TO DUST, USED OILS DUE TO DUST,

WEAR PARTICLES AND WEAR PARTICLES AND OXIDATION PRODUCTSOXIDATION PRODUCTS

INSOLUBES - ASTM D 893

EQUIPMENT : OIL CENTRIFUGE - CONE SHAPED 100ML TUBES

ANALYTICAL BALANCE - AIR OVENTHIS TEST IS BASICALLY FOR USED LUBRICATING OILSHEXANE INSOLUBLE = CARBON + OXIDISED OIL + RESINS + SEDIMENTBENZENE INSOLUBES = CARBON + SEDIMENTASH ON BENZENE INSOLUBES; SEDIMENT,SILICA,WEAR METAL PARTICLES.ESSENTIAL TOOL TO JUDGE USED OIL QUALITY.

PHYSICAL TESTSINSOLUBLES

POUR POINTPOUR POINT

AN INDICATOR OF THE AN INDICATOR OF THE ABILITY OF OIL TO FLOW ABILITY OF OIL TO FLOW

UNDER COLD OPERATING UNDER COLD OPERATING CONDITIONSCONDITIONS

CLOUD & POUR POINTCLOUD & POUR POINT

1. CLOUD POINT.TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE OIL BECOMES HAZY WHEN COOLED IN A SPECIFIED CONDITION.

IT HAS IMPORTANCE WHEN NARROW CLEARANCE MIGHT BE RESTRICTED BY ACCUMULATION OF SOLID MATERIAL EX-SUCTION LINE STRAINERS, SMALL SIZE OIL-FEED LINES OR FILTERS.

CLOUD & POUR POINTCLOUD & POUR POINT POUR POINT IS THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE OIL WILL JUST FLOW UNDER SPECIFIC TEST CONDITIONS.

IT'S USE IS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE APPLICATION.

POUR POINT OF WAXY OILS CAN BE REDUCED BY POUR POINT DEPRESSANT (PPD)

SIGNIFICANCE IN REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR LUBRICANTS & AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE OILS.

POUR POINT : ASTM D 97/ IP 15 /IS 1448 P :10

EQUIPMENT : CLOUD & POUR TEST CABINET , STD. THERMOMETER , POUR POINT JARS

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ON COOLING SEPARATE WAX CRYSTALS. FIRST APPEARANCE OF WAX IS CLOUD POINT.

CONTINUED CHILLING INCREASES WAX PRECIPITATION AND ENDS IN MATRIX FORMATION.THIS MATRIX OF WAX STRUCTURE ARRESTS OIL FLOW.

PHYSICAL TESTSPOUR POINT

……CONTD.

POUR POINT CONTROLS FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AND PUMPABILITY PROPERTY.

POUR DEPRESSANTS RETARD MATRIX FORMATION AND CONTRIBUTE TO LOWERING OF POUR POINT AND INCREASE FLOW PROPERTIES.

PHYSICAL TESTSPOUR POINT

RESIDUE ON EVAPORATION : ASTM D 381 / IP 131 / IS 1448 P 29

EQUIPMENT : EXISTENT GUM BATH WITH PR.GAUGE & THERMOMETER - STD. GUM BEAKER - ANALYTICAL BALANCE - AIR OVEN.

TEST IS APPLICABLE TO FUELS & SOLVENTS. ALL FUELS CONTAIN CERTAIN UNSATURATED

HYDROCARBONS.

PHYSICAL TESTSRESIDUE ON EVAPORATION

…..CONTD.

THESE COMBINE WITH THEMSELVES AND WITH OXYGEN TO FORM NON VOLATIE STICKY SUBSTANCES CALLED GUM. GUM DEPOSITS IN ENGINE PARTS.

- CARBURETTER & INTAKE SYSTEM (INTAKE MANIFOLD - VALVE STEMS, SEATS ETC)

- RESTRICTS FLOW THROUGH CARBURETTER JETS, FLOAT STICKING AND IN EXTREME CASES VALVE STICKING.

PHYSICAL TESTSRESIDUE ON EVAPORATION

VISCOSITYVISCOSITYVISCOSITY OF A FLUID IS A VISCOSITY OF A FLUID IS A MEASURE OF ITS RESISTANCE MEASURE OF ITS RESISTANCE TO FLOW. VISCOSITY AND TO FLOW. VISCOSITY AND VISCOSITY VARIATION WITH VISCOSITY VARIATION WITH CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE ARE IMPORTANT FACTORS ARE IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR ESTABLISHING FOR ESTABLISHING PERFORMANCE STANDARD OF PERFORMANCE STANDARD OF LUBE OILSLUBE OILS

VISCOSITYVISCOSITYMEASURE OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS.

VISCOSITY CHANGES WITH TEMPERATURE.

