1. 1. SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON CRUDE OIL ANALYSIS AND DRILLING FLUIDS TRAINING TAKEN AT KDMIPE, GEO-CHEMISTRY DIVISION ONGC,DEHRADUN 2015 PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR SUBMITTED BY Dr. R.K. MITTAL SHIKHA THAPA GEO CHEMISTRY DIVISION CHEMICAL ENGINEERING KDMIPE, ONGC GURUGHASI DAS CENTRAL DEHRADUN UNIVERSITY
2. 2. CERTIFICATE I hereby certify that SHIKHA THAPA did her summer training from 2 june 2015 to 2 july 2015 i.e 4 weeks and her work during training which is being presented in the project report entitled CRUDE OIL ANALYSIS AND DRILLING FLUIDS in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of certificate of summer training, submitted to the department of geochemical, ONGC DEHRADUN is an authentic record of their own work carried out under the supervision of Dr. R.K. Mittal ,Chief Chemist. This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates are correct to the best of my knowledge. Dr. R.K. MITTAL chief chemist KDMIPE ONGC,dehradun
3. 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am very thankful to TRAINING DIVISION, ONGC ACADEMY, DEHRADUN for providing me an opportunity to pursue the project work at KDMIPE, ONGC, DEHRADUN . I am highly thankful to Dr. RAJEEV KUMAR MITTAL, CHIEF CHEMIST, ONGC ACADEMY , dehradun for their valuable guidance ,suggestions , co- operation and providing me the every facility to accomplish my project successfully . Lastely I would like to thank each and every member of GEO-CHEMISRTY DIVISION, KDMIPE ,ONGC who have been very helpful throughout my training period. SHIKHA THAPA
4. 4. INTRODUCTION HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF ONGC Before the independence of India, the Assam oil Company in the north-eastern and Attack Oil Company in north-western part of the undivided india were the only oil producing companies, with minimal exploration input. The major part of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to be unfit for development of oil and gas resources. After independence, the Central Government of India realized the importance of oil and gas for rapid industrial development and its strategic role in defense. Consequently, while framing the Industrial Policy Statement of 1948, the development of petroleum industry in the country was considered to be of utmost necessity. Until 1955, private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of hydrocarbon resources of India. In Assam, the Assam Oil Company was producing oil at digboi (discovered in 1889) and Oil India Ltd. (a 50% joint venture between Government of India and Burmah Oil Company) was engaged in developing two newly discovered large fields naharkatiya and Moraan in Assam. In West Bengal, the Indo-Stanvac Petroleum project (a joint venture between Goverment of india and Standard Vacuum Oil Company of USA) was engaged in exploration work. The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining offshore remained largely unexplored. In 1955, Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas resources in the various regions of the country as part of the Public Sector development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up towards the end of 1955, as a subordinate office under the then Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research. The department was constituted with a nucIn April 1956, the Government of India adopted the Industrial Policy Resolution, which placed Mineral Oil Industry among the schedule 'A' industries, the future development of which was to be the sole and exclusive responsibility of the state. leus of geoscientists from the geological survey of india. A delegation under the leadership of the Minister of Natural Resources visited several European countries to study the status of oil industry in those countries and to
5. 5. facilitate the training of Indian professionals for exploring potential oil and gas reserves. Experts from Romania, the Soviet union, the united states and west germany subsequently visited India and helped the government with their expertise. soviet experts later drew up a detailed plan for geological and geophysical surveys and drilling operations to be carried out in the 2nd five year plan(1956-61). Soon, after the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate, it became apparent that it would not be possible for the Directorate with its limited financial and administrative powers as subordinate office of the Government, to function efficiently. So in August, 1956, the Directorate was raised to the status of a commission with enhanced powers, although it continued to be under the government. In October 1959, the Commission was converted into a statutory body by an act of the Indian Parliament, which enhanced powers of the commission further. The main functions of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission subject to the provisions of the Act, were "to plan, promote, organize and