Quali and Quanti

8/18/2019 Quali and Quanti

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Qualitative and

Quantitative Methods ofData Collection and

Analysis


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Objectives

• Compare qualitative and quantitativeMethods of data collection and analysis

• Topics

– The Qualitative Method• Participatory Rural Appraisal

– The Quantitative Methods – ecidin! on methods

• O"ers speciali#ed techniques for obtainin!in$depth responses from %hat people thin&and feel


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Participatory RuralAppraisal

Is appropriate when:• The intervention is promotin! participatory

principles in 're($plannin!)implementation) monitorin! and

evaluation

• An understandin! of motivations andperceptions is a priority

• There is a need for conte*tual studiesbefore desi!nin! more comple* monitorin!or impact assessment e*ercises 'e+!+ casestudies or surveys(


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Trian!ulation

• ,sin! – Combination of methods 'survey) -.s)

/0s) Participant Observation(

– i"erent sources of information'primary) secondary(

– multidisciplinary team 'nutritionist) child

development specialist) institutionale*pert(


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Qualitative Methods

• -ocus .roup iscussions

• /ey 0nformant 0ntervie%s

• irect Observation


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FOCU !ROUPDICUIO"#F!Ds$


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Focus %roup discussions

• conducted for the purpose ofe*plorin! people1s thou!hts andfeelin!s and obtainin! detailed

information about a particular topicor issue '2herraden) 3445(

• !enerally last from an hour and a

half to t%o hours)usually composedof seven or ei!ht people) selectedpurposively) based on a set ofcriteria


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Focus %roup discussions

• ,se a semi$structuredchec&list of issues

constructed iteratively by theresearch team+

• Often seen as bein! a

participatory$type method


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Advanta!es of -.

• Relatively easy to underta&e• 67cient $ intervie%in! a number of

people at the same time•

Quic& $ results can often be obtained ina reasonably short time span+• -le*ible $ the researcher can probe for

clari8cation or !reater detail+

,nanticipated lines of discussion canbe pursued+


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Advanta!es

• Responses have hi!h face validitydue to the clarity of the conte*tand detail of the discussion+

• -ocus !roups can %or& %ell aran!e of di"erent populations)includin! people %ho may have

limited education) modest verbals&ills) and lo% self$esteem) andlac& of prior e*perience e*pressin!personal vie%s+


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2teps in Conductin! -.

5+ -ormulate the research question3+ 0dentify and train moderators9+ .enerate) pre$test) and revise the intervie%

!uide

:+ ecide %hat incentives to use to encoura!epeople to attend; payment) food and drin&)childcare) feedbac& on 8ndin!s) a to&en !ift)transport to and from the site


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2teps

&' Conduct of F!D

– 0ntroduce everyone – .ive name ta!s) can use mas&in! tape

– 6*plain the purpose of the focus !roup) ho% lon! it%ill ta&e) and %hat feedbac& they %ill !et+ 6*plain that%hat participants say %ill be con8dential

– 2it everyone do%n so that everyone can see everyoneelse+

– 2tart the discussion) startin! %ith easy topics 8rst) butma&e sure that the topics that you most %ant to coverare to%ards the be!innin! of the session

– /eep a record $ tape recorder 'audio tape %ith multi$directional microphone(

– Prepare data and analy#e


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/ey 0nformant 0ntervie%

'/00(


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• -orm of intervie% in %hich only someof the questions are predetermined

• Conducted one$on$one bet%een therespondent and the intervie%er

• Questions are !enerally open$endedto leave space for the respondent to

ans%er in di"erent %ays


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• Requires – Quic& and creative thin&in!

– That the intervie%er to accurately

receive data) accurately recall data)critically evaluate data) and act on thedata as they are received in order tocontrol and properly mana!e theintervie%


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• -arm activities; crop production)croppin! pattern

• >ealth$related data; incidence ofdiseases

• Prices; farm inputs) income streams

• 6*penditure pattern

Possible ,ses of 2easonal

Calendar


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QUA"(I(A(I)* M*(+OD OF DA(ACO,,*C(IO" (+ROU!+ UR)*-


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ObjectiveAt the end of the session) the

participants %ill be – familiar %ith survey as a quantitativemethod of

– collectin! data for baseline andbenchmar&s study+

? Topics – Quantitative method of data collection – 2urvey method as a system of collectin!

quantitative data

– @hen to use survey – 2tren!ths and %ea&nesses


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2urvey

• Measurement procedure that involve

as&in! questions from respondents

• Ran!es from a short paper$and$pencil

feedbac& form to an e*tensive one$onone

in$depth intervie%

• Method of collectin! information frompopulation or sample about their

ideas) feelin!s) plans) and beliefs+


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2tren!ths and @ea&nesses

2tren!ths – 2uitable for collectin! information from

lar!e number of people

– Allo%s researcher to obtain informationabout thin!s that cannot be observeddirectly

@ea&ness – 6*pensive


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ata Analysis and Processin!

