qua 8 chroni nr. 4 2010 chroni nr. 4 201031 Organic Horticulture Expands Globally, D. Granatstein,...

ChronicaHORTICULTURAE

A PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE

Volume 50 - Number 4 - 2010

Symposia and Workshops

Horticultural Highlights

Supply Chains in the Transitional Economies • Postharvest Research Educationand Extension • People Plant • Plum Pox Virus

IHC2010 and ISHS General AssemblyDemonization of Science, Sanctification of Poverty • The Global Trade inOrnamental Geophytes • Organic Horticulture Expands Globally • AsianVegetables in Australia • Temperate Tree Fruits and Nuts in India

CONTENTS

ChronicaHORTICULTURAE

Chronica Horticulturae© ISBN: 978 90 6605 583 4 (Volume 50 – Number 4;December 2010); ISSN: 0578-039X.Published quarterly by the International Society for Horticultural Science, Leuven,Belgium. Lay-out and printing by Drukkerij Geers, Gent, Belgium. ISHS© 2010. Allrights reserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced and/or published in anyform, photocopy, microfilm or any other means without written permission from thepublisher. All previous issues are also available online at www.ishs.org/chronica.Contact the ISHS Secretariat for details on full colour advertisements (1/1, 1/2, 1/4page) and/or mailing lists options.

Editorial Office and Contact Address:

ISHS Secretariat, PO Box 500, B-3001 Leuven 1, Belgium. Phone: (+32)16229427, fax:(+32)16229450, e-mail: [email protected], web: www.ishs.org or www.actahort.org.

Editorial Staff

Jules Janick, Science Editor, [email protected] Van Dijck, Associate Editor, [email protected] Vanderborght, Associate Editor - Production & Circulation,

[email protected]

Editorial Advisory CommitteeIsabel Ferreira, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisbon, PortugalKim Hummer, USDA ARS NCGR, Corvallis, USAHilde Nybom, Balsgard-Dept. Crop Science, Swedish University of AgriculturalSciences, Kristianstad, SwedenRobert K. Prange, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, CanadaAnthony David Webster, Malmesbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom

Membership and Orders of Chronica Horticulturae

Chronica Horticulturae is provided to the Membership for free: Individual Membership60 EUR per year (developed countries) or two years (developing countries), 50 EUR peryear/two years for members of affiliated national societies, or Student Membership30 EUR per year. For all details on ISHS membership categories and membershipadvantages, including a membership application form, refer to the ISHS membershippages at www.ishs.org/members.

Payments

All major Credit Cards accepted. Always quote your name and invoice or membershipnumber. Make checks payable to ISHS Secretariat. Money transfers: ISHS main bankaccount number is 230-0019444-64. Bank details: Fortis Bank, Branch “HeverleeArenberg”, Naamsesteenweg 173/175, B-3001 Leuven 1, Belgium. BIC (SWIFT code):GEBABEBB08A, IBAN: BE29230001944464. Please arrange for all bank costs to betaken from your account assuring that ISHS receives the net amount. Prices listed arein euro (EUR) but ISHS accepts payments in USD as well.

Acta Horticulturae

Acta Horticulturae is the series of proceedings of ISHS Scientific Meetings, Symposia orCongresses (ISSN: 0567-7572). ISHS Members are entitled to a substantialdiscount on the price of Acta Horticulturae. For an updated list of available titles, goto www.ishs.org/acta. A complete and accurate record of the entire ActaHorticulturae collection, including all abstracts and full text articles is available onlineat www.actahort.org. ISHS Individual membership includes credits to download 10full text Acta Horticulturae articles. All Acta Horticulturae titles – including those nolonger available in print format – are available in the ActaHort CD-ROM format.

Scripta Horticulturae

Scripta Horticulturae is a new series from ISHS devoted to specific horticultural issuessuch as position papers, crop or technology monographs and special workshops or con-ferences.

PubHort - Crossroads of Horticultural Publications

Pubhort is a service of ISHS as part of its mission to promote and to encourage researchin all branches of horticulture, and to efficiently transfer knowledge on a global scale.The PubHort platform aims to provide opportunities not only to ISHS publications butalso to other important series of related societies and organisations. The ISHS and itspartners welcome their members to use this valuable tool and invite others to sharetheir commitment to our profession. The PubHort eLibrary portal contains over 62,000downloadable full text scientific articles in pdf format, and includes The Journal ofHorticultural Science & Biotechnology, Journal of the American Pomological Society,Journal of the International Society for Mushroom Science, Fruits, Proceedings of theInternational Plant Propagator’s Society, Journal of the Interamerican Society forTropical Horticulture, Plant Breeding Reviews, Horticultural Reviews, etc.

Additional information can be seen from the PubHort website www.pubhort.org.

A publication of the International Society forHorticultural Science, a society of individuals, orga-nizations, and governmental agencies devoted tohorticultural research, education, industry, andhuman well-being.

ISHS • 2

� News & Views from the Board3 Bringing Science to the People, K.E. Hummer4 Reflections of the 28th International Horticultural Congress,

Lisbon, 2010, A. Monteiro, V. Galán, E. Ferreira, L. Mira,P. Oliveira, C. Portas, J. Prohens, L. Rallo, F. Riquelme andR. de la Rosa

12 The ISHS General Assembly – Lisbon, Portugal, August 24, 2010,N.E. Looney

17 Introduction to the New Chairs of Sections and Commissions21 ISHS Honorary Member and Fellow Awards23 Miklos Faust Travel Award for Young Pomologists Presented at

IHC 2010

� Issues24 Demonization of Science, Sanctification of Poverty, J. Janick and

C.S. Muresan

� Horticultural Science Focus27 The Global Trade in Ornamental Geophytes, R. Kamenetsky and

W.B. Miller

� Horticultural Science News31 Organic Horticulture Expands Globally, D. Granatstein, E. Kirby

and H. Willer

� The World of Horticulture39 Asian Vegetables in Australia, J. Ekman43 Temperate Tree Fruits and Nuts in India, M.K. Verma, N. Ahmad,

A.K. Singh and O.P. Awasthi49 New Books, Websites50 Courses and Meetings

� Symposia and Workshops50 IIIrd Int’l Symposium on Improving the Performance of Supply

Chains in the Transitional Economies51 Asia Pacific Symposium on Postharvest Research Education and

Extension53 Xth Int’l People Plant Symposium together with the Canadian

Horticultural Therapy Association Annual Conference – A JointMeeting

54 Int’l Symposium on Plum Pox Virus (ISPPV2010)

� News from the ISHS Secretariat55 New ISHS Members56 Calendar of ISHS Events58 Index to Volume 50 of Chronica Horticulturae60 Available Issues of Acta Horticulturae

Cover photograph: One of the new selections of Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) fromthe breeding program in Israel. Courtesy of Dorit Sandler Ziv. See article p. 27.

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 50 • NUMBER 4 • 2010 • 3

NEWS & VIEWS FROM THE BOARD

Kim E. Hummer

Did you renew your ISHS membership?Logon to www.ishs.org/members and renew online!

This past August I had the wonderful oppor-tunity, along with more than 3,200 fellow dele-gates, to enjoy the hospitality of Lisboa. Thevibrant and energetic opening drum troupe andthe colorful and flavorful welcoming dinner,and the ultimate in pure emotion; the fadofinale, was fantastic. However, for me, the thrillwas the main event: 9 international scientificcolloquia, 18 international scientific symposia,14 scientific seminars, and 26 international sci-entific workshops. I was there for the science. Ihighly compliment co-conveners/co-presidentsof the congress, Professor António A. Monteiroand Dr. Víctor Galán Saúco and their organizingand scientific committees for their enormousefforts on behalf of the Society. In these difficulteconomic times, the success that they achievedfor a production of this sort was by no meansguaranteed.

The ISHS is an anomaly. Other scientific societiesare looking at the increasing membership num-bers of ISHS with envy. They wonder, “Why newmembers are flocking to join ISHS?” and “Howcan this Society continue this upward member-ship trend in these very difficult economictimes?” Not only have the individual member-ships risen (from 6,575 in 2006 to 7,346 in2009) but the country memberships haveincreased (from 42 in 2009 to 60 in 2010).

Why are these memberships increasing duringthis bleak economy? It is because of the contin-ued excellent quality of science and scientificservice by our society to our membership.

One of the most important metrics for scientificachievement, our society’s cornerstone publica-tion, Acta Horticulturae, has increased both innumber of pages printed and volumes pub-lished annually (15,344 pages published in 33Acta in 2006 compared to 20,107 pages pub-lished in 43 Acta in 2009). For this accomplish-ment, we recognize the hard work of theauthor-participants, the 10 Section and 14Commission chairs, the editorial review teams,and the conveners involved in each symposium.

Our astute Executive Secretary, Ing. Jozef VanAssche, and his excellent support team in

Bringing Science to the PeopleKim E. Hummer, ISHS Vice President

Leuven have worked to ensure that ISHS articlesand associated publications are highly visible toweb-based search engines. In the first twomonths of 2010, the Society welcomed113,725 downloads. The quality of many arti-cles in Acta is now written at the level and withequivalent review of journal publication. Thesetwo factors have brought the consultation ratefor Acta articles to tens of thousands of “reads”for many articles. I urge you to view the ISHSwebsite http://www.actahort.org/citationstatis-ticsbookhtm.htm to see the summary of articleswith the greatest number of reads. As I writethis, 29 articles have achieved more than10,000 reads, which translates into a hugenumber of citations in future scientific publica-tions.

Another emphasis of the ISHS has been to pub-lish and archive scientific information. OurSociety has become a coordinating center forthe publications of significant horticultural liter-ature and information. Our society has signedagreements with many societies and agencieswith horticultural interest around the globe.Click on PubHort and have online access to:Fruits, the Journal of the American PomologicalSociety, the Journal of Horticultural Science andBiotechnology, the Journal of the InternationalSociety for Mushroom Science, and theProceedings of the International PlantPropagator’s Society. This service is of mutualbenefit: the other societies have on-line accessi-bility of their publication for their membershipand ISHS members can also access informationdirectly. This collaboration ensures instantaccessibility to the latest science, while electron-ically archiving historical documents. An addedbonus is that, through the wonders of Google®technology, rough translation of any of thisinformation is available in 54 languages at theclick of a mouse.

The mission of the ISHS includes advancingresearch and education that contribute to andadvocate for horticulture; facilitate global net-working; publish, distribute and archive knowl-edge, and support capacity building for horti-

cultural research and education. While theamazing growth of the society is evident duringthe past several decades, some regions of theworld remain poorly represented within theranks and subsequently within the leadership ofthe ISHS. To be truly international, our societyneeds to close this gap. This gap includes miss-ing memberships from many individual scien-tists and countries in South America, Africa,Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Individual members and country membershipare each important aspects of the Society’sstructure. While individual members representthe strength of the Society, country member-ship has voting privileges through their partici-pation on the Council. The Council elects theboard, which oversees the business of theSociety. The executive committee initiates thescientific activities of the Society.

In the next four years, diversity and outreach inhorticultural development will be highlighted.Representation from emerging and developingcountries will be sought. Expansion of ISHS sci-entific symposia and events encourage develop-ment of local horticultural communities andunderutilized horticultural crops. This is the bestway to promote the continued service of theISHS to the international horticultural communi-ty.

Sound international horticultural science is thedriving force behind the success of ISHS. Thepresentation, reporting and publishing of excel-lent science, combined with an infusion of thelocal culture and industry retrospective contin-ues to provide a valued event for horticulturalscientists. This system unifies international hor-ticultural scientists in their goals to understandand improve horticultural production. See youat the next ISHS symposium!

ISHS • 4

Reflections of the 28th InternationalHorticultural Congress, Lisbon, 2010

The IHC 2010 must be considered a grandsuccess. Besides the high attendance and theexcellence of the program, there were innova-tive activities and a pleasant atmosphere in theLisboa Congress Centre. The 3186 participantsand 248 accompanying persons that attendedthe Congress will have fond memories of thismemorable event.

The Congress was a joint organisation, and thesuccessful culmination of a long collaboration,between the Portuguese HorticulturalAssociation (APH) and the Spanish Society for

Horticultural Sciences (SECH). This importanthorticultural event, a first in the IberianPeninsula, was a proud moment for the horti-cultural scientific community in Spain andPortugal.

Science and Horticulture for People, the themeof the Congress, was mirrored by the program.There was an emphasis on horticultural scienceand how it relates to scientists, producers, con-sumers, and society at large. The IHC was aforum for those involved with horticulture toget to know each other, to interact, and to

establish relationships. There were many breaksscheduled with sufficient time for poster displayand ample occasions for round-table discussion.

The 28th International Horticultural Congresstook place at the Lisboa Congress Centre (CCL)located in a prestigious area of the city (Belémhistorical quarter) overlooking the Tagus River.The CCL had state-of-the-art meeting roomsand exhibition halls and was exclusively devotedto the 28th IHC. Easy interaction was providedamong participants in a cosy atmosphere.

The Congress program was rich and varied.Besides the diversity of crops and disciplinesthat generated numerous scientific sessions,usual in horticultural congresses, the Lisbon IHCincluded an exhibition, a horticulture brokerageevent, e-posters, technical tours, produce tast-ings, and numerous informal activities. Toremember the Congress, 2500 photographshave been posted on the IHC 2010 webpageand can be easily down-loaded.

PARTICIPANTS

There were 3434 participants and accompany-ing persons at the Lisboa Congress, the highestnumber since the 22nd IHC in Davis, California(USA) in 1986. Davis still holds the record forISHS Congresses, with almost 4,000 partici-pants and accompanying persons.

The top-ten countries with the highest numberof participants included four non-Europeancountries and, for the first time, a country fromSouth America (Table 1). There were relativelylarge delegations from Australia (73), SouthKorea (63), South Africa (60), and Mexico (35).Participation from 100 countries covering all

The flags of Spain, Portugal,EU, ISHS, APH and SECH.

Flags at the entrance of the Lisboa Congress Centre (CCL).

The colourful IHC poster deco-rating the CCL. Welcome to the IHC Lisbon 2010.


parts of the world emphasised the global char-acter of the Congress.

As a result of geographic proximity, 54% of par-ticipants came from Europe (Table 2). Asia andOceania come in second with 26% followed byNorth America (8.4%), South & CentralAmerica (7.7%), and Africa (4.0%).

OPENING SESSION

The opening session was chaired by JorgeSampaio, a former President of the Republic ofPortugal and presently the United Nations High

Spain 398Italy 228Portugal 227Japan 209United States of America 182Brazil 179China 172Germany 119France 98The Netherlands 92

Table 1. Top-ten countries in number ofparticipants.

Continents Number of Number of Percentage ofcountries represented participants total participants

Africa 21 126 4.0

Asia and Oceania 28 818 25.7

Central & South America 11 244 7.7

Europe (incl. Russia) 37 1729 54.2

North America 3 269 8.4

Total 100 3186 100.0

Table 2. Distribution of participants among continents.

Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations.In his lecture entitled “Some reflections on sus-tainable development, diversity and human

dignity,” Dr. Sampaio addressed the mainchallenges confronting sustainable develop-ment in the 21st century and stressed theimportance of preserving bio-diversity and cul-tural diversity.

The Congress opening was also an opportunityfor relaxing and enjoying a taste of Portugal.There was guitar music typical to Lisbon. At theend of the session the powerful drumsof “Toca a Rufar” led the participants to thenearby Burnay Palace Gardens for an “ArraialAlfacinha,” a typical open-air Lisbon party.The weather was calm and the temperature justperfect. The music and dances, the barbequedmeats, the fruits and salads, the wine and theconviviality, kept the participants in this pleasantatmosphere until late in the evening.

The ISHS Board mem-bers and the chairper-

sons of the variousCongress committees

were also on the stage.

The Opening Session was chaired by Dr. Jorge Sampaio. From left to right: the Presidents ofSECH and APH, the Minister of Agriculture of Portugal, Dr. Jorge Sampaio, the President of ISHSand the two Co-Presidents of the Congress.

Dr. Jorge Sampaio deliv-ered the Opening Addressof the Congress.

Almost 2000 people attended theOpening Session of the Congress.

Dr. Norman Looney (chair) presented asmall gift to Dr. Pere Puigdomenech (left)and Dr. Cary Fowler (right), the two invitedspeakers of the Opening Colloquium.

ISHS • 6

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM

The IHC delivered an extensive scientific pro-gram. A total of 4569 presentations by 3186attendants from 100 countries were distributedin 9 colloquia, 18 symposia, 14 seminars, 17thematic sessions, and 26 workshops (Table 3),the largest quantitative contribution to any IHCever held. The 4447 abstracts presented includ-ed 171 invited speakers, 773 oral presentations,and 3523 posters from which 806 were short-oral presentations. The 3-minute short oral pre-sentations using e-posters represented a suc-cessful innovation that allowed a more activepresence of poster authors.

The Scientific Program integrated a large diver-sity of events and topics. The success of the

A music band playing traditional Portuguesemusic during the Welcome Party to illustratea typical “Arraial Alfacinha”.

scientific program was due to the commitmentof a large number of ISHS members.

Colloquia consisted of two-hour sessions focus-ing on cutting-edge topics and allowing opendiscussion. The Opening Colloquium, chaired byN. Looney, focused on two subjects of generaland current concern: conserving diversity (CaryFowler) and new biological approaches to agri-culture (Pere Puigdomenech). Eight moreColloquia were held in two concurrent sessionsat the beginning of each of the four days of theCongress with the following topics: (1)Challenges and Opportunities for Horticulture ina Dynamic Global Economy, (2) Nanotechnology:Potential Applications for Horticulture, (3) Plant,People and Places, (4) New GenerationSequencing in Horticultural Research, (5)

Educating the Next Generation of ProfessionalHorticulturists, (6) Technological Innovation inHorticulture, (7) Iberian Encounter with Americaand Asia: Exchange of Horticultural Plants, and(8) Coping with Reducing Pesticides. The 8Colloquia were chaired by prestigious and expe-rienced scientists (P. Arús, F. Bliss, I. Crute, G.R.Dixon, E.W. Hewett, J. Janick, J. McFerson, P.Tonutti, and I.J. Warrington) and included 29topics addressed by renowned invited speakers.

Symposia represented the core of theCongress with 98 invited speakers, 488 orals,and 2703 posters, which represented 74% ofthe total number of abstracts submitted.Symposia varied from 451 abstracts in the four-day Postharvest to 22 in the one-day Proteasymposium (Table 4). Symposia such as Berries

Portuguese tradi-tional guitar musicwas a must duringthe OpeningSession. The stage of Auditorium I of CCL during the

Opening Session.

The colourful and vibrant drum orchestra“Toca a Rufar” closed the Opening Session.

The roasted pig was one of the varied fooddelicacies served during the Welcome Party.

Participants eating and relaxing in BurnayGarden.


Table 3. Scientific programme at a glance.

Events (number) No. oral No. invited No. oral No. short oral No. Totalsessions speakers presentations presentations posters abstracts

Colloquia (9) 9 29 29

Symposia (18) 138 98 488 548 2155 3289

Seminars (14) 36 31 119 87 230 467

Thematic sessions (17) 42 13 166 171 332 682

Workshops (26) 26 102 oral presentations

Business meetings (13) 13 Undetermined number ofinformal presentations

Total 171 773 806 2717 4467

Events No. No. No. No. No. No. Total Convenersdays oral invited orals short posters abstracts

sessions speakers orals

S01. Berries 4 10 7 36 40 215 298 Mezzetti / Oliveira

S02. Postharvest 4 14 1 60 87 303 451 Cantwell / Almeida

S03. Greenhouse 3 8 7 20 68 133 228 Castilla / Van Kooten / Sase / Meneses

S04. Genomics 3 8 5 32 29 119 185 Folta / Talón

S05. Hortgen 1 3 4 6 21 31 62 Litz / Pliego

S06. Medfruits and Nuts 3 8 4 33 17 122 176 Batlle / Caruso

S07. Emerging Health 3 8 7 28 8 98 141 Desjardins / Tomás-Barberán

S08. Olivetrends 2 5 5 16 27 78 126 Tous / Gucci / Fevereiro

S09. Ornamentals 4 11 7 40 48 228 323 Cermeño / Plumer

S10. Horticulture for Development 2 5 4 17 12 26 59 Kahane / Wasilwa / Correia

S11. ISAFRUIT 4 11 12 50 0 104 166 Corelli-Grapadelli / Callesen / Bonany

S12. Genetic Resources 4 11 6 30 73 166 275 Hummer / Díez

S13. Quality-chain Vegetables 3 8 5 24 36 141 206 Rosa / Tavares de Melo

S14. Organic Horticulture 3 8 5 30 40 109 184 Aksoy / Mourao

S15. Climwater 2 5 7 21 3 74 105 Ferreira / Fernández

S16. Vitis&climate 2 6 6 21 12 120 159 Bravdo / Medrano

S17. Protea 1 3 2 11 0 9 22 Hoffman / Leandro

S18. Bananas and other Tropical Fruits 2 6 4 13 27 79 123 Gubbuk / Wünsche / Reinhardt / Staver /van der Berg

Total 138 98 488 548 2155 3289

Table 4. Symposium overview.

Participants attending one of the oral sessions.

Reading the IHC programme required someattention and concentration.

Coffee breaks were the time for conviviality.

ISHS • 8

Table 5. Seminar overview.



Sm01. Modelling Perennials 1 1 0 8 0 7 15 Verstraten / Coppin

Sm02. Med Fruit Tree Pests 1 3 5 6 6 23 40 D’Onghia

Sm03. Portuguese and Spanish Influence on Gardens 1 1 1 4 0 3 8 Groening / Rinaldi

Sm04. Soilless Cultivation 1 3 3 9 8 29 49 Schnitzler / van Os

Sm05. Horticultural Education 1 3 2 12 5 3 22 Hewett / Aldous / Benkeblia

Sm06. Capacity Building for Plant Breeding 1 3 1 5 15 8 29 Martin, L. / Martín, A.

Sm07. Underutilized Pome Fruits 1 2 3 7 5 3 18 Postman

Sm08. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 2 5 2 20 9 73 104 Mathé

Sm09. Reproductive Biology 1 3 1 10 20 22 53 Herrero / Hormaza

Sm10. Producers and Consumers 1 3 1 15 7 8 31 Oppenheim

Sm11. Ornamental Horticultural and Invasive Plants 1 2 2 5 0 5 12 Schutzki

Sm12. Microbial Molecular Profiling 1 2 3 4 8 7 22 Welbaum

Sm13. Fruit Growth 1 3 3 12 4 27 46 Palmer

Sm14. Turfgrass Management 1 2 4 2 0 12 18 Nektarios / Monteiro

Total 36 31 119 87 230 467

Table 6. Thematic session overview.



T01. Biochemistry 1 2 1 6 12 2 21 Talón / Tadeo

T02. Citrus 1 3 0 18 0 44 62 Albrigo

T03. Crop Physiology 1 3 1 10 12 38 61 Chaves

T04. Economics and Management 1 2 0 12 4 12 28 Oppenheim

T06. Knowledge and Innovation 1 2 0 12 2 0 14 Hewett

T07. Engineering and Authomation 1 1 0 6 7 2 15 Sase / van Henten

T08. Fruit Production Systems 1 3 0 12 14 13 39 Webster

T09. Genetics and Breeding 2 5 0 8 39 41 88 Leitão

T10. Integrated Pest Management 1 2 0 14 7 16 37 Hale

T11. Landscaping 1 1 0 2 2 7 11 Groening / Rinaldi

T12. Micropropagation 2 6 4 17 18 33 72 Drew

T13. Mineral Nutrition 1 2 0 11 14 30 55 Fernández-Escobar

T14. Modelling 1 1 1 2 6 8 17 De Melo e Abreu

T15. Plant Pathology 1 3 3 9 14 37 63 Hale

T16. Plant Soil and Environment Sciences 1 3 0 14 13 14 41 Schnitzler

T17. Propagation and Nursery Management 1 2 3 7 7 23 40 Criley

T18. Urban Horticulture 1 1 0 6 0 12 18 Groening / Rinaldi

Total 42 13 166 171 332 682

and ISAFruit that were promoted by groupsgathered around EU projects that come to theCongress to reach a larger audience, con-tributed much to the quality of the program.

Seminar topics were diverse and quite specificbut complemented the themes of symposia.There were 31 invited speakers, 119 orals, 317posters, including 87 short orals totalling 467abstracts for the 14 Seminars (Table 5).Seminars such as MedFruit Tree Pests, SoillessCultivation or Fruit Growth were organised intandem with symposia forming clusters around

the same topic. The concept of clusters alsoincluded colloquia, thematic sessions and work-shops. Papers pertaining to the same topic orcluster will be jointly published in volumes ofActa Horticulturae.

Thematic Sessions (Table 6) accommodatedcontributions that did not fit into symposia andseminars. Topics such as citrus, crops physiolo-gy, genetics and breeding, micro-propagation,plant pathology and pests were well attendedand pointed out areas receiving increasing inter-est by the participants.

The high number of posters on display atPavillion 2.


