Qualitative data analysis research school
-
Upload
kelvinbotchie -
Category
Education
-
view
673 -
download
5
Transcript of Qualitative data analysis research school
![Page 1: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Qualitative Data Analysis: Planning your analytic
strategy
Martyn HammersleyCREET/CHDL
Faculty of Education and Language Studies
![Page 2: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Preparing for probationary review
• Framing research questions, outlining the rationale for them, planning methods.
• Carrying out literature searches and reviewing relevant literature.
• Doing pilot research: collecting data or acquiring secondary data for analysis; producing an initial analysis.
• Outlining a schedule of future work leading to completion of the thesis.
![Page 3: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The key role of data analysis
All aspects of the research process lead to, and from, analysis.
It is a machine that must be built, fuelled, and provided with material, so that it can generate the structure and content of the thesis.
But this is too mechanical an analogy!
It’s a way of thinking and working, and one that must change over time, so as better to deal with the data, and answer the developing research questions.
![Page 4: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Intended products: answers to research questions
• Descriptions: of people and their attitudes, dispositions, habitual patterns of behaviour etc; of places and the patterns of activity that occur there, etc.
• Explanations for the patterns described, along with evidence showing the presence of the causal factors in the contexts studied, and/or their effects.
![Page 5: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Some methodological philosophies that have influenced
qualitative research
• Positivism• Pragmatism• Realism• Phenomenology• Hermeneutics• Marxism, ‘Critical’ Theory, Feminism• Post-Structuralism and Postmodernism
![Page 6: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Qualitative research: key features
1. A relatively open-ended, exploratory research design.
2. The collection of relatively unstructured forms of data:
• interviews in which informants talk in their own terms about matters relevant to the research.
• observations recorded in fieldnote descriptions. • audio- or video-recordings and transcriptions. • written documents of various kinds.• photographs, drawings, etc. • electronic data from virtual interactions.
![Page 7: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Research design
• A flexible process – rather than one that begins from fixed hypotheses and is focused entirely on testing these.
• Plans for data collection and analysis, and even research questions themselves, may be changed during the course of inquiry.
![Page 8: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The production of data• Data are not simply ‘collected’.
To one degree or another, in one way or another, they are produced.
• At the very least they have to be ‘worked’ into a form that allows analysis. In particular:
- Fieldnotes ‘jotted’ in the field must be written up in full later.
- Audio- or video-recordings must usually be transcribed.
These are time-consuming activities.
![Page 9: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is analysis?
• The development of interpretations of data that contribute towards answering research questions; but may also serve to clarify, improve or reformulate these questions.
• Checking the reliability of assumptions, interpretations, and conclusions.
![Page 10: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Forms of qualitative analysis
• Analysis of text: a distinction between theme analysis and discourse analysis.
• Analysis of images: semiotic and compositional analysis.
• Multi-modal analysis: combining aural with visual data, and that from other senses.
![Page 11: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Theme analysis
• Seeking to answer research questions about why particular patterns of action, or particular outcomes, occur.
• May integrate data of multiple kinds (from observations, interviews, photographs, etc).
• The aim is to develop conceptual categories that relate to particular people and/or places, or types of these, operating across the different kinds of data used.
![Page 12: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Discourse analysis
• Tends to focus on one particular type or source of data: documents, recordings of naturally occurring talk, or interviews.
• More detailed attention to specific textual features, with a view to understanding their mutual relations, functions, etc.
• Tends to use a much smaller amount of data.
![Page 13: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Types of discourse analysis
• Narrative analysis• Conversation analysis• Discursive psychology• Linguistic discourse analysis• Critical discourse analysis• Bakhtinian analysis• Post-structuralist discourse analysis
![Page 14: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Stages of theme analysis1. ‘Coding the data’: generating categories ‘from’
the data. Initially, involves backgrounding research questions and trying to find what is ‘in’ the data, particularly as regards the perspectives of participants, distinctive features of the settings, etc.
2. Constant comparative method: comparing data placed in the same conceptual category, in order to clarify and develop ideas about each category and its interrelations with others.
3. Checking interpretations and conclusions.
![Page 15: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CAQDAS
• Computer assisted qualitative data analysis.
• Does not do the analysis, but facilitates the coding, storage, and retrieval of data for analysis.
• Is it worth it? Yes if dealing with a large amount of data and using theme analysis.
• Which program?
![Page 16: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Conclusion
• Try to be as clear and realistic as you can about what you are doing.
• Engage in recurrent assessments of what you have achieved and what you are aiming at.
• Learn to live with uncertainty!
![Page 17: Qualitative data analysis research school](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062709/55923a651a28abae778b456b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
References • Ashmore, M. (1989) The Reflexive Thesis, University of
Chicago Press.• Bignell, J. (1997) Media Semiotics, Manchester,
Manchester University Press.• Coffey, A. and Atkinson, P. (1996) Making Sense of
Qualitative Data: complementary research strategies, Thousand Oaks CA, Sage.
• Glaser, B. and Strauss, A. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Chicago, Aldine.
• Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (2007) Ethnography: principles in practice, London, Routledge.
• Miles, M. and Huberman, M. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis, Thousand Oaks CA, Sage.