implement programs for development of Petroleum Resources and the production and sale of petroleum and petroleum products produced by it, and to perform such other functions as the Central Government may, from time to time, assign to it ". The act further outlined the activities and steps to be taken by ONGC in fulfilling its mandate. Since its inception, ONGC has been instrumental in transforming the country's limited upstream sector into a large viable playing field, with its activities spread throughout India and significantly in overseas territories. In the inland areas, ONGC not only found new resources in Assam but also established new oil province in Cambay basin (Gujarat), while adding new petroliferous areas in the Assam-Arakan Fold Belt and East coast basins (both inland and offshore). ONGC went offshore in early 70's and discovered a giant oil field in the form of Bombay High, now known as Mumbai High. This discovery, along with subsequent discoveries of huge oil and gas fields in Western offshore changed the oil scenario of the country. Subsequently, over 5 billion tones of hydrocarbons, which were present in the country, were discovered. The most important contribution of ONGC, however, is its self-reliance and development of core competence in E&P activities at a globally competitive level. ONGC was set up under the visionary leadership of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Pandit Nehru reposed faith in ShriKeshavDevMalviya who laid the foundation of ONGC in the form of Oil and Gas division, under Geological Survey of India, in 1955. A few months later, it was converted into an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate. The
6. 6. Directorate was converted into Commission and christened Oil & Natural Gas Commission on 14th August 1956. In 1994, Oil and Natural Gas Commission was converted in to a Corporation, and in 1997 it was recognized as one of the Navratnas by the Government of India. Subsequently, it has been conferred with Maharatna status in the year 2010.Over 56 years of its existence ONGC has crossed many a milestone to realize the energy dreams of India. The journey of ONGC, over these years, has been a tale of conviction, courage and commitment. ONGCs superlative efforts have resulted in converting earlier frontier areas into new hydrocarbon provinces. From a modest beginning, ONGC has grown to be one of the largest E&P companies in the world in terms of reserves and production. ONGC as an integrated Oil & Gas Corporate has developed in-house capability in all aspects of exploration and production business i.e., Acquisition, Processing & Interpretation (API) of Seismic data, drilling, work-over and well stimulation operations, engineering & construction, production, processing, refining, transportation, marketing, applied R&D and training, etc. Today, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC) is, the leader in Exploration & Production (E&P) activities in India having 72% contribution to Indias total production of crude oil and 48% of natural gas. ONGC has established more than 7 Billion Tones of in-place hydrocarbon reserves in the country. In fact, six out of seven producing basins in India have been discovered by ONGC. ONGC produces more than 1.27 million Barrels of Oil Equivalent (BOE) per day. It also contributes over three million tons per annum of Value-Added-Products including LPG, C2 - C3, Naphtha, MS, HSD, Aviation Fuel, SKO etc. ABOUT ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is an Indian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Dehradun, India . It is a public secttor undertaking (PSU) of the goverment of India, under the administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas . It is India's largest Oil and Gas exploration and production company. It produces around 69% of India's crude oil(equivalent to around 30% of the country's total demand) and around 62% of its natural gas. ONGC currently holds a 68.94% equity stake. It is involved in exploring for and exploiting hydrocarbons in 26 sedimentary basins of India, and owns and operates over 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in the country. Its international subsidiary ONGC
7. 7. Videsh currently has projects in 15 countries. ONGC has discovered 6 of the 7 commercially producing Indian Basins, in the last 50 years, adding over 7.1 billion tonnes of In-place Oil & Gas volume of hydrocarbons in Indian basins. Against a global decline of production from matured fields, ONGC has maintained production from its brownfields like Mumbai High, with the help of aggressive investments in various IOR (Improved Oil Recovery) and EOR (enhance oil recovery) schemes. ONGC has many matured fields with a current recovery factor of 25-33%.Its Reserve Replacement Ratio for between 2005 and 2013, has been more than one.During FY 2012-13, ONGC had to share the highest ever under-recovery of INR 494.2 million an increase of INR 49.6 