Ws01. Genetics and Biotechnology in Posharvest (Fernández-Trujillo and Toivonen)

Ws02. Promoting collaboration between ISHS, the Global Crop Diversity Trust, and BioversityInternational (Hummer, Fowler, Williams)

Ws03. Odemira: Horticulture in a Natural Park (Rosa)

Ws04. Ornamental Plants and Pollution (Mauget)

Ws05. The Rocha Pear in Portugal (Correia, Torres Paulo)

Ws06. Vasco da Gama: ISAFRUIT-Project Experience (Bertschinger, Corelli-Grapadelli, van der Lans, vanSchalk)

Ws07. Genomics and Breeding of Olives (Baldoni, Valpuesta, de la Rosa, Muleo)

Ws08. Horticulture in the Pacific Islands (Taylor, Halavatau, Markham)

Ws10. Asian-Pacific Landscape and Urban Horticulture (Rinaldi)

Ws12. What do we mean by quality? (Nicola, Brueckner)

Ws13. Taxonomic Name Changes upon Horticultural Trade and Exchange (Criley)

Ws14. Olive Genetic Resources (Rallo, Sbitri)

Ws15. Fruits and Vegetables: a Neglected Wealth in Developing Countries (Ganry)

Ws16. Perception and Acceptance of GM Horticultural Crops (Gray)

Ws17. Abscission Regulation and its Application in Horticulture (Meir)

Ws18. Advocacy for Horticultural Science (Stanley)

Ws19. Biodegradable Plastics in Horticulture (Heisswolf, Guerini, Martín-Closas)

Ws20. GAP in Protected Cultivation of Vegetables (Schnitzler, Leonardi)

Ws21. Global Strategy for Nut Aflotoxin Safety (Calgagni, Lagana, Hokmabadi, Avanzato)

Ws22. Industry Priorities on Research on Fruits and Vegetables (Trentini)

Ws23. Networking the FAV and Health Networks (Desjardins)

Ws24. Minor and Underutilized Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Crops for Nutritional Security in the ExistCentury (Mitra)

Ws25. Molecular-Marker Utilization in Horticulture and Horticultural Science (Bassil)

Ws26. Proteaceae in the Global Economy (Petty)

Ws27. Functional-Structural Plant Models (Costes, Hanan)

Ws28. Grapes and Climate Change: International Cooperation (Bravdo, Medrano)

Table 7. List of workshops (convener).

Workshops (Table 7) were informal meetingson novel topics emphasizing round table discus-sion, some of them related to Symposia and/orSeminars. The contributions to the workshopsmay be incorporated into the Acta of the corre-sponding Symposia.

The Commitment of a large number of ISHSmembers to build and carry out the scientificprogramme was the clue for the success of theIHC. Very active participation of the attendantswas a major component in the excellent devel-opment of the Programme. A key factor to pro-mote this involvement was the short-oral com-munications, an experience to be continuedand improved in the ISHS future events. Finally,the scientific quality of many contributions andtheir technological implications should beemphasized.

E-POSTERS

E-posters (electronic posters) were a new andinteractive form of scientific communication atthe Congress that provided a high visibilityposters never had before. This presentation sys-tem proved popular and 1500 e-posters wereuploaded on the IHC website. E-posters arevisually similar to printed posters but can beused for on-screen presentation during oral ses-

sions and for on-line interaction with authors.Congress participants could visit e-posters on-line during the Congress by using computers inthe poster hall or the Internet and leave mes-sages and comments to the authors, whoreceived the messages automatically by e-mail.E-posters are accessible on-line on the IHC web-page and the interaction with authors will con-tinue for several months.

EXHIBITION

The horticultural industry, R&D institutions, sci-entific societies, and stakeholders were presentat the Exhibition, which included almost 40booths including a large one for ISHS. The hor-ticulture industry responded positively to theCongress invitation and their presence provideda complementary dimension to the scientificactivities. The Exhibition, with the adjacentposter display halls, Internet café, and e-posterscomputer terminals, was the hub of theCongress and provided a lively meeting placeduring breaks. There was coffee, snacks, andfruit available to encourage conviviality. TheSpanish Pavilion featured representation ofSpanish institutions, companies and autonomicgovernmental agencies dealing with agricul-ture, and projected the image of a Congressinvolving all the Iberian Peninsula.

The Exhibition also included horticultural art,displaying the historic photographs (1920s and1930s) of vineyards and olive groves by AntonioCezar d’Abrunhoza. The FruitArt project fea-tured beautifully painted fruits from a competi-tion involving secondary school students, whichhad the objective of raising young-people’sawareness of the importance and benefits offruit production and consumption.

Fruits and vegetables had a strong presencein the Exhibition.

The ISHS booth, with a beautiful paintingin the back, was a lively presence in theExhibition.

Acta Horticulturae display was one of thehighlights at the ISHS booth.

ISHS • 10

The 9 one-day technical tours involved about600 participants and included diversified desti-nations within driving distance from Lisbon. Thetopics ranged from wine and olives to vegeta-bles and fruits but there was also time to enjoythe Portuguese countryside or to visit historiclandmarks such as the historic towns of Évoraand Óbidos.

A three-day tour took 50 participants to the cityof Oporto and the Douro Valley in Portugal. Thiswas the time to learn about and imbibe Portwine and visit the vineyards in the impressivehistoric Douro valley.

Four several-day tours in Spain included: a3-day tour to visit ornamental horticulture inthe western part of Andalusia, one of the mostimportant regions for production of ornamentaland flower crops in Spain; a 4-day tour to visitthe deciduous fruit production in the EbroValley, in the Northwestern part of Spain, whichhas an important production of pome andstone fruits such as apples, pears, peaches,cherries and other stone fruits; a 5-day visit tothe Island of Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, sit-uated more than 1000 km to the south of theIberian Peninsula, and where different visitswere made related to tropical and subtropicalornamental, vegetable and fruit crops. Finally apost-congress workshop, in conjunction withEUCARPIA, dealing with the genetics andbreeding of capsicum peppers and eggplant,took place in Valencia, in the Mediterraneancoast of Spain; this post-congress workshopincluded oral and poster presentations, as wellas a technical visit to an exhibition of pepperand eggplant diversity.

LISBON

During the Congress it was difficult to forgetLisbon, the capital of Portugal and a legendarycity with over 20 centuries of history that is nowa magnet for visitors on business or holidays.The City of the Seven Hills spreads along thenorth bank of the Tagus estuary, only one stepaway from the Atlantic Ocean. In the 15th and16th centuries, Lisbon was the hub of the “Ageof Discovery,” when Portuguese caravels “gavenew worlds to the world.” This was also theopportunity to escape from the CongressCentre and visit some of the city monumentssuch as the nearby historic Tower of Belém andstunning Jerónimos Monastery or to walk upthe São Jorge Castle for breathtaking viewsover the river and old Lisbon quarters. Theevenings were the time to enjoy delicious foodand wines and to listen to Fado, the unique andhaunting music of Lisbon.

FAREWELL DINNER

On Thursday evening 1000 participants weredriven for a coach tour along the Tagus estuarytowards the elegant seaside resorts of Estoriland Cascais before the Farewell Dinner. A ban-quet was served in the Black and Silver Room of

APH Awards

Honour Horticologists:• Prof. Dr. Paulo César Tavares de Melo,

University of the State of S. Paulo, Brazil;• Prof. Dr. Frederick Bliss, University of California,

Davis and Director of Research, Seminis, USA.

Honorary Members:• Eng. Armando Torres Paulo, President of the

Pear Growers Association, Portugal;• Ir. Heiko van der Borg, late Secretary General-

Treasurer of the ISHS, The Netherlands.

IHC Poster awards

Gold Poster Awards:Beaudry, R.M.; Al Smairat, N.; Contreras, C. -Kinetics of Volatile Synthesis Following CellularDisruption Associated with Masticated and CutFresh Apple FruitAlonso, A.; Salazar, J.A.; Arroyo, A.; Grau, A. -Screening a Diverse Collection of HeirloomTomato Varieties for Quality and FunctionalAttributes

Silver Poster Awards:Falchi, R.; Pfeiffer, A.; De Marco, F.; Santi, S.;Vizzotto, G. - Sugar Transport in Peach Mesocarpand Seed During DevelopmentRahman, M.J.; Inden, H.; Hossain, M.M. -Capsaicin Contents under High TemperatureStress in Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Bronze Poster Awards:Nyalala, S.; Alemayehu, S.; Grout, B.; Petersen,M. - Volatile Emissions of Methyl Cyanide fromLeaves of Gynandropsis Gynandra as a PossibleSpider Mite RepellentVan Hooijdonk, B.M.; Tustin, D.S.; Breen, K.C. -Annual shoot types developed within Scilateapple trees following artificial spur extinction andlimb pruning treatments

BROKERAGE EVENT

The Congress included for the first time aHorticulture Brokerage Event (HBE) with theobjective of promoting bilateral meetingsbetween horticultural professionals at an inter-national level, creating links between producersand users of technology, establishing partner-ships, and developing new R&D projects. TheHBE was supported by a website, specificallydeveloped for the HBE, in which each partici-pant had to register a profile with a technologyoffer or request. These profiles were then pub-lished in the website to facilitate the schedule ofmeetings according to participant’s intentions.

The HBE was an initiative of INOVISA in closepartnership with the Portuguese InnovationAgency (ADI), the Cluster Agro-Industrial doRibatejo, and The University of Évora. A total of550 participants registered to the HBE, withmeeting requests totalizing 780. All meetingstook place during the Congress in a lounge areawith meeting rooms.

A workshop on International Partnerships forTechnology Transfer: Best Practices in Business /Research Relationships in the HorticulturalSector was organized in tandem with the HBE.The workshop was a success, with many partic-ipants from several countries and different pro-fessional profiles. Participants reinforced theimportance of initiatives like the HBE, in thecontext of horticultural congresses or other sim-ilar future events, to promote technology trans-fer. The creation of an on-line brokerage plat-form was suggested by the IHC organizers andHBE participants as a tool to facilitate technolo-gy transfer between professionals in the horti-cultural sector.

POST-CONGRESS TOURS

The post-congress tours were an opportunity tointeract with the horticultural industry and toexplore the cultural heritage of Portugal andSpain. Most of the tours were organised bygrower organisations, which reinforced theinteraction with the horticulture industry.

Eggplant diversity in display during thepost-congress tour in Valencia, Spain.

the famous Casino Estoril. The occasion wasused to present the IHC Poster Awards and forthe Portuguese Horticultural Association topresent several awards in recognition of out-standing contributions to the Association andto the development and innovation in horticul-ture in Portugal and all around the world (seetext box).

The dinner was followed by the sweeping musi-cal performance “Fado – History of a People”based on the Portuguese national song. Thisextravaganza explored the roots of Fado and itsrelationship with the soul of Portuguese peopleover the centuries.

Finally the ISHS said good-bye to Iberia and wel-comed Australasia with an unusual musical per-formance announcing the next InternationalHorticultural Congress, Brisbane, 2014. Thedidgeridoo sound and the Maori dances were apreview of the next Congress in Brisbane to beheld in 2014.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We present our sincere thanks to the Congresssponsors and partners, private companies andinstitutions, not only for their financial support,without which the registration fees would havebeen much higher, but also for their active invol-vement.


ABOUT THE AUTHORS

The musical performance “Fado: The History of a People”.The Farewell Dinner was served in the immense Black and Silverroom of Casino Estoril.

António Monteiro, IHC Co-president, PortugalVíctor Galán, IHC Co-president, Spain

António Monteiro Víctor Galán Luís Mira Pedro Oliveira Carlos Portas

Jaime Prohens Luís Rallo Fernando Riquelme Raul de la Rosa

Elvira Ferreira, President of APH-PortugueseHorticultural Association, Portugal

Luís Mira, Head of the IHC Horticulture BrokerageEvent, Portugal

Pedro Oliveira, IHC Secretary General, PortugalCarlos Portas, Chairperson of IHC International

Advisory Committee, PortugalJaime Prohens, Responsible for IHC Activities in

Spain, SpainLuís Rallo, Chairperson of the IHC Scientific and

Programme Committee, SpainFernando Riquelme, President of SECH-Spanish

Society for Horticultural Sciences, SpainRaul de la Rosa, Secretary of IHC Scientific and

Programme Committee, Spain

We acknowledge the voluntary contribution of themembers of the Executive Committee, the LocalOrganising Committee, the Scientific and ProgrammeCommittee, the International Advisory Committeeand the Industry Committee. The committee mem-bers were the soul and the fuel of the organisation.

A very special mention goes to the conveners of thevarious events, who largely deserve the credit forthe high quality of the scientific programme. Itwas a great pleasure and a big honour to workwith such a qualified and dedicated team duringthe preparation of the Congress.

Elvira Ferreira

ISHS • 12

Norman E. Looney, ISHS President (2002-2006-2010)

The ISHS General Assembly – Lisbon,Portugal, August 24, 2010

As is required by the Statutes of ISHS, thePresident and Board of Directors of the Societyconvened the General Assembly of ISHS mem-bers and other Congress participants during the28th International Horticultural Congress. Thepurpose of the General Assembly is to informthe membership at large about the health ofthe Society by outlining the actions andachievements of the Board and the Society dur-ing the four-year period between Congresses. Itis required that the General Assembly formallyaccepts this Report, approves any revision of theStatutes, and approves the decisions taken byCouncil with respect to the election of new offi-cers of the Society and the selection of the loca-tion for the 2018 International HorticulturalCongress. The General Assembly is also theoccasion for honouring new Fellows andHonorary Members (see article p. 21), to pres-ent the biennial Miklos Faust Travel Award forYoung Pomologists (see article p. 23), and topass the responsibility of Society leadership to anewly elected President and Board of Directors.

President Norman Looney was given the task ofreporting on the Board’s achievements sinceAugust of 2006. His opening remarks calledattention to a Board ‘retreat’ and StrategicPlanning exercise in 2006 that provided theframework for all of the Board efforts during itsterm of office. He highlighted the importance ofusing a professional facilitator during this exer-

Dr. Norman Looney, President of ISHS(2002-2006-2010).

Audience at the ISHS General Assembly.

cise which allowed all Board members to con-tribute fully and equally. He then proceeded tooutline the most significant achievements of theBoard and the Society over the past four years.

MEMBERSHIP

The Strategic Plan called for increasing Societymembership in all of its realms – Country/Region Members, Individual Members andInstitutional Members. Dr. Looney expressedgreat satisfaction with the growth achieved intwo of these three categories. Countries andRegions represented on the Society’s governingCouncil now stand at 60, compared to 47 in2006. Individual Membership grew by approxi-mately 1500 members during that same period

(Fig. 1). The President pointed out that byincreasing the numbers of Countries/Regionsrepresented on the Council, 93% of allIndividual Members now have representation atthis highest level of decision making – a signifi-cant improvement in the democratization ofSociety governance.

However, it was the growth achieved in partic-ular geographic regions that the Board consid-ered even more important. The President firstcalled attention to the goal of strengtheningthe ISHS position with respect to Central andSouth America. By gaining back Argentina andadding Venezuela and Columbia as Country/Region Members, Latin America is now repre-sented by seven seats on Council. Furthermore,by signing a Memorandum of Understandingwith EMBRAPA (Brazil) and by reaching out toleaders and members of the InteramericanSociety for Tropical Horticulture (ISTH-SIHT),

8.000

7.000

6.000

5.000

4.000

3.000

2.000

1.000

0

19941996

19982010

20082006

20002002

2004

Figure 1. Individual membership.


opportunities for growth of membership and inthe number of scientific symposia held in SouthAmerica have increased remarkably.

Similarly, with the recent addition of Kenya,Madagascar and Nigeria, Africa now has repre-sentatives from seven countries contributing toCouncil decisions. Dr. Looney highlighted thesuccess of the first All-Africa HorticultureCongress (AAHC), held in Nairobi in 2009 andannounced that the second AAHC will be heldin South Africa in 2012. ISHS support for theGlobal Horticulture Initiative (see below) hasbeen central to many new activities focussed onthat continent.

With regard to Eurasia, the achievement of par-ticular note was the decision by both Russia andChina to join the Society as Country/Regionmembers. This will provide Council representa-tion to hundreds of present Individual Membersand likely many hundreds more in the nearfuture, given the rapid economic developmentof China. Gains were also made in the MiddleEast and in Southeast Asia. Both Oman and theKingdom of Saudi Arabia joined the Society in2010. Malaysia is the latest Southeast Asiacountry to commit to Country/Region member-ship.

The President concluded his report aboutSociety membership by predicting that thisgrowth will continue. The Board is pleased withthese efforts leading to greater engagement ofhorticultural scientists living in Asia, Africa andSouth America and predicts especially strongmembership gains on these continents.

STRENGTHENING THESCIENCE PROGRAM

All of the Strategic Plan objectives relating tothe activities of Sections and Commissions, andthe program of international symposia forwhich they are responsible, were met orexceeded during the tenure of the 2006-2010Board. This Board, with the support of Council,increased the budget for Section andCommission Chairs (the Executive Committee)but Vice President Ian Warrington (Chair of theExecutive Committee) insisted on couplingincreased funding to clear guidelines and expec-tations with regard to productivity. Furthermore,procedures were put in place for new nomina-tions and elections formats that ensures trans-parency and democracy in the selection ofSection and Commission Chairs and ViceChairs.

The result is a motivated and creative ExecutiveCommittee that has both broadened the scopeand improved the quality of the ISHS scienceprogram. It is particularly notable that theSociety has experienced an increase in the num-ber of International Symposia per year from anaverage of 32 in the previous 4-year period tomore than 40 during the latest term.Furthermore, the stage is set for a continuingincrease in this number (Fig. 2).

PUBLICATIONS AND ON-LINERESOURCES

The steady growth in the number ofInternational Symposia has of course resulted ina parallel increase in the number of volumes ofActa Horticulturae published each year (Fig. 3).Furthermore, the number of total pages of Actapublished in 2010 will be in excess of 18,000,compared to less than 15,000 four years earlier.The President pointed out however, that withthe introduction of an online manuscript man-agement system for the assembly and editing ofeach Acta, the time from presentation to publi-cation in Acta is steadily declining. Nonetheless,this increase in the number of Acta has requiredadditional staff in the office of the Secretariat.

Starting in 2008 there was a dramatic increasein the number of Acta full-paper downloadsfrom the internet (Table 1). This relates toagreements signed with partner organizationsand institutes (see below). An important meas-ure of the global impact of this Society publica-tion is the steady increase in the number of‘hits’ to the Acta Horticulturae web site(www.actahort.org). That number is now in therange of 30,000 hits per day!

Publications Director Jules Janick and the entire2006-2010 Board are especially proud of theimprovements made to Chronica Horticulturae.

Improvements to both layout and content havepositioned this quarterly magazine to be a‘must read’ publication for our members andmany thousands of others accessing it online. Infact, it was the impact and popularity ofChronica that convinced the Board to gaincopyright protection of this and all other Society‘brands’ as one of its Strategic Plan objectives.

Dr. Looney reported that Scripta Horticulturae, apublication launched by the 2002-2006 Boardbut ‘established’ over the past four years, issteadily gaining recognition as a repository formiscellaneous learned contributions to horticul-tural science. He pointed out that the latest vol-ume of Scripta, the Eighth Edition of theInternational Code of Nomenclature forCultivated Plants, will be published in severallanguages and will be widely distributed on allcontinents. It appears that Scripta is now posi-tioned to take its place as a new income gener-ator for our Society.

Given that one of the objectives of the 2006Strategic Plan was to substantially enrich theknowledge base that can be accessed atwww.PubHort.org, the President informed theAssembly about the agreements negotiatedwith the Journal of Horticultural Science andBiotechnology, the Journal of the AmericanPomological Society, the Journal of theInternational Society for Mushroom Science,Fruits, the Proceedings of the International PlantPropagator’s Society (IPPS), and laid the ground-work for future additions such as the Journal ofthe Interamerican Society for TropicalHorticulture and the Proceedings of theAmerican Society for Plasticulture. These publi-cations are now accessible and available tomembers using their ISHS Member downloadcredits. Each journal that was added requiredlengthy negotiations, and in the case of the IPPSProceedings involved a major digitization effortto make the historical volumes key word search-able.

PARTNERING WITH OTHERSCIENCE SOCIETIES ANDORGANIZATIONS

In addition to these agreements with societiesor organizations publishing a journal of interest

Figure 2. Symposia organized.

Figure 3. Acta Horticulturae volumespublished.

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011

Number of Acta

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Table 1. Acta full-paper downloads (from2008 onwards library subscriptions havefree access to Acta paper downloads).

Year Total

2004 20,761

2005 23,049

2006 25,998

2007 29,123

2008 164,511

2009 264,427

ISHS • 14

to PubHort, much attention by the Board wasdevoted to efforts to strengthen the Societythrough strategic relationships aimed atexpanding our science program, advocating forthe profession, or extending our products andservices to a new audience. Dr. Looney specifi-cally mentioned the agreements with EMBRAPAand the Interamerican Society for TropicalHorticulture (building membership and partner-ing in the development of international sym-posia held in Latin America) and with AIPH(International Association of HorticultureProducers). With AIPH the aim is to cooperate inefforts to advocate for the profession of horti-cultural science at the international floral expo-sitions sanctioned by that organization. TheseExhibitions often attract a million or more visi-tors, all with a demonstrated interest in horticul-ture but usually unfamiliar with the professionof horticultural science. As a case in point, Dr.Looney mentioned the great publicity for horti-cultural science that was achieved by being apart of the 2008 RoyalFlora event in Thailand.

In total, agreements were negotiated with 12different organizations – well in excess of thefour new relationships called for in the 2006-2010 Strategic Plan!

OUTREACH – PROMOTINGHORTICULTURE WITHIN THECONTEXT OF INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENT

Building on progress made by the 2002-2006Board, ISHS is now recognized as a major play-er within the international ‘agriculture fordevelopment’ community. This effort involvedwork on many fronts but the President calledspecific attention to the strategic agreementwith the Wageningen-based Technical Centerfor Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU(CTA; an organization that serves the agricul-ture development interests of the formercolonies of Europe in Africa, the Caribbean, andthe Pacific, i.e. the ACP Countries). Through itsinvolvement with the CTA, ISHS made impor-tant progress toward building membership andparticipation in a number of ACP countries. Dr.

Looney pointed to the CTA support of Africanleaders participating in the Lisbon Congress andthe anticipated ongoing cooperation that willbring Pacific Island scientists to the nextCongress in Australia.

However, the great step forward was the launchof the Global Horticulture Initiative (GlobalHort)by ISHS, the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC),the Taiwan Cooperation for Development Fund,and the French Centre de CoopérationInternationale en Recherche Agronomique pourle Développement (CIRAD) in 2006. Through itsassociation with GlobalHort, ISHS is now firmlyconnected to a wide array of agencies, insti-tutes and organizations that share the beliefthat horticulture can play a very important rolein reducing poverty and improving nutritionthroughout the developing world.

The President reported that these connectionshave opened the door to more internationalsymposia in developed countries and to otheropportunities for ISHS to contribute to profes-sional ‘capacity building’ in poor countries seek-ing to expand horticulture science and industry.Already there has been a great increase in thenumber of ISHS symposia held in developingcountries. Dr. Looney pointed out that 62 sym-posia were held in developing countriesbetween 2006 and 2009 (compared to 29 inthe previous 4-year period). Furthermore, 44 ofthese 62 symposia were held in countriesclassed by the World Bank as being poor or verypoor. He concluded by saying that this effort tobetter serve our professional colleagues indeveloping countries will result in a very muchmore inclusive Society within a very few years.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

A guiding principle for the 2006-2010 Boardwas to ‘grow’ the Society in terms of its mem-bership, science program, publications, partner-ships, and advocacy and outreach initiativeswhile maintaining financial reserves equal toone year’s budget. President Looney stated thatthis effort to achieve balanced and affordablegrowth was clearly successful. From 2006 to2009 the annual expenditures increased from€1.071M to € 1.227M. The funds in reserve in2009 (in banks and secure investments) totalled€ 1.241M.

In his 2010 report to the Council, Treasurer RobBogers pointed out that periodic investments,made possible by end-of-year revenue in excessof expenses, became a part of the Society’ssecure reserves. In addition, this investmentportfolio (positioned as ‘defensive’) appreciatedsubstantially over the four-year period despite apoor performance in 2008.

SUMMARY REMARKS

Dr. Looney concluded the Report by compli-menting Drs. António Monteiro and VíctorGalán Saúco and their team of organizers rep-resenting the Portuguese Horticultural

Association (APH) and the Spanish Society forHorticultural Science (SECH) for the outstandingquality and overall success of the LisbonCongress. He also thanked Executive DirectorJozef Van Assche and the entire Secretariat stafffor their continuing excellent service to theSociety. He reflected that with this strongSecretariat team and with strong and capableleaders serving on the Board, ExecutiveCommittee and Council, the Society moves intothe next four years with excellent prospects forcontinuing growth in its membership, productsand stature.

He remarked that ISHS is also a Society with itsfinances in good shape and with a significantlyexpanded list of partner societies and organiza-tions that can expand and amplify many of itsactivities. It is a Society that can expect moreand better international symposia, equallyimpressive Horticultural Congresses, and steadyimprovements to its flagship publications andonline resources: Acta Horticulturae, ChronicaHorticulturae, Scripta Horticulturae, andPubHort.org.

Finally, the President thanked his fellow Boardmembers for their years of service to theSociety. He called attention to the strong friend-ships they had developed and the high standardof discussion and debate that was maintainedduring their many years of very intensiveinvolvement with the Society.

This Report was opened for discussion and wasunanimously accepted by the Assembly.