• ata analysisinvolves %or&in!to uncover

patterns andtrends in datasets

• atainterpretationinvolvese*plainin! those


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@hy analy#e 0nformationD

• To re8ne understandin!

• Eimit biases

• Fuild a clear picture of a situation)event) process and reach consensus


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escriptive Analysis• Measures of Central (endency

– MeanGAvera!e

n x

n

i

i x∑=

−

= 1

10

404=

−

x 4.40=

−

x

Calculate the MeanA!e of ten dairy farmers:


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escriptive Analysis• Measures of Central

(endency – MedianCalculate the Median

A!e of ten dairy farmers:


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Measures of ispersion• Ran%e

– di"erence bet%een the hi!hestand lo%est number

3H) 95) 9


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escriptive 2tatistics

Ratio and Rate

Source: NSO

53)


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.ro%th Rates;

1001

12 x

t

r t t −

=

1. LINEAR GROWTH RATE (r):

"hee:t2 = v$%e $t se*!n $te

t1 = v$%e ,! $ '$se $te

= $te !, *h$nge in -e*ent


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.ro%th Rates;

10021

2128 xr

−

=

• Co.putin% the chan%e/etween points or periods

%33.33=

1. LINEAR GROWTH RATE (r):


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Palay production (‘!T)" !I!AROPA and

Ro#$lon" %1 to %1&

$t$ /!%*e: /

Re%ion0Province

1232 1233 1231 1234 1235

MIMAROPA 67&'7 863'&

39242'

39244'8

39263'8

Ro./lon 43'6 47'7 47'8 41'7 41'


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.ro%th Rate of Palay


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.ro%th Rate of Palayproduction

39263'8 ; 39244'8

r < =========================== >322

39244'8

5&'85

< ============ >322

39244'8

/ .&0& 1

/ &.0& 2

/! ,!& e$ 2013 t! 2014 -$$ -!%*ti!n

in # in*e$se ' 4.64


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t 2 = t 1 + (r x t 1 )

Projection -ormula;

%here;

t3 K production at second date

t5 K production for a base date

r K rate of chan!e

Projection of Palay Production


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Lear 345: 345<345

=

# 1081.9 DDD DDD

h$t is !%

,!e*$st !, -$$

-!%*ti!n in 2015$n 2016 in

#

;sing the 4.64 g!"th $te "e *$n -!


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Lear 345: 345<345

=

# 1081.9 DDD DDD

h$t is !%

,!e*$st !, -$$

-!%*ti!n in 2015$n 2016 in

#

g$in %sing the 4.64 g!"th $te "e *$n -!


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P j t d P l P d ti '444


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=

122'2

522'2

22'2

622'2

39222'2

39122'2

39522'2

)olu.e #thousand M($

Projected Palay Production '444MT( #) 345< and 345=

-requency istribution


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RIC* CO"UMP(IO"R6.0ONGPRO0NC6 444MT P6RC6NT

MAR0N,Q,6

33)


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4

<

54

5<

34

3<

94

9<

:4

5HH4 3444 344=

-requency table and !raphicalpresentation

Pro/le. 3882 1222 122,ac ofcapital 48'33 46'& 4'47

,ac ofIrri%ation 12'47 32' 37'1

Pest anddiseases 36'7 38'&6 13'15

"atural

Cala.ities 33'85 '8 35

Others 32'28 4'85 7'1&

"one 38'8 &'6&

(otal 322 322 322

Fi%ure 3' A%ricultural productionpro/le.s9 Philippines: 38829 1222 E122'

Far .raph


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6*ercise• .iven the

follo%in! data; – Compute the

relative frequency

distribution – Prepare anappropriate !raphusin! the absolutenumber ofrespondents byprovince

PRO)I"C*Populatio

nPerce

nt

MAR0N,Q,6 3J5)H44

OCC06NTAEM0NORO


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Quali and Quanti

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