million over the previous financial year) towards the under- recoveries of Oil Marketing Companies (IOC, BPCL and HPCL). Administrative Ministry: Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Government of India 2nd Floor, Shastri Bhawan Dr. R.P. Marg, New Delhi-110001 Share Capital i) Authorised : Rs. 15000.00 crore ii) Issued and Subscribed : Rs. 2138.87 crore iii) Paid Up : Rs. 2138.87 crore Present Shareholding : The shareholding pattern as on 16 th March 2007 is as follows: Name(%) a) President of India - 74.13 b) Body Corporates - 10.49 c) FI Is / NRI/ FR/Resident Indivs -10.59 d) IFIs /Mutual Fund/Banks - 4.59 e) Resident Individuals. - 1.84 f) Others - 0.14 NOTE: Status of shareholding pattern changes every fortnight. Listing with Stock: The Securities of the Company are presently Exchanges listed with the following stock exchanges: i) Bombay Stock Exchange, Mumbai ii) The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd, Mumbai The Company has the following ASSETS /PLANTS/ BASINS/ REGIONS/ INSTITUTES/ SERVICES:
8. 8. A. ASSETS/ PLANTS: 1.Mumbai High Asset, Mumbai 2.Neelam & Heera Asset, Mumbai 3.Bassein & Satellite Asset, Mumbai 4.Uran Plant, Uran 5.Hazira Plant, Hazira 6.Ahmedabad Asset, Ahmedabad 7.Ankleshwar Asset, Mehsana 8.Mehsana Asset, Mehsana 9.Rajamundry Asset, Rajamundry 10. Karaikal Asset, Karaikal 11. Assam Asset, Nazira 12. Tripura Asset, Agartala B. BASINS: 1. Western Offshore Basin, Mumbai 2.Western Onshore Basin Vadodara 3.KG Basin, Rajamundry 4.Cauvery Basin , Chennai 5.Assam & Assam-Arakan Basin , Jorhat 6.CBM- BPM Basin , Kolkata 7.Frontier Basin , Dehradun C. REGIONS: 1.Mumbai Region, Mumbai 2. Western Region, Baroda 3. Eastern Region, Nazira 4. Southern Region, Chennai 5. Central Region, Kolkata D. INSTITUTES: 1. Keshava Dev Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration (KDMIPE), Dehradun 2. Institute of Drilling Technology (IDT), Dehradun
9. 9. 3. Institute of Reservoir Studies, Ahmedabad 4. Institute of Oil & Gas Production Technology, Navi Mumbai 5. Institute of Engineering & Ocean Technology, Navi Mumbai 6. Geo- data Processing & Interpretation Center (GEOPIC), Dehradun 7. ONGC Academy , Dehradun 8. Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health & Environment Management, Goa . 9. Institute of Biotechnology & Geotectonics Studies, Jorhat 10. School of Maintenance Practices, Vadodara 11. Regional Training Institutes, Navi Mumbai, Chennai, Sivasagar & Vadodara. Functions & Duties Oil And Natural Gas Corporation has been established to carry out the objectives specified in the Memorandum & Articles of Association of the Company. The main objectives are: 1.To acquire whole or any part of the undertaking, business, the assets/liabilities, rights, obligations, power, goodwill, privileges, functions and associated establishment of whatever nature of the Oil & Natural Gas Commission [Established under the Oil & Natural Gas Commission Act (No. 43 of 1959)] and for that purpose carry into and carry into effect such agreements, contracts, arrangements as may become necessary. 2. To plan, promote, organize and implement programmes for the development of Petroleum Resources and the Production and Sale of Petroleum and Petroleum Products produced by it and for all matters connected therewith. 3. To plan, promote, organize exploit and implement programmes for the efficient development of petroleum and petroleum products and alternate resources of energy, and the production, distribution, conservation and sale of Petroleum and other products/services produced by it and for all the matters connected therewith. 4. To carry out exploration and to develop and optimise production of hydrocarbons and to maximise the contribution to the economy of the country. To carry out geological, geophysical or any other kind of surveys for exploration of petroleum resources; to carry out drilling and other prospecting operations; to probe and
10. 10. estimate the reserve of petroleum resources; to undertake, encourage and promote such other activities as may lead to the establishment of such reserves including geological, chemical, scientific and other investigations. 5. To search for, purchase, take on lease or license, obtain concession or otherwise acquire any estate or interest in, develop the resources of work, dispose off or otherwise turn to account, land or sea or any other place in whole of India or in any other part of the world containing or likely to contain, petroleum, petroleum resources or alternative sources of energy or other oils in any form, asphalt, bitumen or similar substances or natural gas, chemicals or any substances used, or which is thought likely to be useful for any purpose for which petroleum or any oils in any form, asphalt, bitumen or similar substances or natural gas is, or could be used or to that end to organise, equip or employ expeditions, commissions, experts and other agents and to sink wells, to make boring and otherwise to search for, obtain, exploit, develop, render suitable for trade, petroleum, other mineral oils, natural gas, asphalt, or other similar substances or product thereof. 