AMENDING SOCIETYSTATUTES

Following the Board Report, the President calledattention to the revisions to the Society Statutesthat had been recommended by the Board,approved by the Council, and required GeneralAssembly approval. The first amendment wasneeded to make provision for geographicregions to be represented on the governingCouncil. This required rewording of the Statutesin a number of locations to replace CountryMember with Country/Region Member. Thesecond amendment simply limits to one thenumber of proxy votes that can be held by any

Orchid displays at the 2008 Royal Floraevent in Thailand.

Drs. Víctor Galán Saúco (left) and AntónioA. Monteiro (right), Co-Presidents ofIHC2010.


Country/Region member of Council. TheseAmendments, previously published in ChronicaHorticulturae 50(1):5-8, were accepted by theGeneral Assembly without further debate.

ANNOUNCING THEPRESIDENT(S) OF THE 29THINTERNATIONALHORTICULTURAL CONGRESS –BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA

As it is also the responsibility of the GeneralAssembly to approve the President or Presidentsof the next Congress, it was announced thatDrs. Roderick Drew of Australia and IanWarrington of New Zealand would serve as co-Presidents of the 2014 Congress in Brisbane,Australia. It was also announced that Dr.Warrington would represent the Congressorganizers by serving on the 2010-2014 Boardof Directors as an ex officio member. Drs. Drewand Warrington then proceeded to provide avery useful overview of the present vision forthis Congress and how it would contribute tothe growth of the Society in Australasia.

ANNOUNCING THE LOCATIONOF THE 30TH INTERNATIONALHORTICULTURAL CONGRESS

President Looney was then given the specialpleasure of announcing that Istanbul, Turkey

would be the location for the Congress in 2018.He called attention to the fact that this decisionwas very difficult for Council given that thecompetition was very strong. Others bidding forthis Congress were Thailand, Brazil, Canada-USA, and Germany-Switzerland.

SOCIETY AWARDS:RECOGNIZING SERVICE TOTHE SOCIETY ANDOUTSTANDING SCIENCE

The General Assembly also provides the appro-priate occasion to announce the new Fellowsand Honorary Members of the Society (see arti-cle p. 21). ISHS Fellows are horticultural scien-tists and members of the Society who havemade contributions to horticultural sciencedeemed exceptional and significant at an inter-national level. Honorary Members are recog-nized for their significant and long-term contri-butions to the leadership of ISHS. The followingcolleagues, put forward by Director forMembership Services Jung-Myung Lee and hisAwards Committee members, were deemed byCouncil to be worthy of the title of HonoraryMember and were recognized during theGeneral Assembly:

Prof. Dr. Uygun Aksoy

Dr. Robert Bogers

Prof. Dr. Daniel Cantliffe

Prof. Dr. Jules Janick

Prof. Dr. Jung-Myung Lee

Four new Fellows of the Society were thenannounced but only Professor Ian Warringtonwas present to accept this Award. Since thefinal step in approving these candidates could

Drs. Ian J. Warrington (left) and Roderick A.Drew (right), Co-Presidents of IHC2014.

Turkey winning the bid for organizing IHC2018.

not be taken until the Council meeting atLisbon, it was not possible to forewarn candi-dates of this impending honour. PresidentLooney, when announcing these new Fellows,indicated that a suitable occasion would befound to present the certificate and preciousmetal pin to all awardees.

The new ISHS Fellows are:

Prof. Dr. Sylvia Blankenship

Prof. Dr. Silvia Dorn

Prof. Dr. Schuyler S. Korban

Prof. Dr. Ian Warrington

The General Assembly was also the occasion forrecognizing the service to the Society providedby the outgoing members of the ExecutiveCommittee. In total, 14 colleagues were sohonoured. They were Dr. Richard H. Markhamof Section Banana and Plantain, Prof. L. GeneAlbrigo of Section Citrus, Prof. Dr. Richard A.Criley of Section Ornamental Plants, Dr.Anthony David Webster of Section Pome andStone Fruits, Dr. William Roca of Section Rootand Tuber Crops, Dr. Jacky Ganry of SectionTropical and Subtropical Fruits, Prof. Dr. BenAmi Bravdo of Section Vine and Berry Fruits,Prof. Dr. Errol W. Hewett of CommissionEducation, Research Training and Consultancy,Prof. Yves Desjardins of Commission Fruits andVegetables and Health, Prof. Dr. Maria IsabelF.R. Ferreira of Commission Irrigation and PlantWater Relations, Prof. Dr. Roderick A. Drew ofCommission Molecular Biology and In VitroCulture, Dr. Kim E. Hummer of CommissionPlant Genetic Resources, Prof. Dr. Wilfried H.Schnitzler of Commission Plant Substrates andSoilless Culture, Prof. Dr. Pietro Tonutti ofCommission Quality and Post HarvestHorticulture.

ISHS • 16

CHANGING OF THE GUARD!

The General Assembly concluded with the for-mal presentation of the new President andBoard of ISHS and the official handing over of

A. Official handing over of the symbol of office from Dr. Norman Looney toProf. Dr. António A. Monteiro.

B. Three ISHS Presidents: Drs. António A. Monteiro (2010-2014) (left), NormanLooney (2002-2010) (center) and Silviero Sansavini (1994-1998) (right).

C. New Board of ISHS.

Dr. RichardH. Markham

Prof. L. GeneAlbrigo

Prof. Dr. RichardA. Criley

Dr. AnthonyDavid Websterr

Dr. KimE. Hummer

Dr. William Roca Dr. Jacky Ganry Prof. Dr. BenAmi Bravdo

Prof. Dr. ErrolW. Hewett

Prof. YvesDesjardins

Prof. Dr. MariaIsabel F.R. Ferreira

Prof. Dr. RoderickA. Drew

Prof. Dr. WilfriedH. Schnitzler

Prof. Dr. PietroTonutti

the symbol of office from Dr. Looney to Prof. Dr.António A. Monteiro. António Monteiro isjoined on the Board by Dr. Kim E. Hummer ofthe USA, Prof. Dr. Georg J. Noga of Germany,Prof. Dr. Errol W. Hewett of New Zealand and

Prof. Dr. Yves Desjardins of Canada. Prof. Dr. IanJ. Warrington will serve as an ex officio memberrepresenting the 2014 Congress and Ing. JozefVan Assche will continue to serve as theExecutive Director.

A

B

C

Outgoing members of the Executive Committee.


Introduction to the New Chairsof Sections and Commissions

STEPHAN WEISE

At the recent ISHSCouncil meeting inLisbon Dr. StephanWeise was confirmed asnew Chair of the SectionBanana and Plantain. Hesucceeds Dr. RichardMarkham in this office.The new Chair will beassisted by an equallynew Vice-Chair Dr. JimLorenzen.

Dr. Stephan Weise, aCanadian/Swiss national, has a PhD inAgricultural Sciences from the Swiss FederalInstitute of Technology in Zurich. He started hiscareer in Canada, where he coordinated proj-ects on integrated weed management andfarming systems at the University of Guelph. Hespent the next 16 years in Africa leading variousinitiatives on tropical forest margins at theInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA). Soon after joining IITA as a vegetationmanagement specialist, he was appointedleader of the Humid Forest Programme inCameroon in 1993.

Dr. Weise was subsequently named the region-al coordinator for West and Central Africa andled the working group on Agronomic/Landscape Sustainability in a related CGIAR sys-tem-wide programme. Prior to joining BioversityInternational in 2009, he was the regional man-ager of the Sustainable Tree Crops Programme,a public-private partnership and innovationplatform that seeks to increase, in an environ-mentally and socially responsible manner, theincome of West and Central African farmersgrowing cocoa, coffee and cashew nuts. Dr.Weise is currently the Director of Bioversity’sCommodities for Livelihoods Programme,where he continues to encourage knowledgesharing and a culture of innovation.

YAIR ERNER

At the 11th InternationalCitrus Congress inWuhan, China 2008,the ISC (InternationalSociety of Citriculture)Executive Committeedecided to nominate Dr.Yair Erner (Israel) as Vice-Chair of Dr. L. GeneAlbrigo for the ISHSSection Citrus. Thisenabled the cooperation

between the Chair and the Vice-Chair until thecandidacy of Dr. Erner as Chair was approved bythe ISHS Council in August 2010. Leadershipsupport for this Section will also be provided bythe Vice-Chair, Dr. L. Gene Albrigo.

Dr. Yair Erner is a senior scientist at the VolcaniCenter, Institute of Plant Sciences. His researchprogram focuses on alternate bearing, flower-ing and fruit quality. He cooperates with soil sci-entists on fertigation and reclaimed water use,at partial wetting of root zone, for citrus. Theimportance of inflorescence types, especiallythe leafy inflorescence, and source/sink relation-ship for fruit set was one of the major subjects.Since fruit quality became a major factor on themarket, protocols for manipulating fruit sizehave been established and commercially used inIsrael and world-wide.

Dr. Erner has acted as a Chairman of the R&DCommittee on fruit trees, appointed by thechief scientist, office agriculture, as well as thechairman for evaluating citrus proposals in cit-rus. He was the Israeli member at the expertmeeting to promote inter-country cooperationon citrus production improvement in theMediterranean region, for several meetings. Dr.Erner acted as a member of several scientificcommittees and as co-organizer of the 1stInternational Citrus Biotechnology Symposium.He was appointed by the World MeteorologicalOrganization, Commission for AgricultureMeteorology (CAgM) to be a reporter on defini-tion of agro meteorology information requiredfor commercial citrus crop.

Dr. Erner served twice as Head of theCitriculture Department and taught severalcourses at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,Faculty of Agriculture for Bachelor, graduateand Ph.D. students. He was invited to deliverspecial topics, at certain meetings, in Israel andother countries. As Vice-Chair of the ISHSSection Citrus he already promoted the 2ndInternational Citrus Biotechnology Symposiumheld last year (Nov. 2009) in Sicily. He is endeav-oring to develop new working groups for thissection and find organizers for the symposia tobe co-sponsored by the ISHS and ISC.

MARGRETHE SEREK

Prof. Margrethe Serek was recently appointedas new Chair of the Section Ornamental Plants.She succeeds Prof. Richard Criley in this officeand will be assisted by the equally new Vice-Chair, Dr. J.M. Van Tuyl (The Netherlands).

Margrethe Serek is Professor and Chair ofFloriculture at Leibniz University of Hannover inGermany. She received her PhD degree in 1991

at the Royal Veterinaryand Agricultural Univ-ersity in Copenhagen inDenmark, where shecontinued her employ-ment as associate pro-fessor in postharvestphysiology of ornamen-tals and later as full pro-fessor of floriculture. In2000 she accepted fullprofessorship at Univ-ersity of Hannover in

Germany. Until 2007 Margrethe Serek kept ashared professorship at both universities, inDenmark and Germany, and she successfullyestablished a joint research group, which active-ly cooperated in many years.

Margrethe Serek has a strong background inphysiology, production and handling of flori-cultural crops. In the past decade she hasbroadened her research program to includeinvestigation of molecular aspects of floricul-tural production and marketing. A large part ofher ongoing projects focuses on tissue culturetechniques, gene manipulation and molecularaspects of ornamentals and is performed incooperation with and partly financed by thegrowers and breeding companies in Denmarkand Germany. A large part of the research hasbeen financed by national grants from theGerman and Danish governments as well as byother agencies.

More than 140 scientific articles were publishedby Margrethe Serek and her research staff in thefield of postharvest physiology, genetic manipu-lation and molecular biology of ornamentalcrops. Her H-index is at present 21. She is recip-ient of four international awards: for the mostoutstanding research paper (from ASHS in USA)and for outstanding scientific work (RudolfHermanns Award in Germany, Substral Awardin Scandinavia/Denmark, Khwarizmi Internatio-nal Award in Iran).

Margrethe Serek is active in hosting, trainingand collaborating with PhD, MSc and BSc stu-dents and visiting scholars and scientists fromaround the world. She is head of the examina-tion commission for the 2-years HorticultureMSc International program run at LeibnizUniversity of Hanover.

Margrethe Serek has been frequently attendinginternational meetings, congresses and sym-posia, in some of which she was involved as amember of the scientific committee. She is amember of several international and nationalscientific societies: ASHS, ISHS, DGG (GermanHorticultural Association).

Stephan Weise

Yair Erner

Margrethe Serek

ISHS • 18

GUGLIELMO COSTA

Prof. Guglielmo (Mim-mo) Costa has beenelected Chair of the ISHSSection Pome and StoneFruits. He succeeds Dr.Anthony David Webster.Prof. Daniele Bassi (Italy)was elected to the posi-tion of Vice-Chair.

Prof. G. Costa graduat-ed at the Faculty ofAgriculture - Universityof Bologna where, as a

faculty member, he has been working on sever-al aspects of plant bioregulators, kiwifruitdomestication and fruit quality assessment withnon-destructive techniques. In these researchfields, he coordinated several research projectsand is author of many technical and scientificpapers (more than 400) and book chapters inItalian and in English. Prof. G. Costa spent partof his career at Udine University from 1986 to1997 where from 1989 to 1991 he covered theposition of Director of the Istituto di Produzionevegetale e tecnologie agrarie.

Prof. G. Costa covered the position ofPresident of the Fruit Section of the ItalianSociety for Horticultural Science up to 1995and was Chairman of the ISHS WG onBioregulators in Fruit Production and of theISHS WG on Kiwifruit and Its Culture. He wasConvener of the 11th ISHS InternationalSymposium on Plant Bioregulators in FruitProduction (2009) and is currently organizingthe 7th International Symposium on Kiwifruit(2010). Prof. G. Costa is member of severalinternational and national scientific societies(ISHS, SOI, ASHS, PGRSA).

In 1997 Prof. G. Costa returned to theUniversity of Bologna and since 1999 he’s theCoordinator of the International MasterProgram in “Horticultural Science”, a Europeanteaching project which received the prestigiousaward Erasmus Mundus and was founded bythe EU Commission. Prof. G. Costa is from 2008the Head of the Department of Fruit Trees andWoody Plant Science of the University ofBologna.

NOUREDDINE BENKEBLIA

The ISHS Council recent-ly confirmed Prof. Dr.Noureddine Benkeblia asChair and Prof. Dr.Umezuruike Linus Opara(South Africa) as Vice-Chair of the SectionRoot and Tuber Crops.

Prof. Noureddine Ben-keblia graduated in1988 from the Instituteof Agriculture, Mosta-ganem (Algeria), and

holds a Doctor of Science degree andHabilitation in Natural Sciences from theInstitute of Agronomy, Algiers in 2000. From1990 to 1996 he worked as Lecturer inMostaganem University, and then joined INRA,Avignon (France) as researcher from 1996 to1999, and as postdoctoral researcher in 2001.Dr. N. Benkeblia was awarded a special fellow-ship and joined Rakuno Gakuen University(Japan) in 2002 as Visiting Professor where hewas working until 2007. In 2007, he also joinedthe Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University(Japan) as Research Associate from 2005 to2007, and was awarded the degree of Doctor inAgriculture by the University of Kagoshima,Japan. In 2008, Dr. Benkeblia joined theUniversity of the West Indies, Jamaica, and ispresently Professor of Horticulture in theDepartment of Life Sciences at Mona Campus.

Dr. N. Benkeblia started working on postharvesttechnologies for vegetables in 1991. After 15years, he focused his research interest on themetabolism of fructans and their roles in thestorability of some vegetables. In 2005, he start-ed using the concept of “metabolomics” toinvestigate the metabolism of fructans in veg-etables and how this would affect their posthar-vest behavior and their storability. Presently, Dr.Benkeblia’s Laboratory of Crop Sciences isinvolved in two main fields: “PostharvestPhysiology and Biochemistry of Tropical Crops”,and “Metabolomics of Fructans-ContainingTropical and Sub-Tropical Crops”.

Dr. Benkeblia joined ISHS in 1996, and is amember of many international scientific soci-eties, as well as consultant of NGOs such asUnited Nation Programme for Development(UNPD), Science Advisory Board (SAB), GersonLehmand Group (GLG), etc.

SISIR KUMAR MITRA

Professor Dr. Sisir KumarMitra has been con-firmed as the new Chairof the ISHS SectionTropical and SubtropicalFruits. Professor Mitrasucceeds Dr. Jacky Ganryin this position. Goodleadership will beassured with the involve-ment of Vice-Chair Dr.Víctor Galán Saúco.

Professor Mitra is a trop-ical and subtropical fruits scientist with aDoctorate in Pomology. He spent all his scientif-ic career on tropical and subtropical fruitresearch and is an internationally recognizedspecialist on litchi, guava and mango. ProfessorMitra worked at the East Malling ResearchStation, UK, as post-doctoral fellow and atUniversita degli Studi delle Tuscia, Italy, asVisiting Professor. Professor Mitra has attendedsome 35 international meetings, congressesand symposia as a member of the international

scientific committee, lead speaker or for chair-ing the technical session. He has directed morethan 40 post-graduate students for M.Sc andPh.D research and numerous R&D projects. Heis the author of more than 250 scientific andtechnical papers and author or editor of 10books. He is also the Technical Advisor of theInternational Tropical Fruits Network andWorking Group Chairman of Papaya andGuava. Professor Mitra is a Fellow of theHorticulture Society of India and serving as anexpert member in different research advisorycommittees of the National Research Institutesof Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

Professor Mitra is currently the Dean of PostGraduate Studies of Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya (state agricultural university),West Bengal, India.

BERNADINE C. STRIK

At the Council meetingof ISHS in Lisbon,Professor Dr. BernadineStrik of the USA wasconfirmed as Chair andDr. Nick Dokoozlian(USA) as Vice-Chair ofthe Section Vine andBerry Fruits. Dr. Strik suc-ceeds Dr. Ben AmiBravdo. Tribute was paidto Dr. Bravdo at therecent IHC in Lisbon for

his valuable 8-year leadership of the Section.

Dr. Bernadine Strik is a Professor of Horticultureat Oregon State University (OSU) in Corvallis,Oregon, USA. She has an international back-ground having been born in The Netherlandsand living in Australia for six years and inCanada for 16 years, where she was raised onan ornamental nursery crop farm. She obtainedher bachelor’s degree with honors at theUniversity of Victoria in British Columbia major-ing in botany and her Ph.D., with distinction, atthe University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada in1987 where she focused on strawberry physiol-ogy. Her graduate studies were funded by aNatural Sciences and Engineering ResearchCouncil of Canada Scholarship. Bernadine andher husband, Neil Bell, live on 2 hectares in thecountry near Monmouth, Oregon with theirtwo children, Shannon and Nicole. Prof. Strikhas been at OSU in the USA for 23 years.

Dr. Strik’s responsibilities include Extension edu-cational programs for the commercial berrycrop industries, teaching courses on berry andgrape physiology and production and fruitmaterials to undergraduate and graduate stu-dents, advising graduate students, and con-ducting research programs. Prof. Strik was theExtension Viticulture Specialist at OSU for fiveyears before assuming a 100% berry cropsappointment. Her research programs cover allberry crops with a focus on improving yield andquality, machine harvest efficiency, alternative

Guglielmo Costa

NoureddineBenkeblia

Sisir Kumar Mitra

Bernadine C. Strik


production practices, plant nutrition, seasonextension or manipulation, and organic produc-tion systems. She has advised 15 M.S. or Ph.D.students, has published many scientific paperson berry crop production and physiology, andhas a strong Extension program. Her Extensionpublications and blueberry pruning video arewidely distributed worldwide. Dr. Strik has beeninvited to give training workshops for industryadvisors in various countries and consults inter-nationally on berry crop production systems.Prof. Strik has been invited to give a keynoteaddress at many international meetings.

Prof. Dr. Strik belongs to 8 professional organi-zations and holds or has held many leadershiproles. She was Chair of the Vaccinium WorkingGroup of this Section of the ISHS for eight yearsand co-convened the 9th InternationalVaccinium Symposium for ISHS in 2008. Prof.Dr. Strik has been a session moderator at twoISHS meetings, was on the Scientific Committeeof four ISHS Symposia, once as Chair, and hasserved as an Associate Editor for ActaHorticulturae for two Symposia. She is alsoactive in the American Society for HorticulturalScience having served on several committees,was an Associate Editor of HortTechnology, andco-organized the ASHS meeting at OSU inCorvallis. In 2007, Prof. Dr. Strik was elected aFellow of the American Society for HorticulturalScience, its highest honor. She has also receivedindustry honors and six awards for faculty excel-lence from Oregon State University.

Prof. Dr. Strik will be assisted by her Vice-Chair,Dr. Nick Dokoozlian who obtained his Ph.D. atthe University of California at Davis. Dr.Dokoozlian joined the E&J Gallo Winery inModesto, California in 2004 where he currentlyserves as Vice President of Viticulture,Chemistry, and Enology. His primary responsibil-ities involve research and technical innovation inthe areas of grape growing and winemaking.Prior to joining E&J Gallo, Dr. Dokoozlian spentnearly 15 years as an Extension Viticulturist inthe Department of Viticulture and Enology atthe University of California, Davis. Dr.Dokoozlian is an Associate Editor of theAmerican Journal of Enology and Viticultureand is heavily involved with many industryresearch activities and organizations. He is thecurrent Research Chair of the US NationalGrape and Wine Initiative.

The combined expertise of Drs. Strik andDokoozlian will provide strengths in berry andgrape production and enology and the academ-ic experience of both coupled with the industryfocus of Dr. Dokoozlian should provide for astrong leadership team.

DAVID ALDOUS

The ISHS Council recently confirmed AdjunctAssociate Professor David Aldous as Chair ofthe ISHS Commission Education, ResearchTraining and Consultancy (CMET) following theelection of Emeritus Professor Errol Hewett, to

the ISHS Board. Dr.Hewett was sincerelythanked for the manycontributions made dur-ing his term of office atthe CMET businessmeeting held recently inLisbon. Dr. Aldous is anAdjunct AssociateProfessor within theSchool of Land, Cropand Food Sciences, TheUniversity of Queens-

land, which followed his retirement from theMelbourne School of Land and Environment,The University of Melbourne in 2008. Trained asa plant physiologist and ecologist at TheUniversity of Sydney, Cornell University andMichigan State University, his areas of expertisehave included sports turf and amenity grass-lands, lifestyle and urban horticulture manage-ment and therapeutic horticulture. His researchprofile has covered areas such as turf grassmanaged under stressed environments, theeconomic analysis of the horticultural serviceindustries, measuring the benefits of greenopen space, and the sustainability of greenopen space undergoing climate change.

Dr. Aldous has been the author and co-authorof many scientific and technical papers dealingwith lifestyle and urban horticulture manage-ment and edited and co-authored books on turfgrass science and management. Dr. Aldous isactively involved with ISHS where he has beenVice-Chair of the Commission Education,Research Training and Consultancy for the last 6years. He has convened and co-convened anumber of international symposia and hadpapers published in a number of ISHS publica-tions. He is currently an Associate Editor forHortscience, The American Society forHorticultural Science, and is on the ExecutiveCommittee preparing for the 29th InternationalHorticultural Congress, to be held in Brisbane,Australia in 2014.

OLAF VAN KOOTEN

Dr. Olaf Van Kooten wasrecently appointed asnew Chair of theCommission Fruits andVegetables and Health.He succeeds Dr. YvesDesjardins in this posi-tion.

Dr. Van Kooten is profes-sor of horticultural pro-duction chains atWageningen University.He has specialized in

measuring, modeling and predicting productproperties throughout the entire productionand supply chain, with the intention of gettingthe products in a defined state on the consumerplates,especially when this implies taste and

health related properties. With a background inbiophysics and plant physiology he has devel-oped several non-destructive techniques tomeasure plant properties. His research is basedon a systems analytical approach of productproperty optimization and maintenance and isaimed at determining the physiological andmorphological-anatomical basis for the differ-ences in the quality and health promotingattributes of ornamentals, vegetables and fruits.He is particularly interested in the non-linearinteractions between the different variables thatdetermine the development of health and qual-ity traits. The aim is to minimize transport andwaste in the whole supply chain and create thepossibility of supply chain management withhealth and quality guarantees on a global scale.

He has been an ISHS Council member since2002 and an editor of the European Journal ofHorticultural Science.

RICHARD L. SNYDER

The ISHS Council recent-ly confirmed Dr. RichardL. Snyder as new Chairof the CommissionIrrigation and PlantWater Relations. He suc-ceeds Dr. Isabel Ferreirain this office. The newChair will be assisted byVice-Chair Dr. ArturoAlvino.

Dr. Snyder is a Bio-meteorology Specialist

for the University of California CooperativeExtension and he is assigned to the Departmentof Land, Air and Water Resources at theUniversity of California, Davis. He has 113 refer-eed publications on a wide range of topicsincluding weather station networks, measuringevapotranspiration (ET) of many crops, evapora-tion pan conversions, determining crop coeffi-cients, modeling ET of natural ecosystems, wet-lands ET, modeling agricultural water demand,forecasting ET, evaluating fuel dryness for wild-fires, degree days and phenological models,humidity calculations, irrigation system trends,weather generator simulation for ET estimation,mass and energy flux measurements overcanopies, chilling and forcing models, canopylight interception, ET of immature tree crops,frost protection with sprinklers, frost protectionprinciples, deficit irrigation of alfalfa, irrigationscheduling, and climate change. He was theprincipal investigator on the California IrrigationManagement Information System (CIMIS)research and development project, which estab-lished a network of automated weather stationsto disseminate weather and reference ET toagricultural and urban irrigators throughout theState. He is currently involved in research onlong-term water resource planning inCalifornia. He continues to work extensivelywith colleagues to develop the “Surface

David Aldous

Olaf Van Kooten

Richard L. Snyder

ISHS • 20

Renewal or SR” method for estimating sensibleheat flux density as a method to determineevapotranspiration. He was the lead author onthe two-volume Frost Protection: Fundamentals,Practice and Economics, which was publishedby the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.