IT FORMS BY THE COHESION OF FORCE OF MOLECULES.

AS THE PRESSURE INCREASES VISCOSITY INCREASES.

VISCOSITY INCREASE IN USED OIL INDICATES THAT THE OIL HAS OXIDISED.

VISCOSITY DECREASE USUALLY INDICATES DILUTION BY FUEL.

VISCOSITY = ASTM D 445 / IP 71 / IS 1448 P25MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO FLOW.EQUIPMENT : CONSTANT TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY

BATH ,CALIBRATED CAPILLARY GLASS VISCOMETERS, STOP WATCH.

UNITS OF VISCOSITY : ABSOLUTE, CENTI POISE, KINEMATIC,CENTI STOKES

RELATIONSHIP : CENTI POISE=CENTISTOKESXDENSITY @ TEMPERATURELUBE OILS ARE CONTOLLED AT 40°C AS

PER ISO VISCOSITY SYSTEM.= VISCOSITY FORMS BASIS FOR SELECTION OF LUBRICANTS.= VISCOSITY CHANGES REFLECT USED OIL CONDITION.

PHYSICAL TESTSVISCOSITY

VISCOSITY INDEXVISCOSITY INDEX VISCOSITY OF PETROLEUM BASE OILS DECREASES WITH A RISE IN TEMPERATURE.

INDICATES THE EFFECTS OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE VISCOSIY OF OIL.

STANDARD PARAFFINIC OIL HAVE VI=100.

STANDARD NAPHTHENIC OIL HAVE VI=0.

VI OF AN OIL IS OF IMPORTANCE IN IT’S APPLICATION WHERE AN APPRECIABLE CHANGE IN THE TEMPERATURE OF LUBE OIL COULD AFFECT THE START-UP.

VISCOSITY INDEX : ASTM D 2270 / IP 226 / IS 1448 P 56.NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF THE PROPERTY OF RESISTING CHANGES IN VISCOSITY DUE TO CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE.MEASUREMENT : VI = L - U X 100

L - HVI CAN BE OBTAINED FROM READYMADE ASTM TABLES.= HELPS IDENTIFICATION OF TYPE OF BASE STOCK= CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF OIL FOR WIDE OPERATING

TEMPERATURE= PRIME INDICATION OF HIGH QUALITY - BETTER

OXIDATION RESISTANCE

PHYSICAL TESTSVISCOSITY INDEX

WATER CONTENT : ASTM D 95 / IP 74 / IS 1448 P 40EQUIPMENT : DEAN & STARK WATER CONTENT APPARATUS ,HOT PLATE , BALANCETRACE MOISTURE IN OIL IS FOUND BY CRACKLE TESTPETROLEUM PRODUCTS PICK UP WATER DURING STORAGE, HANDLING AND CONDENSATION FROM ATMOSPHERE. PRESENCE OF WATER IN USED OILS INDICATE PROBABLE LEAKAGE IN COOLING SYSTEM OR STEAM GLANDS IN TURBINE. WATER WHEN PRESENT FORMS EMULSION & SLUDGE - CLOGS SUCTION SCREEN, OIL COOLER & FILTERS.WATER IS A DEADLY ENEMY FOR DETERGENT OILS.

PHYSICAL TESTSWATER

RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBERRESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER

A MEASURE OF FULES A MEASURE OF FULES ABILITY TO PREVENT ABILITY TO PREVENT

DETONATION IN A SPARK DETONATION IN A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE IGNITION ENGINE

AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINES ARE ESSENTIALLY BLENDS OF HYDROCARBONS DERIVED FROM PETROLEUM.

SELECTED ADDITIVES ARE ADDED TO IMPART SPECIFIC FEATURES TO MS.

GASOLINES ARE BLENDED TO SATISFY DIVERSE AUTOMOTIVE REQUIREMENTS.

ANTIKNOCK RATING, DISTILLATION CHARECTERISTICS, VAPOUR PRESSURE, SULPHUR, OXIDATION STABILITY AND ANTICORROSION BEHAVIOUR ARE WELL BALANCED TO PROVIDE SATISFACTORY EHICLE PERFORMANCE.

OCTANE NO...OCTANE NO...

OCTANE NO...OCTANE NO...

PREMIUM 93 OCTANE REGULAR 87 OCTANE

IF ANTI-KNOCK RATING IS TOO LOW KNOCK OCCURS. KNOCK IS A HIGH PITCH METTALIC RAPPING NOISE.

KNOCK DEPENDS ON COMPLEX PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PHENOMENA; HIGHLY INTERRELATED WITH ENGINE DESIGN AND OPERATING CONDITIONS.