6. To undertake, assist, encourage or swap or promote the production of petroleum resources and to carry on in all their respective branches all or any of the business of producing, treating, (including the redefining of crude oil) storing, transportation, importing, exporting, swapping and generally dealing in or with, petroleum or other crude oils, asphalt, bitumen, natural gas, refinery gasses, liquefied petroleum gas and all other kind of petroleum products, chemicals and any such substances aforesaid. 7. To carry on all marketing and distribution of all kinds of petroleum products and to purchase or otherwise acquire manufacture, refine, treat, reduce, distil, blend purify and pump, store, hold transport, use, experiment with market distribute, exchange, supply, sell or otherwise dispose of, import, export and trade and generally deal in any and all kinds of petroleum products, oil, gas and other volatile substances. 8. To carry on all or any of the businesses of the sale and purchase of petroleum and other crude oil, asphalt, bitumen, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, chemicals and all kinds of petroleum products, treat and turn to account in any manner whatsoever petroleum and other crude oils, asphalt, bitumen, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and all kinds of petroleum products, chemicals and any such substance as aforesaid. 9. To establish, provide, maintain and perform scientific, technical, engineering,
11. 11. project management, consulting/contacting services including but without limiting to technical studies, design, construction, maintenance, repair all kinds of works and buildings, procurement, inspection expediting, management of construction and related services for petroleum reservoir, storage and transportation of oil, gas and other minerals by pipeline in or otherwise, seismic data acquisition, interpretation, logging, drilling, cementing, other oil fields related equipment. 10. To promote, organise, or carry on the business of consultancy services in any field of activity in which the Company is engaged in or connected therewith. It is a duty of ONGC to do its business operation within the objectives specified in the Memorandum & Articles of Association in a most fair and transparent manner. It is also a duty of ONGC to protect interest of its stakeholders as well as to maximize the wealth of the shareholders. ONGC is committed to achieve its goals as enshrined in the Vision & Mission Statement of the Company, which is enumerated below: OUR VISION To be a world-class Oil and Gas Company integrated in energy business with dominant Indian leadership and global presence. OUR NEW VISION GIVEN BY HON'BLE PRESIDENT OF INDIA DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM I would suggest ONGC to give world leadership in management of energy source, exploration of energy sources, diversification of energy sources, technology in Underground Coal Gasification, and above all, finding new ways of tapping energy wherever it is, to meet the ever-growing demand of the country. STRATEGIC VISION: 2001-2020 Focusing on core business of E&P, ONGC has set strategic objectives of : Doubling reserves (i.e. accreting 6 billion tonnes of O+OEG) by 2020; out of this 4 billion tonnes are targeted from the Deep-waters. Improving average recovery from 28 per cent to 40 per cent. Tie-up 20 MMTPA of equity Hydrocarbon from abroad.
12. 12. The focus of management will be to monetise the assets as well as to assetise the money. OUR MISSION World Class Dedicated to excellence by leveraging competitive advantages in R&D and technology with involved people. Imbibe high standards of business ethics and organizational values. Abiding commitment to safety, health and environment to enrich quality of community life. Foster a culture of trust, openness and mutual concern to make working a stimulating and challenging experience for our people. Strive for customer delight through quality products and services. Integrated In Energy Business Focus on domestic and international oil and gas exploration and production business opportunities. Provide value linkages in other sectors of energy business. Create growth opportunities and maximize shareholder value. Dominant Indian Leadership Retain dominant position in Indian petroleum sector and enhance India's energy availability. The ONGC Group of Companies comprises of 1. ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) : OVL is the wholly own subsidiary of ONGC which has been mandated to carry out international E&P business operations of the parent company. 2. Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) : This is a 71.60% subsidiary of ONGC. It is the only other listed company besides parent ONGC within the ONGC group.