Dr. Snyder teaches Biometeorology at UC Davisin addition to his statewide research and exten-sion activities. He serves as a member of theBiometeorology Ph.D. program at the Universityof Sassari (Italy) and he has taught evapotran-spiration and irrigation scheduling at the IstitutoAgronomico Mediterraneo in Valenzano (Italy).

Dr. Snyder is active in the ET in Irrigation andHydrology Committee of the ASCE-EWRI, andhe serves as Chair of the Task Committee onCrop Coefficients. He recently served as Chairof the USDA Western Regional Committee onClimate Data and Evapotranspiration. He hasbeen active in ISHS conferences and organizedthe Fourth International Symposium onIrrigation of Horticultural Crops.

MAURIZIO LAMBARDI

The ISHS Council recent-ly appointed Dr.Maurizio Lambardi (Italy)as Chair of the ISHSCommission MolecularBiology and In VitroCulture (previously Bio-technology and Mole-cular Biology). Dr.Lambardi succeeds Prof.Roderick Drew. Tributewas paid to Prof. Drewat the recent IHC in

Lisbon for his valuable 4-year leadership of theCommission. Dr. Lambardi will serve in the posi-tion in close collaboration with the equally newVice-Chair, Dr. Bart Panis (Belgium).Dr. Lambardi graduated in Agriculture Sciencefrom the University of Florence and has a post-degree specialization in Plant Biotechnologyfrom the University of Pisa, Italy. At present, heis Senior Researcher of the National ResearchCouncil (CNR) of Italy, project leader on propa-gation and conservation of woody plants at theIVALSA (Trees and Timber Institute) of Florence,and lecturer on In Vitro Culture at the Universityof Modena and Reggio Emilia.

Dr. Lambardi has wide-ranging expertise inplant biotechnology and in vitro culture sys-tems. His research activity is mainly focused onthe development of innovative approaches toplant biodiversity conservation, such as cryo-preservation, cryotherapy and slow growth stor-age. In these fields, he has been in charge ofnational and international projects, as well assupervisor of Italian and foreign Master degree,PhD and Post-Doc students. Dr. Lambardi hasbeen invited speaker at national and interna-tional congresses and post-degree courses, andis author or co-author of more than 130 scien-tific papers, reviews, book chapters and techni-

cal reports on plant propagation and biotech-nology. He is reviewer for various internationalJournals in the field of plant tissue culture andcryopreservation. He was member of theEditorial Board of the ISI Journal “CryoLetters”(2005-2007), and presently of the ISI Journal“Propagation of Ornamental Plants”.

For the ISHS, Dr. Lambardi has been Vice-Chairof the Commission Molecular Biology and InVitro Culture for the last 4 years. Moreover, heis member of the Society of Low TemperatureBiology, the International Association for PlantBiotechnology, the Italian Accademia deiGeorgofili, and the SOI (Italian Society forHorticultural Science). As a member of the SOI,he organized in 2008 the 1st National Congresson Plant Micropropagation, after which hefounded the Italian Working Group on“Micropropagation and in vitro techniques”. Heis presently in the Management Committee ofthe COST Action 871 “Cryopreservation ofCrop Species in Europe”.

HANNAH JAENICKE

Dr. Hannah Jaenicke isthe new Chair of theCommission PlantGenetic Resources. Shesucceeds Dr. KimHummer in this position.Good leadership of theCommission will beassured with the involve-ment of Vice-Chair Dr.Barbara Reed.

Dr. Hannah Jaenickeholds a Dipl. ing. agr. in

plant breeding from Bonn University and a Dr.rer. nat. in plant physiology from TU Darmstadt,both in Germany. In her subsequent career ininternational development, she developed intoa specialist in agrobiodiversity and related sub-jects, spanning agroforestry, horticulture, nutri-tion and health, plant propagation, productmarketing and integrated rural development.Until April 2010, she was the Director of theInternational Centre for Underutilised Cropswhich she transformed into Crops for theFuture, an international organisation for thepromotion of underutilized crops. She is a ver-satile researcher-cum-manager having spentconsiderable time of her career in internationalagricultural research with the ConsultativeGroup on International Agricultural Research(CGIAR), as well as having gained solid researchmanagement experience as Deputy Manager ofthe UK Department for InternationalDevelopment’s Forestry Research Programme.Hannah integrates academic and developmentexpertise with a focus on alleviating hunger andpoverty and improving livelihoods. She has akeen interest in the role of agro-biodiversity inmitigating climate change by providingresilience to environmental and societal shocksand change. She spent 10 years living in Africa

and 4.5 in Asia, has great interest in the train-ing and mentoring of younger people, and pro-vides strategic leadership to research and devel-opment partners. She also has a keen eye forcommunication of research and developmentresults to enhance impact at several levels and isexperienced in proposal writing and evaluationas well as commissioning projects. Hannah wasthe Chair of the ISHS-ICRAF joint WorkingGroup on Agroforestry 1998-2002, is currentlythe Chair of the ISHS Working Group onUnderutilized Plants and was the Convener ofthe First ISHS International Symposium onUnderutilized Plants in 2008. She works as aconsultant from Germany.

BILL CARLILE

The ISHS Council meet-ing in Lisbon confirmedthe appointment of BillCarlile as Chair of theCommission PlantSubstrates and SoillessCulture. He follows Dr.Wilfried Schnitzler in thisposition and will beassisted by ProfessorMichael Raviv from theNewe Ya’ar researchcenter in Israel. Current-

ly Dr. Carlile and Professor Raviv will haveresponsibility for overseeing the activities of sixworking groups: Hydroponics; Growing media;Composts in Growing Media; Indoor plants inHydroponics; Ornamentals in Substrates andSoilless Cultivation; Substrate Analysis.

Bill Carlile graduated from the University ofLondon in 1970: obtained a Masters degree inPlant Pathology from the University of Exeter in1971 and his PhD in Plant Pathology wasawarded at Trent Polytechnic at Nottingham in1975. Bill directed Research and Developmentat L&K Fertilisers from 1976 to 1978, when hewas appointed Lecturer in Applied PlantSciences at Trent Polytechnic, where he subse-quently headed the Microbiology, Plant Sciencesand Ecology departments there. During his timeat Trent, Bill undertook many contract trialsstudies for both the horticultural and agro-chemical industries.

In 2006 Bill moved back to industry as ChiefHorticultural Scientist at Bord na Mona(Horticulture) in Newbridge, Ireland. He joinedISHS in 1981 and took up the position of Chairof the Growing Media (or Substrates other thansoils in situ, as it was then) in 1994, and subse-quently was elected Vice-Chair of theCommission Plant Substrates in 2006.

Bill has published extensively on both soillesssubstrates and plant protection. One of hisbooks, ‘Control of Crop Diseases’ is about to beissued in its third edition, and is a standard UKintroductory text. He was convenor of the ISHSsymposium on Growing Media and Compostingin Nottingham in 2007, and has refereed a

Hannah JaenickeMaurizio Lambardi

Bill Carlile


huge number of contributions to Actas over theyears. He has supervised 12 students toMPhil/PhD level including six in growingmedia/composting. Bill is keen to enhance andimprove coordination within the fields of hydro-ponics, growing media and composting withinand external to ISHS.

SIRICHAI KANLAYANARAT

The ISHS Council recently confirmed AssociateProfessor Dr. Sirichai Kanlayanarat as Chair ofthe Commission Quality and Post HarvestHorticulture for the period of 2010-2014. Dr.Kanlayanarat succeeds Prof. Dr. Pietro Tonutti inthis office. Tribute was paid to Prof. Dr. Tonuttiat the 28th IHC in Lisbon, Portugal for his lead-ership of the Commission in previous years. TheVice Chair of this Commission is Dr. PeterToivonen of Canada.

Dr. Kanlayanarat is apostharvest physiologistwith a Ph.D from theUniversity of Tsukuba,Japan. He served as theChairman of PostharvestTechnology Programmein the School ofBioresources and Tech-nology, King Mongkut’sUniversity of TechnologyThonburi, Thailand. Hehas been teaching class-es in postharvest physi-

ology and supervised research theses of morethan one hundred Masters and Ph.D students.

Dr. Kanlayanarat is conducting research in sev-eral areas of postharvest technology with spe-cial focus on postharvest physiology of tropicalhorticultural crops. He has extensive interna-

tional connections and established and coordi-nated a number of research networks withorganisations such as JICA (Japan InternationalCooperation Agency), APEC (Asia-PacificEconomic Cooperation), FAO (Food andAgriculture Organization of The UnitedNations), etc. Moreover, Dr. Kanlayanaratorganized several national and internationalworkshops, meetings, conferences and sym-posia on quality management of fresh produce.He also coordinated the development of a com-puter assisted learning package on postharvestmanagement of tropical horticultural crops infive languages, which had been commissionedby APEC.

Dr. Kanlayanarat is a prominent research leaderin postharvest technology and contributor tothe innovation in postharvest industry inThailand.

SirichaiKanlayanarat

ISHS FELLOWS

Prof. Dr. Sylvia Blankenship (USA)

Dr. Blankenship is aworld-class horticulturalscientist whose manyaccomplishments duringher career as a posthar-vest physiologist havecontributed significantlyto the understanding ofethylene biology in hor-ticultural crops. Herwork with ethyleneaction inhibitors in par-ticular has changed the

course of research in the area of fruit ripeningand provided an invaluable commercial tool forpostharvest management of climacteric fruit.

For scientists in the international postharvestcommunity, Dr. Blankenship’s name will alwaysbe associated with the groundbreaking discov-ery and development of the ethylene action

ISHS Honorary Membershipand Fellow Awards

At its recent meeting in Lisbon the ISHS Council decided to grant the ISHS Fellow Awardto four ISHS members and Honorary Membership to five members. According to theSociety’s Rules of Procedure, the ISHS Fellow Award is presented to a person who is amember of ISHS, in recognition of this person’s outstanding contribution to horticulturalscience worldwide, while Honorary Membership is given to a person who is a member ofthe ISHS, in recognition of his/her exceptional service to the Society.The Nominations and Awards Committee had selected the suggestions that had beenreceived from individual members, and forwarded these suggestions with a motivatedrecommendation to the ISHS Board. The Board had discussed the Committee’s recom-mendations and sent its motivated nominations to the Council for final decision.

inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Thisdevelopment has had an enormous impact onpostharvest science and technology, particularlycommercial practice. It has brought greatadvantages to experimental postharvest sciencein allowing the control of ethylene action andso increased our understanding of ripening andsenescence processes.

Dr. Blankenship has been an inspiration formany young scientists and students of horticul-ture around the world, in particular early-careerfemale scientists. This is particularly importantin a field with relatively few female horticultur-al-science role models.

Prof. Dr. Silvia Dorn (Switzerland)

At ETH Zürich, Prof. Dorn has established her-self as one of the most prolific and productivetree fruit entomologists throughout the world.Her large and ambitious program is internation-ally recognized and respected for the compre-hensive approach taken towards answering

research questions.Professor Dorn hastrained 71 MSc stu-dents, 24 PhD studentsand 14 post-doctoralstudents in her laborato-ry. Her laboratory hasproduced a very largenumber of excellentscholarly articles, nearlyall published in top-tiered journals and

whose subjects encompass behavioural, physio-logical, ecological and biochemical bases ofhost selection by fruit pests and their naturalenemies, as well as other pests and beneficialspecies associated with other crops. Her workwith identification of female attractants forcodling moth and oriental fruit moth, thegenetic variability of codling-moth dispersal, aswell as development of a monitoring system forapple blossom weevil all have a strong bearingfor improved pest management practices.

During her work in the agricultural industry,Silvia Dorn was named an inventor on severalinternational patents, and her major scientificachievement was the discovery, developmentand market introduction of the very first insectgrowth regulator (IGR) for use in plant protec-tion, fenoxycarb. She spearheaded efforts toidentify key insect pests for deployment of thismaterial, particularly in pome and stone fruit,vine and citrus crops. This product alone has ledto novel tools for pest control as well as tremen-dous improvements in Integrated PestManagement programs worldwide.

Sylvia Blankenship

Silvia Dorn

ISHS • 22

Prof. Dr. Schuyler S. Korban (USA)

Prof. Schuyler S. Korbanreceived the ISHS FellowAward as an acknowl-edgement of his (1) sus-tained excellence in thedevelopment andrelease of disease-resist-ant apple cultivars andadvanced selections, (2)pioneering researchaccomplishments in thearea of plant geneticanalysis, (3) proven abili-

ty to tackle novel and innovative researchendeavours, (4) unique capacity to engage inresearch that both pushes the frontiers of scien-tific understanding and provides practical out-comes that benefit producers and consumers,(5) outstanding teaching record, and (6) leader-ship role in promoting horticultural and scientif-ic programs.

Dr. Korban’s knowledge of plant genetics andbiotechnology is outstanding, and he has anexemplary record of publications in high-impactjournals. He has trained numerous graduatestudents from many different countries and hasprovided a great deal of service to several horti-cultural societies and committees. He hasserved as an associate editor for the Journal ofthe American Society for Horticultural Science(1994-1997), In Vitro Cellular and Develop-mental Biology – Plant (1998-present), andPlant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (1998-pres-ent), and has organized various symposiaand/or workshops at both national and interna-tional conferences.

Prof. Dr. Ian Warrington (New Zealand)

Prof. Warrington hasmade an outstandingcontribution to horticul-tural science worldwidethrough his scientificresearch, his leadership,his collaborations andhis involvement in inter-national activities. He isa Fellow of the RoyalSociety of New Zealandand the AmericanSociety for Horticultural

Science and an Honorary Fellow of the NewZealand Institute for Agricultural andHorticultural Science. In addition he was award-ed a Doctor Honoris Causa degree in literaturefrom Massey University.

Prof. Warrington has made a contribution toscience in a wide range of horticultural cropsincluding vegetables, grapes, kiwifruit andornamental plants. Among his many publica-tions are more than 100 refereed scientificpapers, in particular in the area of horticulturalphysiology, specifically environmental effects onhorticultural crops. His work on temperature

effects on apples has probably been one of thegreat advances in this field.

As CEO of HortResearch and in other positionsProf. Warrington has played a major role inthe development of horticulture and horticul-tural research in New Zealand. He has taughtmany students, both from New Zealand andabroad, in particular from Thailand, who havebecome respected horticultural scientists. Hehas contributed to the ISHS and the Society’sactivities with great passion and success andwill continue to do so in the years to come, asco-chair of the 2014 International HorticulturalCongress.

ISHS HONORARY MEMBERS

Prof. Dr. Uygun Aksoy(Turkey)

Prof. Aksoy has servedon the ISHS Council rep-resenting Turkey from1997 until the presentand was the first womanelected to the ISHSBoard, serving from1998 to 2006. Sheserved as the Secretaryof the Board during bothterms and played an

important role as Chair of the ISHS Committeefor Research Cooperation at a time when ISHSwas actively developing policies to cooperate inresearch in developing countries.

Prof. Aksoy has participated in numerous ISHSsymposia and Horticultural Congresses, andorganized and hosted the ISHS Board andExecutive Committee meetings held in Antalyain 2001. As a member of the original FruitSection, she was co-organizer and Acta editorof a number of symposia; she is the foundingchairperson of the Working Group on Figs. Shealso was co-convener and Acta editor of theInternational Symposia on Techniques toControl Salination for Horticultural Productivityand on Organic Horticulture (IHC 2010).

Prof. Aksoy is a founding member of the TurkishSociety for Horticultural Science and the TurkishAssociation for Organic Agriculture, which shechaired for 6 and 4 years, respectively. Between1999 and 2003, Prof. Aksoy was on theScientific Committee of CIHEAM (InternationalCentre for Advanced Mediterranean AgronomicStudies). She is a member of the SteeringCommittee of the MAIB (MediterraneanAgronomic Institute of Bari) MediterraneanOrganic Network and of the scientific commit-tees of the International Nut and Dried-FruitFoundation and FRUCOM.

Dr. Robert Bogers (The Netherlands)

Dr. Bogers has given outstanding, meritoriousservice to our Society over a long period of time.He had carried out numerous roles with distinc-tion, not least of which has been his prudent

management of ISHSfinances over the past 8years.

For 25 years Dr. Bogershas contributed to thescientific operations ofour Society. Being direc-tor of the Bulb ResearchCentre in The Nether-lands he started his workfor the ISHS in 1985 asconvener and Acta edi-tor of the IV Interna-

tional Symposium on Flowerbulbs, and acted asChairman of the Working Group on Flower-bulbs from 1985 till 1994. From 1994 till 2002he was Chairman of the Section OrnamentalPlants. During that period he also chaired theScientific Programme Committee of the XXVInternational Horticultural Congress in Brusselsin 1998. As the President of the BeNeLuxSociety for Horticultural Science he was co-organizer of the First Symposium onHorticulture in Europe (Vienna, 2008).

In 2002 Dr. Bogers became Council member forThe Netherlands and ISHS Board member. Hisservice during the past 8 years as a meticulous,professional Treasurer has secured the solidfinancial future of our Society. His dedication todeveloping a solution to the concerns of aminority of countries with Country membershipissues has shown real compassion for members.During these 8 years, Dr. Bogers also represent-ed the ISHS at various occasions, both in inter-national organizations and in symposia andother scientific meetings in Europe.

Prof. Dr. Daniel Cantliffe (USA)

Dr. Cantliffe is a distin-guished Professor ofHorticulture and a long-time head of theDepartment of Horticul-tural Science at theUniversity of Florida. Heis honoured as Honorarymember of the ISHS inrecognition of his longand meritorious serviceas Vice Chair and Chairof the Section Vege-

tables, his tireless service at the ISHS Councilsince 1990 as representative of the USA, and hisendeavours in the field of international scientificcooperation, e.g., during the World Conferenceon Horticultural Research held in Rome in 1998.

Prof. Cantliffe has made a very important con-tribution to the scientific programme of theSociety as a member of more than 27 ISHSSymposium-organizing and Scientific Commit-tees, and was co-editor of many Acta, particu-larly in the field of vegetable production. Hepublished over 80 Acta papers and had numer-ous former students from all over the worldinvolved in IHC, Council and ExecutiveCommittee activities.

Schuyler S. Korban

Ian Warrington

Uygun Aksoy

Robert Bogers

Daniel Cantliffe


Prof. Dr. Jules Janick (USA)

Prof. Janick is one of theoutstanding horticultur-al scientists in the world.He is a living legendwhose contributions tohorticultural science aresubstantial and un-matched by any horticul-tural scientist. Hisresearch accomplish-ments and those of hismany students arenotable in the areas of

plant breeding, genetics and tissue culture; forthis he was awarded as Fellow of the ISHS in2006.

Prof. Janick has been associated with the ISHSsince 1962. He has represented the UnitedStates and ASHS on the ISHS Council (1994-2000). He served on the ISHS PublicationsCommittee from 1999 and was instrumental indeveloping the current style of ActaHorticulturae. He was elected to the ISHS Boardand has served for eight years (2002-2010) asDirector of Publications, Chairman of thePublications Committee and Science Editor of

Chronica Horticulturae. Prof. Janick has trans-formed Chronica Horticulturae into a highlyrespected publication serving international hor-ticulture and the Society. He was instrumental inorganizing Scripta Horticulturae, which has nowreleased 10 volumes. He has edited or served onthe editorial board of 8 issues of ActaHorticulturae.

Prof. Janick organized a symposium on temper-ate fruit breeding at the International Horticul-tural Congress in 2002, was a keynote speakerat the International Horticultural Congress in2006 and chaired a Colloquium on the IberianEncounter with America and Asia at theInternational Horticultural Congress in 2010.

Prof. Dr. Jung-Myung Lee (Korea)

During many years Prof. Lee has been a veryactive member of the ISHS. He has played aleading role in the success of the Society. He isa well-recognized leader in horticulturalresearch and education, especially in Asia, andhas brought very favourable attention toKorean Horticulture and to the ISHS.Prof. Lee served as Chairman of the OrganizingCommittee of the IHC2006 in Seoul. To guaran-tee the success of the Congress, Dr. Lee refused

the honour of beingnominated as Presidentof the Korean Society forHorticultural Science. Hiscontribution to the sci-entific and financial suc-cess of the Congress willbe difficult to match. Aunique aspect of thisCongress was the simul-taneous hosting of avery large InternationalHorticultural Exhibition,

which attracted more than 60,000 visitors in 4days.

Prof. Lee has also served as Board member ofthe ISHS during the past 4 years. During thisterm, he showed his leadership to recruit manyAsian members and countries to ISHS.

Academically, Dr. Lee is well-known for hisknowledge and research work in vegetablegrafting. His grafting technique is widely used,not only in Asian countries but also in Europeand the USA.

Jung-Myung Lee

Jules Janick

The Miklos Faust Travel Award for YoungPomologists was awarded during the 28thInternational Horticultural Congress in Lisbon.The award is in memory of Dr. Faust, renownedpomologist who emigrated to the United Statesfrom Hungary and worked for many years as ascientist in the United States Department ofAgriculture and long served as the Head of theFruit Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland. ThisAward reflects Dr. Faust’s life-long belief thatyoung scientists should be given the opportuni-ty to share their discoveries and enthusiasm forscience with colleagues from other countriesand other cultures. The winners of the 2010Awards, presented during the GeneralAssembly of ISHS on August 24, 2010, are Dr.G. Manjunatha with the Plant CellBiotechnology Department of the Central FoodTechnology Research Institute, Mysore,Karnataka, India and Dr. Ben van Hooijdonkwith Plant and Food Research at HavelockNorth, New Zealand.

Dr. Manjunatha studies fruit ripening and ispresently using transcriptome analysis to deter-mine the role of nitric oxide (NO) signaling inthe regulation of ripening of banana. His studyinvolved a unique approach to intercept ethyl-ene biosynthesis in fruits by endogenous elicita-

Miklos Faust Travel Award for YoungPomologists Presented at IHC 2010

Norman Looney congratulating G. Manjunatha (left) and B. van Hooijdonk (right).

tion of NO in order to delay ripening, andextend shelf life. His Post-doctoral ResearchAssociate position was supported by theDepartment of Biotechnology of the IndianMinistry of Science and Technology.

Dr. van Hooijdonk’s research encompasses abroad range of projects that aim to improvefruit quality and orchard productivity in sustain-able apple and pear orchard production systemsin New Zealand. His research addresses thegenetic basis of apple fruit texture and tasteand the development of new technologies thatimprove pear tree precocity and production effi-

ciency. Other work aims at integrating knowl-edge of architecture and physiology of appletrees into a structural-functional model capableof simulating the effects of horticultural manip-ulation to assist the phenotyping efforts of fruitbreeders.

The Miklos Faust Award is made possible by abequest managed by the American Society forHorticultural Science and administered by apanel of horticultural scientists from the USA,Canada, England, Italy, and Israel. Judges forthe 2010 Awards were Drs. A.D. Webster,Amnon Erez, and Jules Janick.

ISHS • 24

One of the marvels of modern society is thegeneral adoption of technologies that only afew decades ago were not only unknown butunthinkable. Advances have come with dizzyingrapidity. Innovations in medicine such as kneeand hip replacement have become routine andwe are at the cusp of personal genomic analysisfor medical forecasting. Nowhere is this tech-nology more visible than in information technol-ogy. In the last 20 years we have seen thealmost universal adoption of the personal com-puter, the expansion of the Internet, and theuniversal use of the cell phone. We are seeingthe replacement of the library by internet infor-mation services such as Google and Wikipedia.Manuscripts for scientific journals are now sentand edited electronically and the entire scientif-ic literature may soon be available online. Someof these technological advances have resulted inthe leapfrogging of established technologies inthe developing world such as standard tele-phone lines and hard copy.

Despite this embracement of technology in oureveryday lives there appears to be one areawhere scientific progress is often rejected andscorned. We refer specifically to the adoption ofagro-biotechnology despite its widespread usethroughout the world, e.g. over 80% of themaize, soybean, and cotton grown in the US aregenetically transformed and adoption is high inArgentina, Brazil, China, India and South Africa.Despite the progress obtained by plant breedingand the Green Revolution, despite the technol-ogy of climate controlled agriculture, despitethe progress of mechanical harvest, agriculturalinnovation has been promoted as something tofear and reject. Transgene technology andgenomics, perhaps the greatest achievementsof modern biology are considered anathema bymany, especially when they relate to food andagriculture. In fact, many now treat the entireparadigm of agricultural science with skepticismand scorn, e.g.