KNOCK IN AN ENGINE IS A FORM OF ABNORMAL COMBUSTION WHERE AIR/FUEL CHARGE IN THE CYLINDER IGNITES SPONTANEOUSLY IN A LOCALISED AREA INSTEAD OF BEING CONSUMED PROGRESSIVELY BY THE SPARK INITIATED FLAME FRONT.

KNOCKING COMBUSTION CAN DAMAGE THE ENGINE AND GIVE SERIOUS POWER LOSS IF ALLOWED TO PERSIST.

OCTANE NO...OCTANE NO...

NEUTRALISATION NUMBER - BYI) COLOUR - INDICATOR TITRATION ASTM D 974 /

IP 139 / IS 1448 P :2II)POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION -ASTM D 664 / IP177 / IS 1448 P :1 ASTM D 2896 / IP 276 / IS 1448 P :86

NEUTRALISATION NUMBER IS A MEASURE OF ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY IN OIL - REPORTED AS EQUIVALENT mg KOH / gm OF OIL.

COLOUR INDICATOR TITRATION : NEW/USED OIL WHERE COLOUR CHANGE IS VISIBLE.

CHEMICAL TESTSNEUTRALISATION NUMBER

……CONTD.

POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION : USED CRANKCASE OILS WHERE COLOUR CHANGE OF INDICATOR IS NOT VISIBLE.

= STRAIGHT MINERAL NEW OILS HAVE LOW NEUTRALISATION NO.

= HIGH NEUT. NO. IN NEW OILS IS DUE TO ADDITIVES.= INCREASE IN NEUT. NO. - USED OIL OXIDATION,

PRESENCE OF MINERAL ACIDITY.

NEUT. NO. SERVES AS GUIDELINE FOR MONITORING USED OIL PERFORMANCE.

CHEMICAL TESTSNEUTRALISATION NUMBER

OXIDATION STABILITY (OILS)1. OXIDATION CHARACTERISTICS OF INHIBITED

MINERAL OILS ASTM D 943.OIL + WATER Fe, Cu CATALYST, OXYGEN 95°COXIDATION JUDGED BY TIME TO REACH A NEUT. NO. OF 2.0

2. OXIDATION STABILITY OF STEAM TURBINE OILS BY ROB ASTM D 2272

OIL + WATER, Cu CATALYST BOMB 90 PSI OXYGEN 150°C OXIDATION IS JUDGED BY TIME TO REACH A SPECIFIED PRESSURE DROP

PERFORMANCE BASED TESTSOXIDATION STABILITY

…..CONTD.

3. OXIDATION STABILITY OF INHIBITED MINERAL TURBINE OILS IP 280 OIL + S0L.MET. CATALYST Cu/Fe NAPHTHENATE OXYGEN 164 HRS 120°COXIDATION JUDGED BY MEASURING ACIDITY, SLUDGE ETC

4. OXIDATION TEST FOR LUBRICATING OILS, IP 48 OIL+ AIR 200°C 12 HRS

OXIDATION IS JUDGED FROM INCREASE IN VISCOSITY AND CARBON RESIDUE.

PERFORMANCE BASED TESTSOXIDATION STABILITY

5. OXIDATION STABILITY OF GREASE BY OXYGEN BOMB : ASTM D 942

OXIDATION MEASURED AS PRESSURE DROP AFTER 100 HRS -OXIDATION TESTS DATA PROVIDE GUIDELINE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF TURBINE OILS, HYDRAULIC OILS ETC.

OXIDATION TEST DATA HELPS IN SELECTION OF ADDITIVE PACKAGES AS WELL AS BASE STOCKS.

PERFORMANCE BASED TESTSOXIDATION STABILITY

FUNCTION OF EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICANT IS TO SUSTAIN THE LOAD WITHOUT CAUSING SLIDING SURFACES TO BECOME SCORED OR WELDED.

PERFORMANCE BASED TESTSEXTREME PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS

1. TIMKEN LUBRICANT TESTER ASTM D 2782 / IP 2402. FOUR BALL EP LUBRICANT TESTER ASTM D 2783 / IP 39.

PRINCIPLE : ROTATING MEMBER IS BROUGHT TO BEAR AGAINST A STATIONARY OR SLOW MOVING MEMBER IN PRESENCE OF LUBRICANT. LOAD REQUIRED TO CAUSE SCORING OR WELDING ASSESSED.THERE IS NO DIRECT RELATIONSHIP OR CO-RELATION BETWEEN LABORATORY TEST DATA AND FIELD PERFORMANCE.TEST HELPS TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN LUBRICANTS WITH LOW, MEDIUM & HIGH EP CHARACTERISTICS.SULPHUR & CHLORINE COMPOUNDS IMPART EP PROPERTIES TO LUBRICANTS.

PERFORMANCE BASED TESTSEXTREME PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS

THANK YOUTHANK YOU