13. 13. 3. ONGC Nile Ganga BV (ONG BV) : This is the wholly owned subsidiary of ONGC Videsh Limited which, in turn, is 100% owned by ONGC. The company was incorporated in Netherlands and has 25% participating interest in the Greater Nile Oil Project in Sudan producing crude oil from on-shore blocks earmarked for the purpose. 4. ONGC Mittal Energy Limted (OMEL) : This is the joint venture between ONGC Videsh Limited and Mittal Investments Sarl in the ratio of 49.98% : 48.02% with SBI Capital holding the remaining 2%. This joint venture aims to source equity oil and gas from abroad for securing India's energy independence. 5. ONGC Mittal Energy Services Limited (OMESL) : This is the joint venture between ONGC Videsh Limited and Mittal Investments Sarl with the same ownership structure as that of OMEL. This joint venture will be involved in trading and shipping of oil and gas (including LNG) sourced by OMEL from abroad. 6. ONGC Tripura Power Company Pvt.Ltd. (OTPCL) : ONGC has embarked upon a project for generation of power with 750 MW gas based closed-cycle power plant. The project is being developed by a SPV between IL&FS, Government of Tripura and ONGC with an equity share of 50%, 24% and 26% respectively. The project is estimated to cost around Rs 3800 Crores and is expected to be commissioned during the first quarter of 2008. 7. Kakinada Refinery & Petrochemicals Limited (KRPL) : This is a public private joint venture company formed pursuant to an MOU between MRPL, Kakinada Seaport Limited(KSPL), IL&FS and AP Government, to set up an export-oriented refinery of 7.5 MMTPA capacity at Kakinada in coastal Andhra Pradesh which is envisaged to be integrated with bio-diesel facility. 8. Kakinada SEZ Limited : In tune with the recent initiatives of Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt.of India, for declaring Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to boos industrial
14. 14. growth in the country, ONGC/MRPL has become co-promotor under public-private partnership to form this joint venture company and it is envistaged that KRPL and other gas infrastructure units will be located within the Kakinada SEZ to liverage financial initiatives and to bolster economic growth. 9. Mangalore SEZ Limited : With a view to providing synergy with MRPL, large petroleum and petrochemicals based projects are envisaged to be developed at Mangalore. With view to optimizing the capital cost during the construction of the project and subsequently promoting sale of petrochemical intermediates, a decision was taken to associate with a special economic zone (SEZ) Contemplated for development at Mangalore. The SEZ will be an SPV with Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIEDB), Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry (KCCL) and ONGC between them bringing in 49% equity with ONGC contributing 26%. IL & FS has offered to take the remaining 51% equity. This SPV is in the process of being incorporated. 10 . Dahej SEZ Limited : ONGC participating in the initiative of Govt. of Gujarat has formed a joint venture company under public private partnership to establish and develop necessary infrastructure facilities within a land of 1740 hectares in cooperation with Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation. ONGC is currently engaged in implementing its C2-C3 extraction project, which will be located within this SEZ. 11.Rajasthan Refinery Limited (RRL) : With the recent discovery of waxy oil in Mangla and other adjoining structure by Cairn Energy India, its PSC partner in Rajashtan Block, MRPL has been nominated by Govt. of India as its nominee for buying the crude oil to be produced from this block. MRPL, in coordination with Cairn Energy, and as per due facilitation by Rajasthan Govt., has proposed to form a joint venture company named Rajasthan Refinery Limited (RRL), which will examine the techno-economic viability of establishing a well-head refinery of 7.5 MMPPA Capacity and if found feasible will implement the same at a suitable location in Rajasthan.