“The Green Revolution strategy integratedThird World farmers into the global mar-kets of fertilizers, pesticides and seeds. Itdisintegrated their organic links with soilsand communities. The progressive farmerof Punjab became the farmer who couldmost rapidly forget the ways of the soiland learn the ways of the market. One

Demonization of Science,Sanctification of Poverty

Jules Janick and Claudia Silviana Muresan

outcome was environmental degradation –violence to the soil resulting in water-logged or salinated deserts, diseased soilsand pest-infested monocultures. Anotheroutcome was violence in the community,especially to women and children.Commercialization, linked with culturaldisintegration, created new forms ofaddictions and new forms of abuse andaggression.” (Shiva, 1993)

Synthetic fertilizers, long considered one of thegifts of chemistry, are now seen as soil poisons,and pesticides rather than treated as plant med-icines are considered instruments of death. Eventraditional plant breeding is scorned with a callto return to traditional landraces or heirloomcultivars, an attitude that is not far from JohnnyAppleseed’s rant against grafting “They canimprove the apple in that way, but that is only adevice of man, and it is wicked to cut up treesthat way. The correct method is to select goodseeds and plant them in good ground and Godonly can improve the apple.” (Fedoroff andBrown, 2004). Hybrids that increased averagemaize yields by a factor of seven are consideredinappropriate for areas that are food deficientsuch as sub-Saharan Africa. The fact of the mat-ter is that science and especially science in agri-culture is being demonized. The scientist hasbeen transformed from the gentle Jonas Salk ina white lab coat eliminating polio, to the mis-guided and ethically-challenged Dr. Franken-stein creating a monster. For the most ferventactivists, science and technology are not onlycapitalist, reductionist or inadequate – they areliabilities rather than solutions and even mur-derous (Yapa, 1993).

At the same time, traditional peasant agricultureand subsistence slash-and-burn farming, insteadof being considered backwards and povertyinducing, are touted as culturally positive withbenefits to be treasured and emulated. Poorstruggling farmers are represented as joyfulpeasants in native costumes – picturesque locals,in a sort of simple paradise. Primitive cultures areconsidered not only essential to preserve, butdisrespectful to contaminate with modern tech-nology. Often improvement in their agriculture isconsidered a loss of culture and in a new twist,these populations instead of being urged todevelop now need to be saved from develop-

ment. Poverty instead of being a scourge hasbeen sanctified! The constant toil and thethreats of famine are ignored while extolled is alife supposedly rich with ritual and tradition.“Sustainable” small farming solutions assumethat farmers or indigenous people would orshould be content with a little more than subsis-tence and that their little farms should be worldenough for them. In this view, subsistence farm-ers are not economic agents who can legitimate-ly seek profit from their activity by applying thebest technology and management techniquesbut are cast as guardians of seeds, biodiversity,and natural wisdom.

The leaders of the movement to demonizescience in agriculture, with perfectly goodintentions, have been powerful in turning pub-lic opinion as they jet around the world andcommunicate via their iPods, laptops or net-books while extolling a peasant agriculture.Their disdain of technology in agriculture isclearly one dimensional. What is disturbing isthat the demonization of science has encour-aged a new anti-progress drive. Instead of beingconsidered “red in tooth and claw” and fearedas unpredictable wild, and dangerous, nature isconsidered benign, warm and nurturing as typ-ified in the term Mother Nature. Interfering withnature is considered criminal violence. In thisview, the past is always preferable to the future.The struggle of frontier life is cast as the LittleHouse on the Prairie; the monotony of salt porkand grits is considered the lost world of healthycountry cooking; traditions are reinvented asthe fear of milk fever and tuberculosis is conve-niently forgotten when practitioners of naturaland holistic medicine return to organic food,meditation, yoga, and herbal cures. Famine anddespair from crop-loss at the end of a year oflabor and the gloom portrayed in Van Gogh’spainting The Potato-eaters are ignored in thenarratives of traditional peasant farming. Theirstruggles are poignantly described by an ancientEgyptian scribe: “Dost thou not recall the pic-ture of the farmer when the 10th of his grain islevied? Worms have destroyed half the wheat,and the hippopotami have eaten the rest; thereare swarms of rats in the fields, the grasshop-pers alight there, the cattle devour, the littlebirds pilfer” (Durant, 1954).

There are key terms used by anti-scientists wholead this new Luddite movement. The benign

ISSUES


ones are green, ecologically-friendly, natural,organic, participatory, pesticide-free, pro-poor,holistic, indigenous, local; the inflammatoryones are GMO, monster, frankenfood, mad sci-entist, multinational. Names become symbols(Fig. 1) and labeling has consequences.Monsters must be executed, witches burned,and vampires staked through the heart. It is nowonder that anti-science radicals have resortedto uprooting experiments and burning laborato-ries. There have been “cremate Monsanto”campaigns in India and Haiti. Perhaps worse,fear of science has generated a new anti-intel-lectualism that has found outlets in variousmass movements such as the fear of inoculationor fluoridation, which erupt as political obses-sions; recent manifestations are the presentconcerns over teaching of evolution, accept-ance of creationism, and disregard for the evi-dence for global warming. Various non-scientif-ic theories of food and human nutrition thatspring up without rigorous testing have dividedthe population and turned it against modernagriculture and food production. Appealing

holistic theories claim that each and every singleelement of reality is connected to the whole inmysterious ways. Thus, the best way to under-stand reality is not through science, and thebest foundation for our decisions or opinions isnot scientific rationality. A more ‘authentic’ rela-tion to everything in the “real world” is easiermediated by sympathy or resentment, forinstance. Nothing is therefore neutral; every-thing requires us to take a stance, to becomeactivists: the eucalyptus is bad and the earth-worm is good, corporations are bad and subsis-tence farmers are good, cow nitrogen fertilizersare bad and cow dung is good, copper sulfateis good while glyphosate is bad. And all badthings must be fought in order to preserve themythical equilibriums of Mother Nature. Werecall that in 1953 (the year Watson and Crickdescribed the structure of the DNA), MartinHeidegger famously delivered a lecture nowtitled The Question Concerning Technologywhere he showed that the essence of moderntechnology is the “enframing” of nature as a“standing reserve” of exploitable resources.

Somewhere else, he also said that exploitingnature through modern agriculture is equivalentto nothing less than “genocide”:

“Agriculture is now a motorized food-industry – in essence, the same as themanufacturing of corpses in the gas cham-bers and the extermination camps, thesame as the blockade and starvation of thecountryside, the same as the production ofthe hydrogen bombs.” (Farías, 1989)

Horticulture is in the center of this controversy.Our own Society would seem to be schizo-phrenic as we have outlets for both biotechnol-ogy and organics. While the core value of ISHSis indeed science, horticulture still uses anancient set of technologies such as grafting andpruning, and has an esthetic and cultural side.In general, professional horticulturists are prag-matic and reasonable. We know that unwiseand indiscriminate use of pesticide is harmfuland we rue the previous use of arsenicals andmercurials but we are also aware of the prob-lems of epidemics and epizootics. We knowthat over-fertilization can reduce quality andcontaminate aquifers but we are aware thatmicronutrients may be required and thatapplied nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus isoften essential to sustain and increase cropyields. We revere some of the qualities of land-races and heirloom cultivars but recognize thereis a reason they are no longer grown on a largescale. Most of us do practice organic horticul-ture in our backyard vegetable gardens as prac-tical on a small scale but we are quick to useherbicides on our lawns to eliminate crabgrassand dandelions.

The goals of science-based horticulture andorganic agriculture are not different. Both longfor food safety, healthy and nutritious diets,and equitable returns to all parties. The differ-ence is that the organic movement hasmorphed into a religion with an ethos thatmany find difficult to understand. For example,the protest against tissue culture, claiming thatplants need to fulfill their life cycle, is incompre-hensible to agricultural scientists. The edict thatorganic fruit trees must be based on organical-ly-produced rootstocks seems weird to pomol-ogists. The diatribes against pesticides isstrange since the organic movement acceptsspraying with copper and lime sulfur; theirunwillingness to use inorganic fertilizer is alsoodd since applications of rock phosphates areconsidered acceptable. The proponents ofthese systems are much less doctrinaire whentheir health is concerned. Pesticides are bad forplants but medicines for humans are good.Ionizing radiation for pest control is anathemabut acceptable for the control of cancers.Scientific horticulture works to minimize pesti-cides, appreciates the biological control ofpests, and applauds the elimination of pesti-cides in greenhouses. We know that this tech-nology involving a sophisticated role of moni-

Figure 1. Recurrent symbolic images in the agricultural biotechnology wars.

ISHS • 26

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Jules Janick

Jules Janick is the James Troop DistinguishedProfessor of Horticulture at Purdue University,West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Email:[email protected]

Claudia Silviana Muresan is Rural DevelopmentProgramme Manager at the EuropeanCommission, Brussels, Belgium. Email:[email protected]

Claudia SilvianaMuresan

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Durant, W. 1954. The Story of Civilization. Part I. Our Oriental Heritage. Simon and Schuster, New York.Ezrahi, Y. 1990. The Descent of Icarus: Science and the Transformation of Contemporary Democracy. Harvard

University Press, Cambridge, Mass.Fedoroff, N.V. and Brown, N.M. 2004. Mendel in the Kitchen: A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified

Foods. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C.Farías, V. 1989. Heidegger and Nazism, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.Jacob, F. 1998. Of Flies, Mice, and Men. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.Janick, J. 1994. On tampering with nature. HortScience 29(12):1402-1403.Mies, M. and Shiva, V. 1993. Ecofeminism. Zed Books, London.Muresan, C. 2008a. Enchanted uncertainty: Rationality and rationalization in the adoption of agricultural

biotechnology. PhD thesis, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy.Muresan, C. 2008b. La venganza del “encantamiento del mundo”: de lo que les sucedió a los OGM en la

“Europa fortaleza”, con el transfondo de los monstruos. Puente@Europa IV:93-105.Nanda, M. 2004. Prophets Facing Backward: Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in

India. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.Shiva, V. 1990. Reductionist science as epistemological violence. p.232-256. In: Science, Hegemony and

Violence: A Requiem for Modernity. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Shiva, V. 1993. Understanding the Threats to Biological and Cultural Diversity. First Annual Hopper Lecture

presented at the University of Guelph, September 2l.Sokal, A.D. 2006. Pseudoscience and Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers? p.286-362. In: G.

Fagan (ed.), Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchae-ology Mispresents the Past and Misleads thePublic. London: Routledge.

Yapa, L. 1993. What are Improved Seeds? An Epistemology of the Green Revolution. Economic Geography69(3, Environment and Development, Part 1):254-273.

toring, raising of predators, use of complexpheromones, requires more not less science.

What is difficult to understand is that theorganic movement, in spite of its laudable goalsof eliminating dangerous pesticides, refuses toconsider a viable alternative: namely, the use ofbiotechnology to exploit natural resistance inthe living organisms. All plants have naturalresistance and immunity to many pests and dis-eases. Some of our most prized plants, such asnarcissus are pest free because of natural resist-ance. The fact of the matter is we are living in aworld with a great and growing need forbiotechnology, especially in poverty strickenareas. New devastating virus problems such aspapaya ringspot, brown streak in cassava, bac-terial wilt of bananas, and huanglonbing in cit-rus may only be controlled with biotechnology.Furthermore, the problems of malnutrition inthe poorest areas of the globe might beaddressed by improving the nutrition value offoods along with increasing yields, both withthe aid of biotechnology. We love our homegardens but we are convinced that the feedingof enlarging populations will require factoryproduction of food. We appreciate biodiversitybut we know weeds constitute the greatestperil to agriculture in many parts of the world.We are aware that we must direct Nature by hermethods to survive.

Yet Nature is made better by no meanBut Nature makes that mean; so over that artWhich you say adds to Nature, is an artThe Nature makes.

Shakespeare, The Winter’s Tale IV:iv

In the last analysis we are horticulturists…loversof gardens, lovers of culture. But we are alsoscientists, the science based on the courage “toknow.” We revel in the search for the unravel-ing of Nature for the betterment of humankind.

www.actahort.org+47,500 articles on-line


The Global Trade in OrnamentalGeophytes

HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE FOCUS

Rina Kamenetsky and William B. Miller

TRADITIONAL CROPS

The introduction of the tulip to the Netherlandsfrom Turkey, in the middle of the 16th century,was a key factor in the development of flowerbulb industry in Europe, mainly in theNetherlands (Pavord, 1999). With the exceptionof Narcissus, all the major genera have beenintroduced to Europe from Asia (Tulipa, Lilium,Hyacinthus, Crocus, and Iris) or South Africa(Gladiolus). The position of the Netherlands waspredominant in bulb industry during the 19thand 20th centuries, and at the end of the 20thcentury they controlled about 92% of the totalworld bulb trade (Anon., 1999). This marketposition was obtained through a long history ofindustry cooperation in three key areas:research, promotion, and pre-clearance inspec-tion (to certain markets such as the US andJapan) to facilitate rapid release from entryports, thereby minimizing potential for injurydue to failed temperature or environmentalcontrols during shipping. Over time, however, alarger number of bulbs will be produced incountries other than the Netherlands mainly

Table 1. Estimated world production of ornamental geophytes (flower bulbs) in 2002/2003(Buschman, 2005).

Country Hectares Major flower bulbs produced

The Netherlands 20,921 Tulip, Lily, Narcissus, Gladiolus, Hyacinths, Crocus, Iris

UK 4,660 Narcissus, Gladiolus, Tulip

France 1,289 Lily, Tulip, Iris, Gladiolus, Dahlia, Narcissus

China 1,281 Narcissus, Lily, Tulip

USA 995 Narcissus, Tulip, Gladiolus, Lily, Iris

Japan 883 Lily, Tulip, Gladiolus

Israel 456 Narcissus, Ranunculus

Poland 335 Tulip, Lily, Narcissus, Gladiolus, Dahlia

New Zealand 258 Tulip, Lily, Zantedeschia, Iris, Freesia

Chile 240 Lily, Tulip

South Africa 200 Hippeastrum, Nerine, Lily, Tulip

Brazil 200 Gladiolus, Hippeastrum

Germany 190 Tulip, Gladiolus, Narcissus, Crocus

Belgium 185 Begonia, Lily

Denmark 60 Tulip, Narcissus

Argentina 47 Gladiolus, Tulip

Total 32,200

due to the need to reduce production costs andrealizing the fact that high quality bulbs can beproduced in many areas of the world (Benschopet al., 2010). For example, significant tulip bulbproduction takes place at least in 15 countries,with the largest production area being in theNetherlands with 10,800 ha (88% of global

Ornamental geophytes, also called “flower bulbs” contribute significantly to the global orna-mental industry, and are utilized for commercial bulb and flower production, outdoor and forcedfresh cut flowers and potted plants, and for landscaping and gardening. This is a very large anddiverse group of species, belonging to more than 800 genera. Geophytes exhibit great diversityin morphology, growth and developmental biology, and physiological responses to environmen-tal factors (Benschop et al., 2010; De Hertogh and Le Nard, 1993; Kamenetsky, 2009). Geophyteplants and their flowers have been appreciated and cultivated for thousands of years and werefrequently mentioned in mythology, ancient history, art and literature, long before they werewidely grown commercially or extensively researched.

World-wide, the value of the flower bulb industry is estimated to be over $1 billion, while importand use of flowers of ornamental bulbs occupies a noticeable place within global cut flower pro-duction. Currently, 16 leading countries (Table 1) are producing ornamental geophytes of 15most popular genera on more than 32,000 ha (Buschman, 2005). In the Netherlands, the lead-ing bulb producer world-wide, the production value in 2005 was $29,491/ha, while the exportvalue was $34,048/ha (AIPH, 2006). The total flower bulb export of the Netherlands in 2005 was$756 x 106 (Van der Veer, 2006).

The ornamental industry is dominated by seven genera: Tulipa, Lilium, Narcissus, Gladiolus,Hyacinthus, Crocus, and Iris, but Freesia, Ornithogalum, Hippeastum, Allium and Muscari arealso prominent. While production of flower bulbs is still concentrated in temperate-climateregions of the world, as the global demand for all ornamental geophytes increases, innovativeproduction techniques and marketing are developing in “alternative” climates. This process istrue not only for the leading genera, but also for the extensive diversity of new ornamental crops(Bryan, 2002; Benschop et al., 2010).

Dutch hyacinth field in North Holland.

ISHS • 28

production), followed by Japan (300 ha), France(293 ha), Poland (200 ha), Germany (155 ha)and New Zealand (122 ha). The majority ofLilium bulb production occurs in 10 countries.

The Netherlands produces 2.21 billion lily bulbs,of which most are exported to the countrieswithin the EU (1.0 billion) and outside the EU(0.7 billion). Approximately 0.41 billion lily bulbsare used for cut flower production within theNetherlands.

Currently, the European Union (EU) and theUSA are the leading export markets for flowerbulbs. Using the principles established byBlaauw and co-workers (Hartsema, 1961), theNetherlands has focused primarily on the com-mercial forcing of tulips, Dutch irises and lilies asfresh cut flowers. In contrast, in the USA the pri-mary use of forced flower bulbs has been asflowering potted plants. Approximately two-thirds of the imported and domestically grownbulbs in the USA are used for forcing and theother 1/3 of bulbs are used in home and com-mercial landscaping and gardens. The USA hasbeen an increasing market for the last 3-4decades, however, in all markets horticulturaluses change slowly. The consumer has focusednot only on longer lasting and more reliableplants and flowers, but also on an expandedvariety of flower colors, plant types, and otherhorticultural characteristics.

NEW CROPS

Market saturation with traditional plants andflowers has stimulated an increased interest in“novelties.” Thus, many countries are evaluat-ing their indigenous flora as a source of poten-tial ornamental crops. Regions where intensiveresearch on new crops is occurring include:Israel (Halevy, 2000; Kamenetsky, 2005),Australia (Plummer et al., 2000), South Africa,and Northeast Asia comprised of Japan, Korea,China and Taiwan (Ohkawa, 2000). However,most countries lack knowledge about indige-nous plant genetic resources and this hindersthe development of new crops.

The flora of South Africa, which includes over2700 flower bulb species, has provided horticul-ture with the well known Gladiolus, Freesia,Nerine, and Zantedeschia (“calla lily”), but thereare other species that need to be evaluated,bred and developed. These species are knownas “specialty bulbs”, e.g., Ixia, Agapanthus,Gloriosa, Cyrtanthus, Lachenalia, Babiana (DuPlessis and Duncan, 1989; Ehlers et al., 2002;Niederwieser et al., 2002). It is likely that one ofthe barriers to commercialization of many beau-tiful South African bulbous plants will be theirrelatively short vase or display life. While littlehas been done to study physiology and inten-sive horticulture of these plants, even less efforthas been devoted to understanding and con-trolling senescence and postharvest loss in thesespecies.

The Middle East and Central Asia are the originsof almost all the currently grown “classic” bul-bous crops, and other potentially useful speciescan be found in these regions (Avishai et al.,2005). Mediterranean species of Scilla, Allium,Pancratium, Iris, and Fritillaria have great orna-

mental potential (Halevy, 2000; Avishai et al.,2005; Kamenetsky, 2005).

Species of Alstroemeria and Hippeastrum nativeto Brazil, as well as Griffinia (Amaryllidaceae),Neomarica (Iridaceae), and Gomphrena(Amaranthaceae), have been collected because

Bulb lifting equipment, The Netherlands.

Airwalls, a common sight in the world bulbindustry. They are used to dry bulbs afterlifting and to actively ventilate tulips toremove ethylene in case of Fusarium infec-tion.

Tulip bulbs encased in plastic nets, just afterlifting from the field. This system allowstulip production in less traditional soils suchas clay. The net allows harvesting of bulbswithout massive amounts of soil. Bulbs areinserted into the nets via specialized equip-ment at planting in the autumn andremoved by slitting the net as it is liftedonto machinery during harvest.

Ornithogalum dubium mother stock plantsflowering in an Israeli greenhouse. O. dubi-um has found increasing favor in the lastdecade for both cut flowers and pot plants.It has a very long shelf life.

Paperwhite (Narcissus tazetta) field in Israel.Israel produces the vast majority of theworld’s paperwhites, commonly used forwinter home forcing. Photo by courtesy ofAsa Flower Bulbs, Israel.

Planting a Hippeastrum (Amaryllis) field inSouth Africa. Amaryllis is the most wellknown South African bulb export and isrenowned for its high quality.


of their showy flowers or unique growth habit(Tombolato and Matthes, 1998). New cultlivarsof Eucrosia and Hippeastrum (Meerow et al.,1992; Meerow, 2009) have been developed andare being produced commercially.

In Chile various hybrids of Alstroemeria havebeen bred by means of a combination of tradi-tional and biotechnological techniques (Bridgenet al., 2002). Other prospective genera includeLeucocoryne, Conanthera, and Rhodophiala.

EMERGING PRODUCTIONAREAS

Of course, bulbs have been grown in the south-ern hemisphere for many decades, often forlocal, in-country use. The inversion of seasonprovides new opportunities for many bulbouscrops that are otherwise “trapped” into a fairlynarrow production window. For example, themain flowering season of northern hemispheretulips is approximately late December throughMother’s Day in the USA in May, although bygrowing bulbs in warmer climates, some addi-tional earliness can be obtained. Hence the tra-dition of growing tulips and hyacinths in thesouth of France to allow earlier fall flowering.Companies such as Hadeco in South Africahave long supplied early-flowing amaryllis(Hippeastrum) to the market. So, the stage wasset for the expansion, in the last 15-20 years, ofmuch larger scale southern hemisphere produc-tion of major crops such as tulip and lily. Thetulips and lilies cultivated in the SouthernHemisphere (Table 1) are used for autumn flow-ering (September-January) in the NorthernHemisphere, especially in the USA, theNetherlands, Japan, Taiwan, China and Canada.For lilies, the result has been the availability ofbulbs that perform better in the decreasing andlow-light period from September throughFebruary. The alternative would be northern-hemisphere grown bulbs subjected to long peri-ods of frozen and potentially low oxygen stor-age. While these technologies are feasible anddo allow year-round flowering from a single lift-ing time, industry experience is that better qual-ity plants and flowers are obtained from south-ern hemisphere bulbs that have not been sub-jected to at least an additional six months ofstorage. However, improved postharvest stor-age technologies such as freezing and low oxy-gen are portable, and can be easily adoptedworldwide. Legitimate concerns exist about thelikelihood of surpluses of bulbs as a result of animproved ability to store them for longer peri-ods.

Globally, the floriculture sector experienced sig-nificant changes. In addition to traditionalcountries, globalization and increased competi-tion have led to the development of new bulband flower production centers. For example,floricultural production in Latin America, Africa,and Asia is increasing rapidly. In addition, China,India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand,Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam are emerg-

A small-scale commercial planting ofLachenalia in South Africa. A 30-year breed-ing program at ARC-Roodeplaat has led to anumber of excellent cultivars beingreleased to the trade.

A view of one of the FloraMax flower auc-tions in New Zealand featuring essentially100% locally grown product. In addition tolocal flower production, New Zealand ishome to a rapidly growing lily and tulipbulb production and export industry, whichis critical for best quality off-season produc-tion in the Northern Hemisphere. Suchefforts are mainly under Dutch direction.

Tulip bulb production field in Japan. Mostbulb production in Japan feeds local flowerproduction.

Overview of tulip breeding and selectionefforts at one of the Japanese ResearchStations.

In the USA, the state of Washington is hometo a number of bulb producers. The abovefield, near Mt. Vernon, is one example. Overthe last 15-20 years, the crop area and inten-sity of bulb production has dropped andflower forcers are relying more on offshore(Dutch and southern hemisphere) sourcesfor forcing bulbs.

the Philippines. Australia and New Zealand havethe potential to enter the niche market in Asiawith high-quality bulb and flower products (DeGroot, 1999).

OUTLOOK

It seems clear that Dutch companies will main-tain their worldwide position in the bulb indus-try for years to come. This is due to industry his-tory, expertise, capability and financial struc-tures that facilitate proper investment in newventures. Due to public and environmental pres-sures in the Netherlands, it is likely that domes-tic crop area will decrease, but worldwide pro-

ing as new centers of bulb and flower produc-tion. It is anticipated that the north-south axiswill be important to the export market. Africawill increase flower export to Europe and SouthAmerica to the USA and Canada. Within Asia,there will be a growing inter-regional trade withemerging countries like Malaysia, Thailand, and

ISHS • 30

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Rina Kamenetsky

Rina Kamenetsky is a Researcher at the AgriculturalResearch Organization, The Volcani Center andProfessor of Horticulture and Plant Physiology of

William B. Miller

REFERENCES

Anon. 1999. Staalkaart. Vakblad voor de Bloemisterij 54(21A).AIPH. 2006. International statistics Flowers and Plants 2006. Zoetermeer, The Netherlands.Avishai, M., Luria, G. and Fragman-Sapir, O. 2005. Perspectives in the domestication of native Israeli geo-

phytes. Herbertia 58:47-74.Benschop, M., Kamenetsky, R., Le Nard, M., Okubo, H. and De Hertogh, A.A. 2010. The Global flower bulb

industry: Production, utilization, research. Hort. Rev. 36:1-115.Bridgen, M.P., Olate, E. and Schiappacasse, F. 2002. Flowering geophytes from Chile. Acta Hort. 570:75-80.Bryan, J.E. 2002. Bulbs. (Rev. Ed.). Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. Buschman, J.C.M. 2005. Globalisation - flower - flower bulbs - bulb flowers. Acta Hort. 673:27-33.De Groot, N.S.P. 1999. Floriculture worldwide trade and consumption patterns. Acta Hort. 495:101-122.De Hertogh, A. and Le Nard, M. (eds.). 1993. The Physiology of Flower Bulbs. Elsevier Science Publ.,

Amsterdam.Du Plessis, N. and Duncan, G. 1989. Bulbous Plants of Southern Africa – A guide to their Cultivation and

Propagation. With watercolours by Elise Bodley. Tafelberg Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa.Ehlers, J.L., van Vuuren, P.J.J. and Morey, L. 2002. Flowering behavior of four clones of Veltheimia bractea-

ta. Acta Hort. 570:341-343.Halevy, A.H. 2000. Introduction of native Israeli plants as new cut flowers. Acta Hort. 541:79-82.Hartsema, A.M. 1961. Influence of temperature on flower formation and flowering of bulbous and tube-

rous plants. Enc. Plant Physiol. 16:123-167.Kamenetsky, R. 2005. Production of flower bulbs in regions with warm climates. Acta Hort. 673:59-66.Kamenetsky, R. 2009. Patterns of dormancy and florogenesis in herbaceous perennial plants: environmental

and internal regulation. Crop Sci. 49:2400-2404. Meerow, A.W. 2009. Tilting at windmills: 20 years of Hippeastrum breeding. Israel J. Plant Sci. 57(4):303-

314.Meerow, A.W., Roh, M. and Lawson, R.H. 1992. Breeding of Eucrosia (Amaryllidaceae) for cut flower and

pot plant production. Acta Hort. 325:555-560.Niederwieser, J.G., Kleynhans, R. and Hancke, F.L. 2002. Development of new flower bulb crop in South

Africa. Acta Hort. 570:67-73.Ohkawa, K. 2000. Flower industry in Northeast Asia: Development and introduction of new crops. Acta

Hort. 541:125-133.Pavord, A. 1999. The Tulip. Bloomsbury Publ., London. Plummer, J.A., Considine, J.A., Yan, G., Hall, D., Alford, T., Seaton, K., Growns, D., Newell, C. and Webb,

M. 2000. New developments from the Centre for Australian Plants. Acta Hort. 541:37-47.Tombolato, A. and Matthes, L. 1998. Collection of Hippeastrum spp., Alstroemeria spp. and other Brazilian

bulbous species. Acta Hort. 454:91-98.Van der Veer, A. 2006. Export bloembollen naar afzetkanaal 2004/2005. Report PT2006-02. Productschap

Tuinbouw, Afdeling Marktinformatie en Marktonderzoek, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands.

duction area under Dutch control (especially ofthe major crops) will increase for the foresee-able future. However, there are many opportu-nities for niche players to emerge with nichecrops, whether they are improvements on cur-rent crops, or development of new technolo-gies, or categories of crops.

