Qualitative Researc.............

7/31/2019 Qualitative Researc.............

1/32


2/32


3/32

DEFINITION

Systematic ,subjective

methodological approach used to describelife experience and give them meaning.


4/32

Merging together of various data collection

strategies.

Flexible and elastic.

Holistic

Requires intense involvement.

Ongoing analysis of data.


5/32

SELECTi) Broad frame work

ii) Site

IDENTIFYi) Study collaborators & reviewers

ii) Gate keepers

iii) Types of equipments

iv) Appropriate informed consent


6/32

Contd

DEVELOP

* Broad data collection strategies.* Plan or assessing the trust worthiness

of the data.

COLLECT

* Relevant materials about the site. DETERMINE

* Assistants needed.

* Time available, cost and constraints.

* Training any assistants.


7/32

1. ORIENTATION AND OVERVIEWTo get a handle on what is salient about the

phenomenon of interest.

2. FOCUSED EXPLORATION

In-depth exploration of phenomenon that arejudged to be silent.

3. CONFIRMATION AND CLOSURE

Researchers undertake efforts to establish that

their findings are trustworthy, often by going back and

discussing their understanding with study participants.


8/32

Ethnography

Phenomenology

Grounded theoryHistorical research


9/32

Involves description & interpretation ofcultural behaviour.

Requires intimacy with members of culturalgroup.

Three broad types of information usuallysought.

a. cultural behaviour

b. cultural artifactsc. cultural speech


10/32

Contd..

Ethnographers rely on a wide variety of data sources

including observations in depth interviews,records,charts

and other types of physical

evidence(photographers,diaries,letters

Three variants of ethnographic research are

i) Ethnonursing research

ii) Institutional ethnography

iii) Auto ethnography & critical ethnography.


11/32

:

The study & analysis of the local or

indigenous peoples view points, beliefs and

practices about nursing care behaviour and

processes of designated cultures.


12/32

ii) Institutional ethnography:

It seeks to understand the social

determinants of peoples everyday

experiences ,especially the institutional work

process that form the ground of peoples

lived experiences.


13/32

iii) Auto-Ethnography:

It involves self scrutiny including

scrutiny of groups or cultures to which

researchers themselves belong .


14/32

Ethnographic inquiry can thus help to facilitate

understanding of behaviours affecting heallth

and illness.


15/32

Is an approach to exploring and understanding

peoples everyday life experiences.

The topics appropriate to phenomenology are

fundamental to the life experiences of humans;

-meaning of suffering

-the experience of domestic violence

-the quality of life with chronic pain.


16/32

Contd..

The four aspects of lived experiences that are

interest to phenomenologists are

-lived space or spatiality

-lived body or corporeality

-lived time or temporality

-lived human relation or relationality


17/32

Contd

In phenomenological studies, the main data

source is in depth conversations with researchers

and informants as co- participants.

The two main schools of thought are

-Descriptive phenomenology

-Interpretive phenomenology

(Hermeneutics).


18/32

A description of things as people experience them.

These things include

hearing,seeing,believing,feeling,remembering,deciding

,evaluating,acting & so forth. It involves the following four steps:

-Bracketing

-Intuiting-Analyzing

-Describing


19/32

The process of identifying and holding inabeyance preconceived beliefs & opinions about

the phenomenon under study.

It occurs when researchers remain open

to the meanings attributed to the phenomenon

by those who have experienced it


20/32

* Extracting significant statements, categorizing

& making sense of the essential meaning of the

phenomena.

*It occurs when researchers come tounderstand & define the phenomenon.


21/32

Hermeneutics refers to the act & philosophy

of interpreting the meaning of an object (such as

a text, work of act & so on )

The goals of interpretive phenomenological

research are to enter another s world & to

discover the practical wisdom, possibilities &understandings found there.


22/32

Contd.

They rely primarily on in-depth interviews

with individuals who have experienced the

phenomenon of interest.


23/32

It is an approach to the study of social

process & social structures.

The primary purpose of the grounded theoryis to generate comprehensive explanations of

phenomena that are grounded in reality.


24/32

In-depth interviews and observation are the most

common data source in grounded theory studies.

The fundamental feature is that data collection

,data analysis & sampling of study participants

occur simultaneously.

Types of grounded theory:

1.Substantive &

2.Formal.


25/32

It is grounded in data on a specific

substantive area,such as post partum

depression. It can serve as a springboard for formal

grounded theory


26/32

Involves devloping a higher,more abstract

level of theory from a compilation of

substantive grounded theory studiesregarding a particular phenomenon.


27/32

It is the systematic collection, critical evaluation

& interpretation of historical evidence(i.e.,data

relating to past occurences).

Is undertaken to answer questions about

causes,effects,or trends relating to past events

that may shed light on present behaviours orparticulars.


28/32

Contd.

Data for historical research are

a. written records:

eg: diaries, letters, notes, newspapers, minutes ofmeetings, medical or legal documents & so forth.

b. Non written materials: e.g. physical remains& objects.

c. Visual materials: e.g. photographs & films.

d. Audio materials: e.g. records & tapes.


29/32

-In historical research data analysis and data

collection are usually on going ,concurrent

activities.

- It is usually interpretive.

- Historical researchers try to describe whathappened , and also how & why it happened.


30/32

# Case studies - In-depth investigation a

single entity or a small number of entities.

# Narrative analysis - It focuses on story as

the object of inquiry, to determine how

individuals make sense of events in their lives.

#Critical theory concerned with a critique of

existing social structures. It involves

collaboration with participants & foster

enlightened self knowledge & transformation


31/32

#Feminist Research - focus is on gender

domination & discrimination withinpatriarchal societies.

# Participatory Action Research There iscollaboration between researchers and study

participants in the definition of the problem.


32/32

Qualitative Researc.............

Documents

Transcript of Qualitative Researc.............