15. 15. AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS (2012-2014) ONGC was ranked as the Most Attractive Employer in the Energy sector in India, in the RANDSTAD award 2013 ONGC was one of 12 winners of the Golden Peacock Award 2014 for corporate social and responsibility practices, and one of 24 winners of the Golden Peacock Award 2013 in the occupational safety and health category. In April 2013, it was ranked at 155th place in the Forbes global 2000 for 2012. In 2011, ONGC was ranked 39th among the world's 105 largest listed companies in 'transparency in corporate reporting' by Transparency International making it the most transparent company in India. It was conferred with 'Maharatna' status by the Government of India in November 2010. The Maharatna status to select PSUs allows more freedom in decision making. In February 2014, FICCI conferred it with Best Company Promoting Sports Award. ONGC wins the "Greentech Excellence Award" for the year 2013 in Platinum Category ONGC was ranked 82nd among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2012, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory. In the Brand Trust Report 2013, ONGC was ranked 191st among India's most trusted brands and subsequently, according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, ONGC was ranked 370th among India's most trusted brand VISIONS AND MISSIONS OF ONGC TO BE WORLD CLASS OILAND GAS COMPANY INTEGRATED IN ENERGY BUSSINESS WITH DOMINANT INDIAN LEADERSHIPAND GLOBAL PRESENCE dedicated to excellence by leveraging competetive advantages in R&D and technology with involved people imbibe high standards of bussiness ethics and organizational values. Abiding commitment of safety, health and enviroment to enrich quality of community life. Foster a culture of trust, openness and mutual concern to make working a
16. 16. simulating and challenging experience for our people. Strive for customer delight through quality products and services. Focus on domestic and international oil and gas exploration and production bussiness opportunities. Provide value linkages in other sectors of energy bussiness. Create growth opportunities and maximize shareholder value. Retain dominant position in indian petroleum sector and enhance india's energy availability. Keshav Deva Malviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration Keshav deva malviya institute of petroleum exploration(KDMIPE) is located at dehradun in the state of uttrakhand. Founded in 1962 with the objective to provide geo-scientific back up to the exploratory efforts of india's national oil company ONGC. The institute was rechristened as keshav deva malviya institute of petroleum exploration(KDMIPE) on 19th december, 1981 by prime minister of india late Mrs. Indira gandhi in the memory of the father of indian petroleum industry and the first chairman of ONGC- late Shri kehav deva malaviya. Since its inception the inustitute is continously providing its geoscientific support towards finding more oil and gas in various basins within india and globally , wherever ONGC is seeking bussiness. Presently the institute is the nodal agency for the multidisciplinary synergistic basin scale and domain specific research in exploration. The institute has strength of around 300 highly experienced scientists and technical officers in the field of geoscientific research, basin research, resource and acreages Appraisal and E&P data management. It is equipped with state of the art facilities, soft wares and cutting edge technologies. The institute caters to the needs of all the basins currently under active exploration and producing assets, both in india as wall as overseas operation by our sister company ONGC videsh limited. We also provide consultancy services in areas of geoscience and exploration to natural and international oil companies. KDMIPE is an ISO: 9001, 14001 & OHSAS 18001 certified institute. To achieve the highest standard of quality, health, safety and environment, KDMIPE has strived to
17. 17. get QHSE certificate and the same was awarded to KDMIPE on 13th 2008. KDMIPE is the sub unit of public sector oil and natural gas corporation limited. Various innivatives, problem solving measures, indigeneous resourcing and applied R&D are carried out totally caters to the requirement of the different assets/basins of its parent company,ONGC. The institute has recently taken new initiatives in non conventional energy sources, and induced synthetic aperture radar(SAR) . Sea bed logging(SBL), Q-Marine and GX technology and other contempory processing and interpretation softwares on application tools. Institute with its intellect and state of the art technology continously strive for improving success ratio in exploration and opening up of new basins and provinces for overall enegy security of the nation. VARIOUS LABS AND GROUPS OF KDMIPE basin research group sedimentary lab paleontology lab palynology lab geochronology lab remote sensing flow assurance lab geophysics group geochemistry group CRUDE OIL A naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits.Although it is often called "black gold," crude oil has ranging viscosity and can vary in color to various shades of black and yellow depending on its hydrocarbon composition.petroleum or crude oil is naturally occuring oily, bitumimous liquid composed of various organic chemicals. Existing in the gaseous or liquid state in the narural reservior. It is found in large quantities below the surface of earth and is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the chemical industry. It is mainly composed of hydrocarbons although a few sulphur-containing and oxygen containing compounds are usually present, the sulphur content varies from 0.1 to 5 percent.
18. 18. The various compostion of crude oil are : Element Weight% Hydrocarbon Weight% Carbon 83-87 paraffins 30 hydrogen 10-14 napthenes 49 nitrogen 0.1-2 aromatics 15 oxygen 0.1-1.5 asphaltics 6 sulphur 0.5-6 metals