During the past decades, the globalization ofthe floricultural trade has led to advances in thetransfer of knowledge and economic progressin developing countries. In addition the compe-tition for flower bulb markets has been con-stantly increasing and, consequently, it hasincreased the demand for high quality bulbsand bulb flowers. Since many bulbs can bestored for long periods, the potential for over-production continues world-wide, with subse-quent effects on product and industry prof-itability. Generally, as in all floriculture, a keyneed within the flower bulb industry is to stim-

Galanthus elwesii in natural habitat, TaurusMountains of Turkey. This area is still thecentre for collection of wild bulbs.

Paeonia cut flower production in Chile. TheFlowerbulbs Working group of ISHS wasexpanded in 2008 to be the “Flowerbulbsand Herbaceous Perennials” working group. the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Her

expertise is flowering and dormancy of ornamen-tal geophytes, development of new crops,and garlic biology and fertility. Email:[email protected]

William B. Miller is Professor of Horticulture atCornell University. Since 1998 he has collabora-ted with the Dutch Flowerbulb Export Industry viaits trade association, Anthos, in conductingresearch to increase knowledge of flowerbulbperformance in North American greenhouses,nurseries and landscapes. He has published morethan 100 refereed journal articles, book chapters,books and conference proceedings, mostly ontopics related to flowerbulb physiology and horti-culture. Email: [email protected]

ulate demand and increase consumption anduse of bulbous plants.

Multidisciplinary research will be essential forniche crops, and for continuing development ofexisting ones. This paradigm has led to the initi-ation of studies dealing with physiological, bio-chemical and molecular aspects of internal andenvironmental regulation of geophyte develop-ment, improvement of the integrated pest man-

agement (IPM), introduction of sustainable pro-duction methods, new approaches for classicaland molecular breeding, and research on flowerquality, postharvest handling, and transporta-tion. Since final use (forcing or garden use) ofbulbs occurs worldwide, local and regionalresearch capability in new production regions iscritical.


HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE NEWS

Organic Horticulture Expands Globally

INTRODUCTION

Organic agriculture is expanding worldwide,driven by consumer demand in North Americanand European markets, as well as its claimedpotential to address resource conservation, foodsecurity, and farm income issues in developingcountries. Organic systems often build soilorganic matter, sequestering carbon to helpmitigate greenhouse gases (Niggli et al., 2007;Raviv, 2010). Horticultural crops, especiallyfruits and vegetables, are being promoted as acritical part of a healthy diet that can help avoidproblems such as obesity, diabetes, and heartdisease. Not surprisingly, consumers interestedin healthy diets are often also attracted toorganic foods (Hartman Group, 2006), and thusorganic horticultural crops play a prominent rolein consumer purchases. The Organic TradeAssociation recently reported organic fresh pro-duce sales at 11.4% of all USA fresh producesales in 2009, up from 9.8% in 2008 (OTA,2010). Organic produce accounted for 38% ofall USA organic food sales in 2009. Statistics onorganic production are continually improving,particularly with the world-wide annual surveyconducted by the Research Institute for OrganicAgriculture (FiBL) and the InternationalFederation of Organic Agriculture Movements(IFOAM) (FiBL/IFOAM, 2010a), the main resultsof which are published annually in the yearbook“The World of Organic Agriculture” (Willer andKilcher, 2010). In this article, we attempt tocharacterize the extent of organic horticultureproduction around the world, including itsshare of production and its diversity.

Various agriculture statistics bodies use differingdefinitions for crop groupings and for what isdefined as “horticulture.” Merriam-Webster’sOn-line Dictionary (2010) defines horticulture as“the science and art of growing fruits, vegeta-bles, flowers, or ornamental plants.” TheInternational Society for Horticultural Science(ISHS) takes a broader view, including cropssuch as nuts, olives (technically a fruit, but clas-sified separately), medicinal and aromaticplants, root crops such as potato and cassava,and beverage crops such as coffee and tea andcocoa. For this article, we take a broad viewwith more focus on fruits and vegetables.

Data were gathered from certification agenciesand governments from around the world andrepresent both land already certified as well asland under conversion, since many data sourcesdo not separate or include the latter. However,land under conversion is under organic man-

David Granatstein, Elizabeth Kirby and Helga Willer

agement. Clearly, there is additional land man-aged with organic techniques but not associat-ed with certification. For example, based on acomparison of US Department of Agriculture(USDA) survey data (USDA-National AgriculturalStatistics Service, 2010) and certifier data inWashington State, USA, there were nearly asmany farms self-identifying as organic as thosethat were certified, but the former equaledabout 2% of the certified land base and 0.5%of the certified farm gate sales (Kirby andGranatstein, 2009).

In addition, not all countries reported cropdetails, such as China, Brazil, and India, whichall had large areas of organic land (>1 millionha). These countries have significant “conven-

tional” horticultural production (Fig. 1); the por-tion of the organic land in horticultural crops isunknown and could significantly change someof the data presented here, especially the rank-ings of the leading countries with organic horti-culture area (Fig. 2). China reported some tem-perate tree fruit and grape area over the years(FiBL/IFOAM, 2010b) and the USDA-FAS (Xu,2008) mentions organic vegetable productionin China. According to Organics Brazil, thecountry’s most widespread organic crops aresugar, coffee, soybean and fruits (Vallada,2009). Fruits include both temperate (e.g.,apples, grapes) and tropical (bananas, kiwi, pas-sion fruit). Organic Amazon fruits such as açaíand guarana are rapidly gaining popularity in

China

India

Nigeria

Brazil

Indonesia

Côte d’Ivoire

Spain

Russian Federation

Ghana

Turkey

0 10 20 30 40 50

44.8

19.0

5.6

5.6

6.6

8.8

14.9

3.5

3.8

4.6

Million Hectares

Figure 1. Countries with the largest horticultural areas, 2008. Grey: limited data on organicland use/crops available; Blue: crop details available. Source: FAOSTAT, 2008, andFiBL/IFOAM, 2010a.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Mexico

Italy

Spain

USA

Tunisia

Dominican Rep

Peru

Greece

Ecuador

Poland

0.30

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.11

0.12

0.130.22

0.26

0.07

Million Hectares

Figure 2. Countries with the largest reported organic horticultural area, 2008.Source: FiBL/IFOAM, 2010b.

ISHS • 32

export markets. Other horticulture crops includecashew, vegetables and yerba mate. Exports oforganic horticulture crops from India includetropical and subtropical fruits, coconut, walnutsand cashews, vegetables such as garlic, onion,tomato and potato, many spices, and tea andcoffee.

HOW EXTENSIVE IS ORGANICHORTICULTURE?

Based on FAO data for 2008 (FAOSTAT, 2008),about 220 million ha of land worldwide wereharvested for horticultural crops. This was some14.3% of the 1,540 million ha of arable andpermanent crop land harvested (excludinggrasslands). According to FiBL/IFOAM (2010b),organic horticultural area was 2.15 million ha in2008, up from 1.37 million ha in 2005. The2.15 million hectare total includes fruits, olives,nuts, vegetables and melons, some root crops(potato, sweet potato, cassava, taro and yam),cocoa beans, coffee, tea and mate, flowers andornamentals, medicinal and aromatic crops,

coconuts, hops, nurseries, and mushrooms.Categories are similar for the FAO valuealthough some categories have more crops rep-resented (e.g., carob is included in FAO valuebut not in organic value). Thus, organic horticul-ture accounted for roughly 1% of all horticul-tural land worldwide, and 6% of all organicallymanaged agricultural land (excluding wild har-vest and non-agricultural grazing land). Thirty-five million ha, or 0.8% of all agricultural landworldwide were managed organically in 2008(Willer, 2010). The horticultural crops includedhere experienced a collective growth in area of56% since 2005, considerably more than thatof all organic agricultural land, which increasedby 10% in the same period. Part of this may bedue to better data collection of already existingbut not reported organic production as well asto increasingly better knowledge of land usepatterns and crops grown in organic agricul-ture.

The leading organic horticulture crops, in termsof reported area, are fruits, coffee, and olives,followed by vegetables, nuts, and cocoa beans(Table 1). Organic coffee represented a largeshare of all coffee land (4.8%). Mexico, Peru,and Ethiopia were leading organic coffee pro-ducers, accounting for 40%, 16%, and 14%,respectively, of all global organic coffee produc-tion area. Organic coffee accounted for 25%,22%, and 16%, respectively, of all harvestedcoffee hectares in these countries. LatinAmerica produced three-quarters of all organiccoffee exports (Giovannucci and Pierrot, 2010).Leading organic cocoa bean producers includedDominican Republic and Ecuador, accountingfor 48% and 24%, respectively, of all globalorganic cocoa hectares.

Olives, technically a fruit, are commonly classi-fied separately due to their use in the produc-tion of oil. Organic olive production often doesnot entail significant changes from the tradi-tional system (European Commission, 2010),

and thus about 4% of all olive hectares world-wide are under organic management. Themajor producing countries included Tunisia(115,000 ha), Italy (113,596 ha), Spain(101,268 ha), and Greece (64,136 ha), all coun-tries bordering the Mediterranean Sea.

Over 110 countries reported some organic hor-ticultural production in 2008. Europe was thelargest producing region, with Italy (citrus, tem-perate fruits, grapes), Spain (nuts), andGermany (root crops) as major producers;Turkey produced many organic fruits and led inorganic flowers (Fig. 3). Tropical and sub-tropi-cal fruits (Mexico, Ecuador), coffee (Mexico),and cocoa bean (Dominican Republic) gaveLatin America the second largest area. Africaprovides tropical and sub-tropical crops, cocoabean and coffee, and olives (Tunisia). The USAwas the leading vegetable producer.

Processing organic cocoa beans by hand,Ghana. Photo by David Granatstein.

a Includes > 7,300 ha from Fruits/Nuts/Berries, no details.b Share calculated with the FAOSTAT (2008) crop data (area harvested). c A large walnut area (40,000 ha) in Poland resulted from a special subsidy. Prior to 2008, the walnuts were

classified as Fruit/Nuts/Berries, no details. This partly explains the huge increase in the Nut category since2005.

d Other category includes Flowers/Ornamentals, Medicinals/Aromatics, Coconuts, Hops, Tea/Mate, Nurseries,and Mushrooms.

Source: FiBL/IFOAM, 2010b; CDFA, 2008; WSDA, 2008.

Table 1. Top six horticultural crops under organic management in 2008.

Crop Organic land (ha) Organic % of Increase in ha Increase in %2008 world areab 2005-2008

Fruitsa 508,651 0.9 214,916 73

Coffee 463,615 4.8 152,146 49

Olives 436,186 4.0 90,427 26

Vegetables 264,103 0.25 99,080 60

Nutsc 181,634 2.1 112,991 165

Cocoa beans 165,208 2.0 93,332 130

Otherd 135,464 - - - Europe

Latin America

Africa

Asia

USA, Canada

Oceania

0.2%

41%

6%6%

15%

32%

Figure 3. Distribution of organic horticul-tural land by region, 2008 (total area:2.15 million hectares). Source:FiBL/IFOAM, 2010b.

Organic pineapple ready for export fromGhana to Europe. Photo by DavidGranatstein.


ORGANIC FRUITPRODUCTION

The first attempt to characterize global organicfruit production was made with 2006 data(Granatstein et al., 2010). At that time, there

Category Area % of organic fruit Organic % of(ha) (base 508,651 ha) world area

Grapes 150,543 29.6 2.0

Tropical & Sub-tropical fruit 140,723 27.7 0.7

Citrus 57,631 11.3 0.7

Pome fruit 43,234 8.5 0.7

Stone fruit 35,804 7.0 0.7

Berriesa 31,285 6.2 4.6

Temperate fruit, no details 42,583 8.4

Fruit, no details 6,848 1.3

Table 2. Area and proportion of organic fruit crops, 2008.

a Includes strawberries.Source: FiBL/IFOAM 2010b; CDFA, 2008; WSDA, 2008. Table revised September, 2010.

Table 3. Organic tropical and sub-tropical fruits (including citrus), 2008.

a 40% of reported citrus had no details by crop.Source: FiBL/IFOAM, 2010b; CDFA, 2008. Table revised September 2010.

Crop Area (ha) Leading countries Organic % ofworld area

Avocado 37,406 Mexico (84% of all organic) 8.8

Banana 52,996 Ecuador, Dominican Republic 1.1

Date 2,093 Tunisia (50% share) 0.2

Kiwi 3,532 Ecuador (85% share) 4.3

Mango 25,669 Mexico 0.5

Papaya 1,542 Mexico (50% share) 0.4

Pineapple 6,620 Rwanda, Costa Rica, Ghana, Mexico 0.8

Orangea 25,752 Italy, Mexico, USA 0.6

Lemon, limea 6,895 Italy, Dominican Republic 0.7

Grapefruita 1,346 USA, Italy 0.5

Intercropping organic raspberries and let-tuce, Washington State, USA. Photo byCarol Miles.

were at least 250,000 ha of organic temperatefruit (tree fruit, grapes, and berries) reportedunder production worldwide (fully convertedplus in conversion), with about 25% of the areawith no details provided. We have expandedthe scope in this review to include tropical and

sub-tropical fruits, and citrus (Table 2). Olive,technically a fruit crop, was mentioned above.

Twenty-six countries reported organic citrusproduction, with the top three being Italy,Mexico, and the USA (Fig. 4). Oranges, andlemons and limes were the predominant cropsreported, but 40% of the area had no detailsprovided. Organic citrus area expanded 70%since 2005.

Many tropical and sub-tropical fruits are pro-duced organically. The most widely growninclude banana and plantain, avocado, mango,pineapple, kiwi, papaya and date. Fig, pome-granate, passion fruit, guava, persimmon, litchi,noni, and pitaya are grown to a lesser extent.Among the 37 countries reporting these crops,the top three in land area were Mexico (46,670ha), Ecuador (21,708 ha), and DominicanRepublic (15,871 ha). Area increased over 2.5fold between 2005 and 2008. Nearly 9% ofglobal avocado production was under organicmanagement in 2008, based on these and FAOdata (FAOSTAT, 2008) (Table 3).

The top three countries with organic berrieswere Poland, Lithuania, and the USA. Polandreported 13,322 ha of unspecified berries and1,020 ha of strawberries, while Lithuaniareported 4,111 ha with no details. The USA had1,228 ha of strawberry, 832 ha of blueberry,and smaller areas of raspberry, blackberry, andcranberry. Reported organic berry area grew360% from 6,806 ha in 2005, with strawberriesexperiencing a 10-fold increase.

Organic grape production is most common inMediterranean-type climates (winter rainfall,summer drought) and often requires minimalchange from existing management (e.g.,California; Vasquez et al., 2006, 2008). Grapesare the most extensively-planted fruit crop in

Italy

Mexico

USA

Cuba

Spain

Ghana

South Africa

Greece

Dominican Rep

Turkey

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

Hectares

24,531

1,574

2,133

2,875

3,760

4,170

4,195

5,692

6,024

713

Figure 4. Organic citrus area (hectares) by country, 2008 (Reported world organic citrus total:57,631 ha). Source: FiBL/IFOAM, 2010b.

ISHS • 34

Italy

Spain

France

USA

Turkey

Greece

Germany

Moldova

Argentina

Chile

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

Hectares

40,480

30,856

28,190

11,449

6,393

5,023

4,00

4,327

3,940

3,083

Figure 5. Leading organic grape producers in 2008. Source: FiBL/IFOAM, 2010b.

Apples

Apricots

Plums

Cherries

Pears

Peaches & nectarines

Stone fruit, no details

Pome fruit, no details

Temperate fruit, no details

35,268

36,809

1,191

3,418

6,402

6,776

10,683

8,0457,256

Figure 6. Organic temperate tree fruit area (ha), 2008 (total area: 116,000 ha).Source: FiBL/IFOAM, 2010b; CDFA, 2008; WSDA, 2008.

the world. The largest grape producing coun-tries (Italy, Spain, and France) are also the topthree organic grape producers (Fig. 5). Organicgrapes represented 2.0% of all grape hectares

Organic eggplant, Alvarez Farm, YakimaValley, WA, USA. Photo by Colleen Donovan.

Table 4. Main organic vegetable crop categories, 2008.

a Value includes defined beet, carrot, garlic, potato, sweet potato, onion, cassava, taro, and yam; does notinclude crops classified as Root crops, other; Root crops, no detail, or any defined sugar beet or other fod-der root crops.

Source: FiBL/IFOAM, 2010b; CDFA, 2008; WSDA, 2008.

Crop category Area (ha) % of organic Main specific crops Leading countriesvegetable area

All vegetables 264,103 100

Vegetables, no details 129,665 49

Roots/Tubers/Bulbsa 49,448 19 Potato, carrot, onion USA, Germany, UK

Pulses 35,408 13 Peas, beans, broad beans Italy, UK, USA

Grown for fruit, 21,365 8 Tomato, sweet corn, Italy, USA, Rwandaor other pepper, melon

Leafy/Stalked 20,716 8 Lettuce, spinach USA, Italy, UK

Brassicas 7,501 3 Broccoli, cauliflower, Italy, USA, UKcabbage

worldwide in 2008, a relatively large organicshare for the world’s top fruit crop. The organicgrape share was 5.3% in Italy, 3.5% in France,and 2.6% in Spain. These same countries

accounted for 27%, 19%, and 20% of allorganic grape hectares worldwide. The USAhad 8% of the global organic grape hectares,while 36 other countries reporting organicgrapes had 26% of the area. Few countriesreport the end use of organic grapes (wine,table, raisin, grape juice). For conventionalgrapes, about 70% go to wine and juice pro-duction (OIV, undated) with some 20% of pro-duction for table use. Grape juice is a neutralsweetener that is used in a number ofprocessed organic products. Organic grape areaincreased 50% from 2005 to 2008.

Organic temperate tree fruits were examined indetail previously using 2006 data (Granatsteinet al., 2010). Apples remained the leader in2008, with over 35,000 ha under organic man-agement. The other reported areas were apri-cots, plums, cherries, pears, and peaches/nec-tarines (Fig. 6). There was an apparent decline inoverall organic temperate tree fruit area from2007 to 2008; however, this was not the caseeverywhere. For example, the area of organicapples increased 60% in 2008 in WashingtonState, USA. While countries with dry summerclimates still tend to dominate reported stoneand pome fruit production (western USA,14,746 ha; Italy, 14,887 ha; Turkey, 11,325 ha),production has increased in more humidregions. Poland, Germany, and France all haveover 6,000 ha of organic temperate tree fruits,including pome and stone fruits. Newer prod-ucts and strategies to control diseases andinsect pests have helped.

ORGANIC VEGETABLEPRODUCTION

Since a large portion of organic vegetable areawas reported with no details (49%), accuratelyidentifying the leading crops was not possible.Main vegetable crop categories were ranked byreported area in Table 4. The top three countriesfor organic vegetables were the USA, Mexico,and Italy. Organic vegetable area increased by60% from 2005. With the available detailed


Organic peppers, Alvarez Farm, YakimaValley, WA, USA. Photo by Colleen Donovan.

data, the top eight leading vegetables cropareas (ha) appeared to be potato (29,327), let-tuce (11,705), carrot (8,095), peas (8,048),tomato (6,600), green beans (5,134), sweetcorn (4,327), and sweet peppers (3,036). Sweetcorn (maize) is primarily a USA crop. For manycountries, including important vegetable pro-ducers, no breakdown of the vegetable areawas available. Mexico reported over 35,000 haof organic vegetables with no details, whilelarge areas of organic fresh market vegetableswith no other detail came from Indonesia(18,104 ha), and Germany (6,000 ha). USAimports of organic vegetables from Mexicoinclude a variety of vegetables such as toma-toes, peas and beans, squash, melons, cucum-bers, onions, celery and radishes (USDA-Agricultural Marketing Service, 2010).

For Roots/Tubers/Bulbs, potato was the domi-nant crop with 29,327 ha, followed by carrot(8,095 ha), onion (2,929 ha), cassava (2,088 ha)and sweet potato (1,650 ha). Top organic pota-to producers were Germany (8,150 ha), USA(3,348 ha), UK (3,270 ha) and Austria (3,187ha), accounting for 61% of the area. The USAhad 5,040 ha (62%) of reported organic car-rots, and 98% of all sweet potato (both prima-rily in California). The majority of reported cas-sava area was in Rwanda (1,200 ha), Mexico(500 ha) and the Dominican Republic (350 ha).The UK had 2,346 ha of other root crops (notspecified). Organic carrots were 0.7% of all car-rot area worldwide; organic potatoes account-ed for < 0.2% of all potatoes.

Vegetable pulse crops include fresh, frozen or

Organic fruits and vegetables are the mainstay of many box schemes, Wenatchee, USA.Photo by Michel Wiman.

canned beans and peas. Italy reported 16,756ha of organic pulses, or 47% of the world total.The UK and the USA were the second and thirdlargest producers. The organic share of globalvegetable pulse area was 1.7%.

Lettuce and spinach dominated the Leaf/Stalkedvegetables, with the USA accounting for 96%and 89% of the reported area, respectively. TheUK reported 1,300 ha in this category with nodetails. Reported organic lettuce area was 1.1%of the global lettuce area.

ORGANIC NUT PRODUCTION

Total organic nut area was 181,634 ha, withSpain (70,041 ha) the leading producer. Limitedreporting of specific organic nut crops (77% ofreported nut area had no detail by crop) pre-cluded an accurate characterization of this seg-ment. Area was reported for almonds, cashews,chestnuts, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans,pistachios, and walnuts, with about 19,000 haof organic almonds and 16,000 ha of organiccashews. Forty-six countries reported organicnut production, which increased 2.5 times from2005.

MEDICINAL AND AROMATICPLANTS

This category includes plants cultivated for culi-nary, medicinal, and aesthetic purposes, such asginger, vanilla, cloves and pepper. Other exam-ples included minor areas of geranium, aloevera, patchouli, chamomile, and lemongrass.There were 65,323 total ha reported, with

21,917 ha in this category defined as perma-nent crops. However, 89% of the hectares werereported with no details. Tanzania, Madagascar,Nepal, Mexico, USA and Sudan were the lead-ing countries, accounting for 58% of globalorganic area. Tanzania had 3,000 ha (99%) ofthe total reported organic ginger whileIndonesia had 60% of the 2,295 ha organicvanilla area and 100% of the reported clovearea (458 ha). Madagascar sources reported4,684 ha of aromatic plants and 1,274 ha ofculinary herbs and spices. And Mexico had5,149 ha of medicinal plants (no detail) and 218ha of organic pepper. Nepal, Sudan, and USAeach reported more than 5,000 ha of undefinedmedicinal, culinary, and/or aromatic plants. Nodata were available from India.

FLOWERS ANDORNAMENTALS

Organic flowers and ornamental plants werereportedly grown on at least 2,132 ha, a 6-foldincrease from 2005. Data are difficult to collectas crop area may be reported as mixed horticul-ture or greenhouse production, or as otherunsegregated agricultural land classifications.The majority of the ornamental area was report-ed from Turkey (1,597 ha). Main Europeancountries reporting area included theNetherlands (125 ha), Germany (120 ha), andSwitzerland (43 ha). The USA had 106 ha oforganic flowers, with smaller areas in Africa andLatin America. An additional 596 ha of green-house production, with no crop detail, wasreported from the USA. The production oforganic flowers appears to be expanding.According to the Organic Trade Association,USA value of organic flower sales more thandoubled, to $42 million, between 2005 and2008 but represented a small share (0.6%) ofthe $6.6 billion in USA retail florist sales.

ISHS • 36

Conventional Organic % Change with organic

Yield (cartons/ha) 2,223 1,606 -28

Total costs ($/ha) 12,802 13,064 +2

Net return ($/ha) 4,982 9,413 +89

Price ($/carton) 8.00 14.00 +75

Cost per carton ($) 5.76 8.14 +41

Net return per carton ($) 2.24 5.86 +162

Table 5. Economics of organic and conventional fresh market lettuce, Willamette Valley,Oregon, USA, 2007.

Based on Seavert et al., 2007a, b. $=US dollars

Organic produce at a farmers’ market,Eugene, Oregon, USA. Photo by DavidGranatstein.

WILD COLLECTION

Large, uncultivated, wild collection areas forberries, medicinal and aromatic plants, nuts,and other plants have been certified organic inmany areas of the world. In 2008 the reportedarea totaled 25.3 million ha; crop details wereavailable for only 30% of the hectares. Certifiedwild berry area (8.1 million ha) was primarily inFinland. Brazil had the second largest wild col-lection area (6.18 million ha), mostly undefined.However, Latin America had 1.2 million ha ofwild nuts. Africa had a large proportion of theworld’s reported wild medicinal and aromaticplants, including 3 million ha of devils claw(Namibia), and nearly 7,787 ha of honeybush.

ECONOMICS AND MARKETS

Horticultural crop consumption is expected toincrease with the emphasis on fruits and veg-etables for a healthy diet (Wells and Buzby,2008). Given diet-related illnesses in NorthAmerica and Europe, the major markets fororganic foods, and the perceived health benefitof organic foods by consumers (Reuben, 2010;Hartman Group, 2006), future prospects fororganic horticultural crops are encouraging.However, the yield, quality, and economic impli-cations of organic horticulture are less clear. Forexample, comparison studies of ‘conventional’and organic apples have found no significantdifference in yields in a semi-arid climate (Gloveret al., 2002) but a 26% yield reduction of Class1 fruit in a humid climate (Weibel, 2002). Yieldresults reported for some developing countriesshow substantial increases with organic meth-ods, while modest yield declines were more typ-ical in intensive horticulture in developed coun-tries (Scialabba and Hattam, 2002; Pretty andHine, 2001; Badgley et al., 2007). Crop, cli-mate, technology, and experience all interact todetermine how well organic crops will yield. Fororganic horticultural crops sold through main-stream retail food channels, products must

meet the same quality as a conventional coun-terpart. Washington State extra-fancy applesmeet the same legal standards, whether organ-ic or conventional. One Washington State fruitcompany has found that organic apples canproduce higher packouts coming out of long-term storage (i.e., less cullage) than convention-al apples, and research results support this(Reganold et al., 2001). Organic horticulturecan perform better or worse than a convention-al counterpart depending on the conditions,and thus stereotypes that describe organic fruitsand vegetables as lower quality and lower yield-ing are frequently not accurate (Raviv, 2010).

The cost of organic horticulture production alsovaries by crop, environment, and experience. Ina recent survey of organic apple growers inWashington State, 25% stated that their organ-ic production was the same or lower cost thanwhat comparable conventional productionwould be (D. Granatstein, unpubl. data).Comparisons of University enterprise budgetsfor organic and ‘conventional’ crops providesome insight into the economics of organic hor-ticulture. For example, total direct costs were6% lower for organic strawberries in California,yield was 43% lower (due to more diseasedfruit) while prices were 64% higher, leading toa 5% increase in net return for organic(Granatstein et al., 2010). With the additionalrisk involved in a crop such as strawberry, thismay not be a strong enough economic incen-tive for many growers. According to Pay (2009),organic coffee production in Central Americacosts 10-15% more than ‘conventional’, butyields decline from 545 to 320 kg/ha. Price pre-miums, as high as 40%, have been decliningand an estimated 10% of the organic coffeegrowers in the region have exited organic pro-duction. Budgets were done for both organicand ‘conventional’ fresh market lettuce in theWillamette Valley of Oregon, USA (Seavert etal., 2007a, b), and organic lettuce was far moreprofitable despite lower yields (Table 5). Thus,economic viability of organic horticulture is situ-ation dependent. But the expansion of horticul-ture land under organic management suggeststhat for the most part any yield reductions orcost increases are currently compensated for by

premium prices paid by an expanding cadre ofconsumers.

Horticultural products are very important in theorganic market place. Over one-third of allorganic food sales in the USA are for fruits andvegetables, and even during the difficult eco-nomic conditions of 2008, sales of organic fruitsand vegetables increased over the previous year.However, only a few countries have publiclyaccessible data on the organic market. Forexample, Germany reported 5.8 billion euros ofretail sales volume of organic foods in 2009,which represented 3.4% of all food sales (simi-lar to the USA). Market data for Germany fromJanuary-June 2008 show relatively high marketshares for organic tropical and subtropical fruits(including citrus), exceeding 10% in somecases. Organic lemons accounted for 25% of alllemon sales. In total, organic fruit had a 4.1%share of product volume and a 5.8% share ofsales. Carrots were the leading organic veg-etable, with a 17.5% of volume and a 25.3%share of sales. Organic vegetables accountedfor 6.9% of the value of all vegetables sold inGermany (BOELW, 2009).

In Switzerland, with about 1 billion euros oforganic food sales in 2009, organic vegetablesaccounted for 10.7% of the value of all vegeta-bles sold in supermarkets, with organic fruit at7%, and overall organic food at 5.2% (BioSuisse, 2010).

For many developing countries, exports oforganic products are an important source ofincome, and organic products are often cultivat-ed for the purpose of export. In Argentina, forinstance, 90% of the volume of organic pro-duction goes to export. Again, horticulturalcrops play an important role: of the total exportvolume of 123,729 tonnes (t), fruit accountedfor more than one third (45,000 t), followed byprocessed products (many of these based onhorticultural crops) and vegetables (12,000 t)(SENASA, 2010). According to a recent report(Olsen, 2008), Peruvian exports of organiccocoa beans in 2006 represented nearly half ofthe value of total cocoa sales and one third ofthe total volume exported. The value of organ-ic exports from Peru was 10 times higher in


6 10 15 22 3244

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2009 than in 2002, attesting to tremendousgrowth (Fig. 7). Also the share of organicbananas was high, and Olsen (2008) states thata shift from conventional to organic bananaproduction is nearly complete, a figure which is,however not supported by the data on organicbanana area (FiBL/IFOAM, 2010b) when com-pared to the FAO area reported. As much as85% of Mexico’s organic production is exportedto temperate climate regions, primarily the USA,the European Union and Japan, including coffeeand off-season fresh vegetables (CIASC, 2009).Organic food exports from India are projectedto reach $1 billion by 2015, up from $125 mil-

Figure 7. Growth of organic exports from Peru. Source: Aduanas, as cited in Martinez, 2010.

lion in 2010 (Johnston, 2010), and overallorganic food sales (export and domestic) mayreach 700 million euros by 2012 (Menon,2009).

CONCLUSION

Horticultural crops can be difficult to grow,given insect, disease, and weed control chal-lenges, and organic production constrains thenumber of tools and techniques available.Despite these challenges, the area of organichorticulture has shown a large expansion since2005. Research on organic horticulture to

address these challenges is increasing, notablywith the expanded emphasis on organic pro-duction within the U.S. Department ofAgriculture (Martin, 2009). With more researchand development, including the breeding ofcrops specifically for organic horticulture sys-tems, progress can be expected. This will beimportant given the downward price pressureon organic prices in some major markets (e.g.,coffee, apples) and the need to provide limitedresource farmers in many countries with tech-niques that fit their economic reality and theirneed for resource conservation (Jiménez, 2007).As evidence, conferences on organic productionin developing countries are drawing increasedinterest and attendance. Organic producers willcontinue to benefit from research on biocontrol(Khan, 2010), organic waste recycling, and con-servation farming that is not focused on organ-ic systems but that delivers results compliantwith organic standards. While small in terms ofits share of overall horticultural land, the effectof organic production is likely much greater, asmany larger producers have land under bothorganic and ‘conventional’ management, and itis not uncommon for these growers to adoptpractices first used on their organic land (e.g.,compost) on the rest of their hectares whenthey see positive results. Organic farming,including horticultural production, representsone approach to moving agriculture in a moresustainable direction, one that can provideadded value to producers in niche markets,enhance food security in developing countries,and deliver a range of ecosystem services to thepublic at large.

REFERENCES

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BOELW (Federation of the Organic Food Industry Germany). 2009. Zahlen,Daten, Fakten. Die Biobranche 2009. Bundesverband ÖkologischeLebensmittelwirtschaft BOELW, Berlin. http://www.boelw.de/uploads/media/pdf/Dokumentation/Zahlen__Daten__Fakten/ZDF_gesamt2009.pdf.

California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). 2008. Unpublished data.Comercio e Integración Agropecuaria, S.C. (CIASC). 2009. Mexico organic mar-

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FAOSTAT. 2008. FAOSTAT crop and country statistics, 2008. On-line database.UN FAO, Rome. http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor.

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Jiménez, J.J. 2007. Organic Agriculture and the Millenium Development Goals.IFOAM, Germany. 31p.

Johnston, G. 2010. India to boost organic exports. Fruitnet.com. 18 May 2010.http://www.fruitnet.com.

Khan, Z. 2010. Dissemination of push-pull cultivation methods among small-scalefarmer families to control the stem borer and Striga weed in maize fields. Internetfact sheet, Biovision, Zurich. 2p. http://www.biovision.ch/fileadmin/pdf/e/pro-jects/2010/Kenya/BV_PH-01_Push_Pull_Lake_Victoria_2010_E.pdf.

Kirby, E. and Granatstein, D. 2009. Trends in Washington State organic agricultu-re. FS001E, Washington State University Extension, Pullman, WA. 4p.http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/FS001E/FS001E.pdf.

Martin, J. 2009. Agriculture Deputy Secretary Merrigan Announces $19 Million inOrganic Research, Education and Extension Grants. USDA NIFA Newsroom.http://www.csrees.usda.gov/newsroom/news/2009news/10301_orei.html.

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Martinez, J. 2010. Peru: Exports of organic products. p.176. In: H. Willer and L.Kilcher (eds.), The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and EmergingTrends 2010. FiBL, Frick and IFOAM, Bonn.

Menon, M.K. 2009. Organic agriculture and market potential in India. p.140-143. In: H. Willer and L. Kilcher (eds.), The World of Organic Agriculture.Statistics and Emerging Trends 2009. FiBL, Frick and IFOAM, Bonn.

Merriam-Webster. 2010. Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary. http://www.mer-riam-webster.com/dictionary/horticulture.

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Raviv, M. 2010. Is organic horticulture sustainable? Chronica Hort. 50(2):7-14.Reganold, J.P., Glover, J.D., Andrews, P.K. and Hinman, H.R. 2001. Sustainability

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Seavert, C., McReynolds, R., Bubl, C., Andrews, N. and Freeborn, J. 2007b.Enterprise Budget: Leaf lettuce, conventional, fresh market, Willamette ValleyRegion. EM8932, Oregon State University Extension, Corvallis, OR. 4p.http://arec.oregonstate.edu/oaeb/files/pdf/EM8932.pdf.

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Vallada, D. 2009. Brazil accelerates cultivation of organic products in the Amazonregion. FoodBizDaily.com, Miami, FL, 30 Nov. 2009.

Vasquez, S.J., Fidelibus, M.W., Christensen, L.P., Peacock, W.L., Klonsky, K.M. andDeMoura, R.L. 2006. 2006 sample costs to produce grapes for raisins (SanJoaquin Valley). Univ. Calif. Coop. Extension GR-SJ-06-3, Davis, CA. 19p.

Vasquez, S.J., Hashim-Buckey, J., Fidelibus, M.W., Christensen, L.P., Peacock,W.L., Klonsky, K.M. and DeMoura, R.L. 2008. 2008 sample costs to producegrapes for organic raisins (San Joaquin Valley south). Univ. Calif. Coop.Extension GR-VS-08-O, Davis, CA. 19p.

Washington State Dept. Agriculture (WSDA). 2008. Unpublished data.Weibel, F. 2002. Organic fruit production in Europe. Compact Fruit Tree 35(3):77-

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Willer, H. 2010. Organic agriculture world-wide. Current statistics. p.27-51. In: H.Willer and L. Kilcher (eds.), The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics andEmerging Trends 2010. FiBL, Frick and IFOAM, Bonn.

Willer, H. and Kilcher, L. (eds.). 2010. The World of Organic Agriculture. Statisticsand Emerging Trends 2010. FiBL, Frick and IFOAM, Bonn. More information atwww.organic-world.net.

Xu, F. 2008. China, Peoples Republic of. Organic Products, ShanghaiOrganic Retail Market Profile, 2008. GAIN Report No. CH8821. USDAForeign Agricultural Service. http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200902/146327266.pdf.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

FiBL and IFOAM gratefully acknowledge the sup-port of the International Trade Centre (ITC) andthe Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairsfor the annual collection of the data on orga-nic agriculture world-wide as well as for theirsupport for the development of several toolsrelated to data collection and processing (data-base construction, online questionnaire, plausi-bility check facility). Funds from a USDAspecial grant for Organic Farming Research hel-ped support the Washington State Universitywork. The authors thank the many certifiersand statistical services who provided the dataupon which this project is based.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

David Granatstein

Mr. David Granatstein is Sustainable AgricultureSpecialist with the Center for SustainingAgriculture and Natural Resources, WashingtonState University, Wenatchee, WA, USA. He con-ducts extension and research programs on a diver-sity of topics, including organic agriculture, ecola-beling, orchard floor management, and agricultu-re and climate change. Email: [email protected]

Ms. Elizabeth Kirby is a Research Associate with the

Elizabeth Kirby

Center for SustainingAgriculture and NaturalResources, WashingtonState University, Wenat-chee, WA, USA where shedevelops organic farmingprofiles for the PacificNorthwest and internatio-nal organic horticulture.Privately, she also con-

ducts third party audits for eco-label certification.Email: [email protected]

Dr. Helga Willer is with the Research Institute ofOrganic Agriculture (FiBL) in Frick, Switzerland,where she works in the CommunicationDepartment. Since 2000 she has been editor ofthe yearbook The World of Organic Agricultureand annually compiles the data on organic agri-culture world-wide. Email: [email protected]

Helga Willer

Preliminary planning is underway, pending finalagreement with ISHS, to host the 2ndInternational Organic Fruit Conference duringsummer 2012 in Washington State, USA.Contact David Granatstein for more informa-tion or to be put on the mailing list([email protected]).

As data are frequently updated, please check athttp://www.organic-world.net/statistics-horticul-ture.html for any revisions to the results present-ed here.


THE ASIAN VEGETABLEINDUSTRY

Traditional Asian vegetables in Australia includelotus root (Nelumbo nucifera), snake beans(Vigna unguiculate), kang kong (Ipomoeaaquatica), and buk (bok) choy (Brassica rapasubsp. chinensis). The definition of an “Asianvegetable” therefore implies that it is in someway “exotic”. Products that become common-place may therefore no longer be consideredAsian vegetables. ‘Bunching Onions’ or ‘GreenOnions’ (Allium fistulosum) are also often soldas ‘Shallots’ in Australia, even though they bearlittle resemblance to the small, brown bulbs ofAllium cepa var. aggregatum or Alliumoschaninii. The latter are sold as ‘FrenchShallots’ or ‘Eschallots’. Bunching Onions origi-nated in Asia and have made the transition to

Asian Vegetables in Australia

THE WORLD OF HORTICULTURE

Jenny Ekman

The discovery of gold in Australia in 1851, triggered the immigration of thousands of prospec-tors gripped with “gold fever” from Britain, Europe, America, and other parts of the world. Atleast 40,000 of these immigrants were Chinese, mostly from rural areas in Guangdong Provincein Southern China. Many brought vegetable seeds from home, which they grew wherever theycamped. As the frenzy of the gold rushes faded, some of the Chinese started businesses as mar-ket gardeners or became cooks on outback stations. The green vegetables grown by Chinesegardeners saved many outback settlers from scurvy during the early days, there being few othersources of Vitamin C available in remote areas. By the late 1800s, 75% of the vegetables con-sumed in Victoria and New South Wales were grown by Chinese farmers and they had replacedstorekeepers and grocers as the new merchant elite within the Chinese community. Althoughtheir main crops were vegetables familiar to Europeans, most would have cultivated their tradi-tional foods as well. The Chinese continued to dominate fruit and vegetable growing inAustralia until the 1930s and in some areas they still supply the local market. Asians now rep-resent a significant and dynamic part of the Australian population and Asian food is an impor-tant part of Australian cuisine.

an everyday food. These issues aside, value ofthe Asian vegetable industry is estimated tohave increased from $AUD50 million in1993/94 to 136 million in 2000/01, and worthat least 151 million in 2009/2010.

As the value of the industry increases, produc-tion methods change. Asian vegetable growersin Australia generally fall into one of two broadgroups: market gardeners or large scale produc-ers. While the majority of production is soilbased, there is an increasing move to hydropon-ics and protected cropping technology.

Market Gardeners

Market gardeners are often recent migrantswho speak English as a second language.Although their farms are less than 5 hectares,they usually produce a range of different veg-etables. There are more than 300 such Asianvegetable farms in the peri-urban area aroundSydney. Smaller clusters of market gardeners arealso found around Melbourne, Brisbane andDarwin.

Accurate production figures are hard to obtainas many small growers sell directly to localshops, markets and restaurants. Growers alsooften supply consolidators with larger whole-sale businesses, which operate through the cen-tral market system. In many cases farms are onlyleased so there is little incentive to invest in newtechnologies or infrastructure. Combined withlow availability of capital, this means that grow-ing practices tend to be simple and non-mech-anised, with the extended family providingmuch of the labor. Seedlings are often pro-

duced on site and may be grown using savedseed or cuttings – especially for niche productssuch as long leafed coriander (Eryngiumfoetidum) and Vietnamese balm (Elsholtzia cilia-ta). The seedlings are planted out by hand inmounded beds watered by overhead irrigation.Sometimes simple plastic tunnel houses or rain-shelters are used to improve growth and protectthe crop.

The vegetables are harvested by hand and soil isremoved by simply dipping into a tank of wateror rinsing with a pressure hose. No otherpostharvest treatments are used. The harvestedportions are packed into waxed cardboard car-tons or plastic crates. Although the vegetables

Chinese fruit and vegetable hawker, circa.1895. Photograph from the National Libraryof Australia. Vegetables appear to includecarrots, turnips, beans and cauliflowers.

Hydroponic production of fu qua (bittermelon) in the Sydney Basin. The plants aregrown over a trellis, making the fruit easyto harvest.

ISHS • 40

are not usually cooled by using forced air sys-tems, they may be placed in a small cool roomfor up to 24 hours to allow consolidation beforedespatch. In general, these growers rely onspeed rather than temperature control to gettheir products to market in good condition.

By keeping outlays low, market gardeners haveoften weathered the storms of market fluctua-tions more easily than larger farms with largerdebts. Nonetheless, they are now under threatfrom many sources. Urban encroachment intoarable land is a major issue, especially as itencourages land speculation. Where farmland isnot-rezoned for housing, new suburban neigh-bours can be unsympathetic to chemical sprays,plastic tunnels (considered unattractive), ornoisy machinery.

Increasing regulations relating to food safety,environmental impacts and land use patternsalso create challenges for small businesses.Access to water is increasingly restricted andcan be a significant production cost for growerslimited to town water supplies. In some areasnitrate pollution of ground water and salinityare also serious problems. Farming is hard workwith long hours and many growers hope thattheir children will go to University rather thanstaying on the land. With an average growerage over 50, market gardening is in decline.

Large Scale Producers

Many retailers and wholesalers consider largescale production to be the way forward for theAsian vegetable industry in Australia. Largescale producers have the capacity to invest intechnology and infrastructure to improve effi-ciency. These farms cover up to 50 ha and arecapital rather than labor intensive. Seedlings areusually supplied by specialised nurseries andplanted mechanically. Entomologists may beemployed to assess and control pests, probesare used to monitor soil moisture, and leafanalysis is used to verify nutritional status.Trained staff implement the quality assuranceprograms demanded by some customers.

Postharvest handling is also more sophisticatedthan methods used by market gardeners. Afterharvest, vegetables are vacuum or forced aircooled. Different lines may be trimmed andbunched or flow wrapped before cartonising.Some producers also process the vegetablesinto fresh cut stir fry mixes or ready to eat sal-ads. Cool rooms are often large and may behumidified, with the capacity to store productas required. Most businesses have their ownrefrigerated trucks to ensure that the cold chainis maintained.

Large scale producers tend to grow only a fewof the most popular Asian vegetable productlines along with traditional vegetables such ascelery or lettuce. Products are sold througheither the central market system or, in the caseof larger producers, directly to one of the super-market chains.

Hydroponics and Protected Cropping

In recent years water availability has becomeone of the biggest issues facing Australian veg-etable growers. Hydroponic production of Asianvegetables can use as little as 1% of the waterused to grow the same vegetables in soil.Hydroponics also minimises land requirementsand improves efficiency of fertiliser use.

Many Asian vegetable lines are well suited tohydroponic production. Cucurbits such as fuqua (Momordica charantia) and sin qua (Luffaacutangulata) can be grown in bags of an inertmedium such as coconut coir or compostedpine-bark. The bags are placed on the groundand supplied with nutrient solution throughdrippers. Such systems operate as run-to-waste,with small amounts of runoff that can potential-ly be captured and recycled. Artificial wetlandsare sometimes used to remove excess nutrientfrom such waste water. The plants themselvesare trained over a simple trellis to facilitate har-vest.

Leafy vegetables are more commonly grownusing nutrient film technology (NFT) systems.

Rock wool or potting mix plugs, each with sev-eral small seedlings, are placed through holesinto sloping channels carrying a recirculatingfilm of nutrient solution. Keeping the nutrientfilm shallow maintains its oxygen content, help-ing ensure that the plant roots do not becomeanaerobic. For both NFT and medium systems,nutrient solution electrical conductivity (EC) andpH are managed according to crop require-ments and weather conditions.

Many Asian vegetable growers (market garden-ers and large scale producers) are starting toswitch to hydroponic production of variousAsian vegetables. For leafy vegetables, one ofthe major benefits is that plants do not need tobe washed at harvest. Hydroponic leafy vegeta-bles tend to have reduced incidence of posthar-vest rots and leaf diseases compared to thesame products grown in soil, extending theirshelf life. For example, the shelf life of hydro-ponically grown buk choy and gai lan (Brassicaoleracea var. alboglabra) can be twice that ofthe same products grown in soil.

Some hydroponic growers are now starting touse covers. Netting the top and sides of thecrop can protect it from hail, strong winds and

Market gardener production of Tung Ho (Chrysanthemum coronarium) (A) and Gai Lan (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) (B).

A B

Production of Mizuna (Brassica rapa subsp.nipposinica) for incorporation into fresh cutsalad mixes.


sunburn damage, reduce the chance of frostand restrict movement of pests. Although cost-ly, hail netting can help produce plants of excel-lent quality more reliably than is possible in anopen environment.

Production of Gow Gee (Lycium barbarum)in a plastic tunnel house (A), Run-to-wastehydroponic production of Fu Qua (B) andNFT production of Pak Choy (C) andCoriander (D) under hail netting.

PRODUCTION AREAS

Asian vegetable production in Australia tends tocluster around the major cities of Sydney,Melbourne, and Brisbane with lower volumesproduced close to Darwin, north of Adelaideand Hobart in Tasmania. Approximately half ofall the Asian vegetables grown in Australia,worth at least $72 million, still come from theSydney Region. Most are grown in the peri-urban areas to the west, southwest and,increasingly, the coastal area just north of thecity. Production around Sydney is dominated bygrowers with an average farm size of only 2 ha.Approximately half are of ethnic Chinese back-ground, mostly Cantonese speakers fromSouthern China. There are also significant num-bers of growers with Vietnamese, Cambodianor Korean backgrounds. A diverse range ofcrops are grown, from common vegetables toniche products and unusual gourds and herbsthat may have been family favourites from yearsbefore. Leafy greens and herbs are grown yearround with beans and cucurbits produced dur-ing the warmer months of November to March.

While some clusters of market gardenersremain around Melbourne (mostly ofVietnamese origin), most production is by largescale vegetable farmers who have lived inAustralia for several generations. Summer pro-duction is expanding as growers of traditionalvegetables convert to leafy Asian greens. Themost commonly grown products include wom-bok also known as Chinese cabbage (Brassicarapa subsp. pekinensis), pak choy (Brassica rapasubsp. chinensis) and buk choy.

The production area close to Darwin providesanother contrast. The Northern Territory indus-try has expanded from 30 growers producing$2.5 million farm gate value in 1995 to over 60growers producing $12 million farm gate valuein 2005. Production is mainly during winter, thedry season in the tropical north. While theregion grows over 20 vegetable lines, produc-tion is focussed on fu qua (41%) and okra(23%) with smaller amounts of snake bean(Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis), gourdssuch as chi qua (Benincasa hispida var. chieh-gua) and shui qua (Luffa cylindrica) and herbs.The main challenge for these producers is thelong transport time (about 10 days) to southernmarkets such as Sydney or Brisbane. Mostgrowers are small scale and lack sophisticatedcooling facilities, essential for extending storagelife. However, the rapid expansion of the indus-try has led to opportunities for some, who haveeffectively made the transition from market gar-deners to scale producers.

Queensland production has the widest geo-graphical spread. Small farms cluster in the peri-urban area around Brisbane with larger veg-etable farms to the west in the Lockyer Valleyand south west in Stanthorpe. There are alsopockets of production north along the coastand, most notably, the Atherton tablelands inthe far north.

Although South Australia has significant num-bers of growers with Vietnamese background,most grow conventional products such ascucumbers and tomatoes rather than Asianvegetables. The region produces only 3% ofAustralia’s total Asian vegetables. In contrast,Western Australian growers are mainly Anglo-Saxon backgrounds. In the 1990s the state wasa major exporter of wombok, burdock (Arctiumlappa) and white radish (Raphanus sativus) toSingapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. However,competition from China has severely reducedthese markets and the industry has declined asa result.

Tasmanian production is mainly focussed onleafy products for local consumption or saladmixes. However, there is potential to expand theburgeoning industry of wasabi (Wasabia japon-ica). Wasabi is suited to the cool, wet climate ofTasmania and was initially grown traditionally ingravel beds with flowing water. However, platy-pus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), the Australiansemi-aquatic egg laying mammal, proved to bean unexpected pest, uprooting young wasabiplants through their habit of foraging for foodon the bottom of streams. New wasabi plant-ings are growing in soil or exploring the use ofhydroponics and greenhouse technologies.

Darwin

Brisbane, Gatton & Stanthorpe

Sydney &Gosford

Melbourne & Geelong

Adelaide plains

Perth

Atherton

Hobart

Main locations of Asian vegetable pro-duction in Australia.

Asian vegetable growers in the SydneyRegion by ethnic background.

A

B

C

D

ISHS • 42

Hydroponic production of wasabi(Wasabia japonica).

Buk choy Choy sum Wombok Pak choy Gai lan(Brassica rapa (Brassica rapa (Brassica rapa (Brassica rapa (Brassica oleraceasubsp. chinensis) subsp. parachinensis) subsp. pekinensis) subsp. chinensis) var. alboglabra)

Gai choy En choy Kang kong Chi qua Fu qua White radish(Brassica juncea) (Amaranthus (Ipomoea (Benincasa (Momordica (Raphanus

tricolor) aquatica) hispida var. charantia) sativus)chieh-gua)

Standardised names of some Asian vegetables commonly available in Australia.

MARKETING

Much of the growth in the domestic market forAsian vegetables has been driven by increases inthe number of Australians with Asian ancestry,a market that has doubled since 1996.Vegetables are an extremely important freshfood for many people of Asian origin, who arelikely to shop at least twice as many times aweek as the average Anglo-Saxon consumer.

Food choices of Anglo-Saxon Australians havewidened greatly from the traditional “meat and3 vegetables” of the 1970s. Most have somefamiliarity with Chinese, Japanese, Vietnameseand Thai cuisine. However, although such foodsare commonly eaten at restaurants, they are farless likely to be cooked at home. Asian vegeta-bles still represent only 4% of all vegetable sales

by value, even though they are often cheaperthan similar, European vegetables. Two of themain reasons for this are name confusion andculinary use.

Confusion regarding the names of Asian veg-etables has long been a barrier to industryexpansion. For example “Buk Choy” (Brassicarapa subsp. chinensis) may be spelled Bok, Pak,Baak, Buc + Choy, Tsoi or Choi in any combina-tion. It is also sometimes called Chinese cab-bage, as is wombok. For a product such asIpomoea aquatica an even wider range ofnames is used including kang kong, rau muong,phak bung, en choy, hung choy or anglicised aswater spinach. A recent project in Australiasought to implement a naming system for Asianvegetables and was agreed to by growergroups, wholesalers, and Australia’s two major

supermarket chains representing approx 60%of retail sales of vegetables. Most names arebased on Cantonese pronunciations, the lan-guage used by most of the growers in the past.

Surveys have shown that an Anglo-SaxonAustralian who regularly buys Asian vegetablesis most likely to be an educated, professionallyemployed city-dweller on an above averageincome. They will generally purchase one ormore vegetables every two weeks and occasion-ally more frequently. Even those consumers whodo not usually purchase Asian vegetables haveseen them in retail stores. Asian vegetables havea strong positive image as healthy, fresh, cheapand locally grown. However, the majority ofconsumers also see them as being “for otherpeople, not for me”. When surveyed, con-sumers often express lack of confidence about

Promotion of Asian vegetables through an in-store taste testing (A) and provision of matching recipe cards (B).

A B


Dr. Jenny Ekman joined NSW Agriculture in2002 following a Post-doctorate in thePomology Department at the University ofCalifornia, Davis. As a postharvest physiologistspecialised in market access, she is passionateabout improving all parts of the horticulturalsupply chain, from paddock to purchaseand finally the consumer’s plate. Jenny is partof the market access / postharvest team basedat Narara, NSW.Email: [email protected]

how to prepare and cook the products or worrythat their partner or children won’t like them.Nearly one third of surveyed consumers whohad never bought Asian vegetables said thiswas because they had just never thought to doso.

Australians generally do not eat enough vegeta-bles. The 2007-2008 National Health Surveyfound that only 10% of women and 7% ofmen eat the five daily serves of vegetables rec-ommended by the National Health and MedicalResearch Council. The survey also found that62% of Australian adults are overweight orobese, an increase of 5% since 1995. ManyAsian vegetables are easy to prepare, quick tocook, can be incorporated into a variety ofmeals and have good nutritional qualities.Promoting Asian vegetables through taste test-ing in stores and providing information at thepoint of sale (e.g. recipes, preparation instruc-tions, nutritional data) could overcome thesebarriers to purchase and help increase total veg-etable consumption. This could not only profitgrowers and retailers of these products, but alsohave significant benefits for the Australian pop-ulation in general.

Jenny Ekman

ABOUT THE AUTHORFURTHER READING

Australian Bureau of Statistics. www.abs.gov.auEkman, J.H. 2008. Improving market access for

Asian vegetables. RIRDC Publication No.08/144.

Hassall & Associates. 2003. Asian vegetableindustry; a situation assessment. RIRDCPublication No. 02/168.

Koster, E.P. 2003. The psychology of food choice:some often encountered fallacies. Food Qualityand Preference 14:359-373.

Larkcom, J. 1991. Oriental Vegetables: The com-plete guide for garden and kitchen. KodanshaInternational Ltd. Great Britain. 232p.

Lee, B. 2007. ‘Winter’ Asian vegetables from thetop end – supply chain guidelines. RIRDCPublication no. 07/109.

Produce Marketing Association. 2005. The freshimperative: Creating excellence in Asian foodretailing. www.pma.com/factsheets/

Sparrow, A. 2009. Increasing the production ofAustralian wasabi. RIRDC Publication No.09/007.

Woodward, P. 2000. Asian Herbs and Vegetables.Hyland House publishing Australia. 146p.

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

India, situated north of the equator between 8°4’ and 37° latitude and 68° 7’ and 97° 25’ lon-gitude, is bounded on the southwest by theArabian Sea and on the southeast by the Bay ofBengal. To the north and northeast lies themighty Himalayan range. To the west liesPakistan and to the east, Bangladesh andMyanmar. In the north, China (Tibet), Nepal andBhutan share the international boundary withIndia. To the south Sri Lanka shares the mar-itime boundary and is separated from India by anarrow channel of the Bay of Bengal formed bythe Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar (Fig. 1).India is one of the largest countries of the worldand covers an area of about 3,287,263 km2.It measures 3,214 km from north to southand 2,933 km from east to west and has a

Temperate Tree Fruits and Nuts in IndiaM.K. Verma, N. Ahmad, A.K. Singh and O.P. Awasthi

In 2009, the temperate tree fruit and nut crops of India were grown over an area of 480 thou-sand hectares with a production of 2471 thousand tonnes (t) and average productivity of 5.14t/ha (Indian Horticulture Database, 2010). Over the last 50 years, there has been a gradualincrease in area, production, and productivity but most of the increase has come in area plant-ed. The major temperate fruits are apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, cherry, almond, and wal-nut. Restraints to temperate fruit production are both climatic and economic. Local breedingprograms are needed in India for all fruits.

land frontier of 15,200 km and a coastline of7,516 km. Only the mountain ranges ofHimalayas are temperate. Several sub-mountaintracts of varied lengths and heights supportdiverse flora and fauna.

There are three main climatic seasons in India:monsoons (June-September in the southwestand, October-November in the northeast), sum-mer (April-July), and winter (October-March).“Winter” prevails from October to March and ismarked by cool day and night, cloudy as well asclear skies, and occasional hot days. In thenorthern Himalayan areas, the temperature fallsby 0.6°C for every 100 m rise in altitude, whichcauses a variety of climates from nearly tropicalin the foothills to tundra type above the snowline. There is sharp contrast between tempera-tures of the sunny and shady slopes, and a high

diurnal range of temperature, temperatureinversion and rainfall variability based on alti-tude. Most of the rainfall is in the form of snowduring late winter and spring months. The area

Figure 1. Climatic regions in India.

ISHS • 44

State

Jammu and Kashmir

Himachal Pradesh

Uttarakhand

Arunachal Pradesh

Meghalaya

Manipur

Nagaland

Zones in the different growing states

Temperate: High hills with low wintertemperature and snowfall

Dry Temperate: High elevation, very cold,and little rainfall

Sub-temperate: High elevation, very coldand little rainfall

Cold and Dry: Dry Temperate

High hills and valleys in interior temperate

Mid-Hills: Sub-temperate

Dry Temperate

High-Hill Temperate

Mid-Hills: Sub-temperate

Temperate pockets in districts of Kameng,Siang, Trirap, and Lohit

Temperate pockets in districts of CentralPlateau-Khasi and Jaintia

Temperate pockets in districts of Sekmai,Maram, Tadubi, Mao, Ukhrul, and Tengnoupal

Temperate pockets in districts of Mokokchung,Wokha, Tuensang Kohima, and Phek

Average annualrainfall (mm)

600-1000

130-300

800-1000

240-400

900-1000

900-1000

240-400

900-1000

900-1000

2000-3000

2000-2500

1400-1600

2000-2500

Approximateelevation (m)

1200-2500

Above 3000

800-1200

2750-3650

1500-2750

900-1500

2750-3650

1500-2750

900-1000

900-4000

950-1900

900-2000

1000-3000

Suitable fruit & nut crops

Apple, pear, cherry, peach, plum,apricot, almond, walnut

Apricot, pear, apple, prune, walnut,grape

Apricot, peach, plum, pear, almond,walnut

Apple, apricot, cherry, chilgoza,pistachio nut, walnut, hazelnut, almond, grape, prune

Apple, pear, cherry, almond, walnut, chestnut, hazelnut, strawberry

Peach, plum, apricot, almond,persimmon, pear, pomegranate,pecan nut, walnut, kiwi fruit,strawberry

Apple, apricot, cherry, chilgoza,pistachio nut, walnut, hazelnut,almond, grape, prune

Apple, pear, cherry, almond, walnut,chestnuts, hazelnuts, strawberry

Peach, plum, apricot, almond,persimmon, pear, pomegranate,pecan nut, walnut, kiwi fruit,strawberry

Apple, peach, plum, pear, apricot,walnut, chestnut, cherry

Plum, pear, peach, apricot, persimmon

Peach, plum, pear, apricot, persimmon

Peach, plum, pear, apricot, persimmon

Table 1. Suitable areas for temperate fruit and nut crop production in India.

to the south of the great Himalayan range isprotected from cold winds coming from theinterior of Asia during winter. The leeward sideof the mountains receives less rain while thewell exposed slopes get heavy rainfall. Theplaces situated between 1070 and 2290 m alti-tude receive the heaviest rainfall and the rainfalldecreases rapidly above 2290 m. The Himalayanrange has heavy snowfall during the wintermonths, particularly from December toFebruary, at altitudes above 1500 m with a highdiurnal range of temperature.

The temperate climatic zone area is found in thestates of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,Uttarakhand, and parts of Arunachal Pradesh,Meghalaya, Manipur, Sikkim and Nagaland.Because of an ideal climate this region offerstremendous opportunity for production of highquality temperate pome fruits (apple and pear),

stone fruits (peach, plum, apricot, and cherry),and nuts (walnut, almond, chestnut, pecan nut,and hazelnut) (Table 1).

The temperate climate in India differs fromEurope, North Asia, USA, and Canada wherethe availability of sufficient chilling, adequate

Topography of hill horticulture.


sunshine, and appropriate daylength areresponsible for high quality fruit production.The climatic features of the temperate zones ofIndia are characterized by abundant rains dur-ing monsoon (June to September), foggyweather with low sunlight intensity during theday, and temperatures less than 30°C duringthe peak summers especially in HimachalPradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu Province andparts of the Northeastern states. However, aslightly more suitable area, which has similar cli-matic conditions as in some European countries,is found in the Kashmir valley in Jammu &Kashmir and the Kinnour valley in HimachalPradesh, which produces the best quality tem-perate fruit and nut crops in terms of yield andquality.

About 80% of the temperate region in India israinfed. In most of the areas, the bulk of theprecipitation takes place during three or fourmonths (mostly in the monsoon period fromJune-September). However, the Kashmir valleyis devoid of monsoon rains (June-September)and March-April is the rainy season, but precip-itation is received during winter in the form ofsnow. The remaining periods are more or lesscompletely dry and trees can suffer from seriousmoisture stress, a major factor for low produc-tivity. Because rainfall occurs within a short peri-od, and the terrain is hilly, there are specialproblems. Rain water travels down the hillslopes at high velocity, eroding the soil, makinggullies, with little chance of being absorbed.The result is floods during the rainy season anddrought or moisture stress in the dry season.

In mountainous tracts, soils (cultivable area anddepth) are less compared to the plain area.Relatively flat areas occur in small valleys, riverbanks, and ridge tops. In most areas, entire hill-sides are dotted with villages set amidst ter-raced fields. The soil profile, depth, and charac-teristics change according to slope gradient;many soils in levelled areas have poor drainage.

HISTORY

Temperate fruits in India have a complex, littleunderstood history. Literary records suggesttemperate fruits in Rajtarangni during the reignof King Nara (2000 BCE). The Indian scriptures,Charaka Samhita and Susruta Sumhita (680 BCE)mention walnut, almond, and pistachio.

The Kashmir valley in the Himalayas has a longhistory of pome, stone, and nut fruits. Someareas in the Kashmir valley are still popularlyknown as Chaere-van (apricot forest), Chunt-var (apple yard), Tangdar (pear fields), and AlkhiBag (sour cherry). Some of these fruits appearto be introductions while others like walnut andMalus baccata apple are indigenous. HiuenTsang (629-645 CE) mentioned cultivation ofpear, plum, peach, and apricot around the vicin-ity of Kashmir. The Shamir, rulers of the 15thcentury laid out gardens and orchards inKashmir valley of Jammu and Kashmir. SultanZain-ul-Abidin “Budshah” (1420-1470) import-ed many fruits from Central Asia along with theart of grafting. In the Mughal period (16th cen-tury), the Ain-i-Akbari mentions the ‘Ambri’apple of Kashmir, which might have been intro-duced from Uzbekistan. Almond was probablyintroduced to Kashmir during the 16th centuryby Persian settlers.

Europeans introduced apples in the Nilgris,Tamil Nadu, through the botanical garden inOotacamund in the 1850s. The British were pio-neers in the establishment of apple industry inNainital district, Uttarakhand. In GarhwalDivision, apple was first introduced by Mr. F.E.Wilson in 1859 in the Harsil area of Uttarkashi.Apple was introduced in Kumaon hills atChaubattia, Uttarakhand in the later half of the19th century with the first apple orchard estab-lished in the Ramgarh area of Nainital.

Apple cultivation was reported by Mr. Duke in1876 in Jammu and Kashmir. The most com-monly produced apple cultivars were ‘Ambri

Tsunt’, ‘Ser Trel’, ‘Nabid-Trel’, ‘Ts’sk Tsunt’,‘Tetshukur’, and ‘Ballpru’. M. Ermens, formerlyHead Gardener of Public Works in Paris, cameto Kashmir in 1865, made a thorough investiga-tion of the soils, climate, rainfall, and other con-ditions, and introduced and planted the applecultivars in Chasm-e-Shahi, Srinagar, Jammu &Kashmir in 1875. Sir Edward-Buck, realizing thepotential and scope for producing Europeanfruits, submitted a scheme for improvement offruit culture in Kashmir to the Government ofIndia in 1889. Later on, Mr. Gollan, a Frenchgardener, came to Kashmir, collected 25,000wild apple rootstocks, and established a nurseryfor grafting; plants were subsequently distrib-uted to the state orchardists.

The credit for commercial plantation of applegoes to Christian missionaries and British Armyofficers who settled in Western Himalayas fortea cultivation. Captain R.C. Lee, a retired Britishsoldier, planted the first apple garden atBandrole in the Kullu valley in 1870. A numberof apple cultivars were introduced by AlexanderCoutts in his orchard called “Hillock Head” atMashobra (presently Regional HorticulturalResearch Station, Mashobra) in 1887.Commercial apple production was given animpetus by Satya Nand (Samual Nicholas)Stokes, a resident of Philadelphia, USA, whoimported ‘Delicious’ apple along with Americantechnology in the first quarter of the 20th cen-tury and planted it at Kotgarh in Shimla Hills.This cultivar flourished in the bright sunshineand warm summers of the North Indian Hills andmuch of ‘Delicious’ apples in India today derivefrom plants imported by Stokes. Cultivars suchas ‘Topred’, ‘Vance Delicious’, ‘Hardiman’, andSpur types, such as ‘Red Spur’, ‘Golden Spur’,‘Red Chief’, ‘Oregon Spur’, ‘Starkrimson’, ‘SilverSpur’, were introduced between 1950-1985.

POME FRUITS

Apple

Apples are produced on 274 thousand ha, withannual production of 1.9 million t, but produc-tivity (7.2 t/ha) is low compared to the worldaverage (14.0 t/ha). Most cultivars now grownwere introduced from Europe, USA, Canadaand Australia and ‘Delicious’ strains contributenearly 80% of total production. There are stillsmall areas under less known cultivars such as‘Irish Peach’, ‘Benoni’, ‘Mother’, ‘Jonathan’,‘Rome Beauty’, ‘King of Pippin’, ‘Apirouge’,‘Kerry Pippin’, ‘Chamure’, ‘Baldwin’, ‘YellowNewton’, and ‘Versified’. Recent introductionsfocused on spur-type, highly colored, high-yielding cultivars and strains with better quality.A few were found promising in terms of yieldand quality traits including ‘Red Chief’, ‘OregonSpur’, ‘Top Red’, ‘Rich-a-Red’, ‘Gala’, ‘Fuji’,‘Silver Spur’, ‘Gold Spur’, ‘Lal Ambri’, and‘Sunheri’ and were recommended for intensiveorcharding on dwarfing clonal rootstocks(MM.106, MM.111 and M.9) with drip irriga-tion. However, almost all the cultivars originat-

Topography in Kashmir valley.

ISHS • 46

ed from cold temperate countries, and there-fore many of them are not well adapted to theNorth-western Himalayan climatic conditions,showing a lack of color, appropriate shape, andfirmness with sensitivity to sunburn. One of themain climatic limitations for optimum fruit colordevelopment compared to cold areas and/ormountain areas is low day-night temperaturefluctuations. There are five scion breeding pro-

grams aiming for fruit yield, quality and scabresistance: (1) Central Institute of TemperateHorticulture (CITH), Srinagar; (2) Sher-e-KashmirUniversity of Agricultural Science & Technology(SKUAST-K), Shalimar-Srinagar; (3) Dr YS ParmarUniversity of Horticultural Science & Forestry(YSPUHF), Nouni-Solan; (4) HorticulturalExperimental & Training Centre (HETC),Chaubattia-Ranikhet; and (5) Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University, Coimbatore. They havereleased a number of more adapted cultivarssuch as ‘Lal Ambri’, ‘Sunheri’, ‘Firdous’,‘Shireen’, ‘Akbar’, ‘Amred’, ‘Ambroyal’,‘Ambrich’, ‘Ambstarking’, ‘ChaubattiaPrincess’, ‘Chaubattia Anupam’, ‘ChaubattiaAgrim’, and ‘KKL 1’.

Pear

Pears are grown in almost all the parts of tem-perate zone due to availability of low and highchill cultivars. Pears are produced on 33 thou-sand ha with annual production of 183 thou-sand t with an average productivity of nearly 6.0t/ha. The introduction of pear cultivars startedduring the 16th century and continues with cul-tivars from Europe, USA, Japan, China andAustralia. European pears are adapted wherechilling hours are sufficient and summers haveclear sunny days. Asian pears are grown in highhills to mid-hills and some cultivars such as‘Patharnakh’ are grown in the sub-tropical plainsof Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamilnaduand North-Eastern States. Old Asian cultivars(‘Baghugosha’, ‘Kieffer’, ‘Chinese Sand Pear’,and ‘Patharnakh’) contribute up to 80% of the

Modern apple cultivars: A. Oregon Spur, B. Red Chief, C. Gala Mast.

A B C

Grading of apples at farmer’s field.

Modern high density apple orchards.

‘Kashmiri Nakh’ - a high quality famouspear cultivar of Kashmir.

Packaging of pears in wooden boxes forlong distance transport.


A B C

Newly released apricot cultivars: A. CITH Apricot-I, B. CITH Apricot-II, C. CITH Apricot-III.

annual production (nearly 66 thousand t).Recently ‘Bartlett’, ‘Red Bartlett’, ‘Max RedBartlett’, ‘Flemish Beauty’, ‘Starkrimson’,‘Clapp’s Favorite’, and ‘Leconte’ are found to besuitable under areas receiving sufficient chillinghours with clear sunny summers. There has beenlittle research effort in pear. Some low chillingcultivars developed by GBPUAT (Govind BallabhPant University of Agriculture and Technology),Pantnagar, and Punjab Agricultural University,Ludhiana include ‘Pant Pear 3, 17, 18’, ‘PunjabNector’, ‘Punjab Gold’, and ‘Punjab Soft’.

STONE FRUITS

Peach

Peach, the main fruit crop of the mid-hills, wasproduced on 13.4 thousand ha with annual pro-duction of 45.8 thousand t. Productivity is verylow (3.4 t/ha) as compared to the world average(11.2 t/ha) and up to 50 t/ha in some countries.This is mainly due to lack of high yielding culti-vars suitable for varied altitude ranges of humid-temperate mountainous agro-ecosystems. Thelack of suitable soils, irrigation facilities, and fre-quent occurrence of drought during fruit devel-opment stage adversely affects yield. TheRamgarh area of Nainital and Rajgarh area ofHimachal Pradesh produce good quality peach-es. Major cultivars are ‘World’s Earliest’, ‘JulyElberta’, ‘Crawford Early’, ‘J.H. Hale’, ‘Florda-sun’, ‘Shan-e-Punjab’, ‘Saharanpur Prabhat’,‘Peshawari’, and ‘Quetta’. In India, breeding fordevelopment of sub-tropical cultivars was initiat-ed by Punjab Agricultural University andResearch Station, Saharanpur (UP) and releasesinclude ‘Shan-e-Punjab’, ‘Partap’, and‘Saharanpur Prabhat’. ‘Pant Peach 1’, a low chill-ing semi-cling stone fruit was developed byGBPUAT, Pantnagar. ‘Paradelux’ is a local clonalselection that is suitable to mild temperate cli-matic areas and bears heavy yields, with large,

attractive fruits with good flavor. The NationalBureau for Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhiprovides logistic support to CITH, Srinagar,YSPUHF, Solan, and other research institutes forcultivar introductions such as ‘Cresthaven’,‘Glohaven’, and ‘Red Globe’ peach and‘Fantasia’ and ‘Snow Queen’ nectarine.

PlumThe total plum area under cultivation is 21thousand ha and produces 56.6 thousand tannually with low productivity (2.68 t/ha) ascompared to world average (4.15 t/ha). Old cul-tivars predominate such as ‘Santa Rosa’,‘Sharp’s Early’, ‘Formosa’, ‘Wickson’, ‘Satsuma’,‘Burbank’, and ‘Green Gauge’. Recent introduc-tions of plum (‘President’) and prune (‘Duarte’,‘Grand Duke’, and ‘Early Italian’) are promisingand farmers are enthusiastic. Unfortunatelyplum breeding has not received much attentionin India. Two cultivars ‘Pant Plum 1’ and ‘Fla 12’were released by GBPUAT, Pantnagar for sub-tropical areas.

ApricotThe highly perishable apricot is only beinggrown on a commercial scale in Ladakhprovince of Jammu & Kashmir, but small areasare scattered, there and in Himachal Pradeshand Uttarakhand. The total area under cultiva-tion is 17.1 thousand ha, and produces 51.8thousand t. Productivity is low (3.0 t/ha) as com-pared to world average (7.0 t/ha) due to thelack of suitable cultivars for India. ‘Ladakh’ apri-cot is mainly utilized for drying. The major culti-vars are ‘Halman’, ‘Suka’, ‘Rakshey Karpo’,‘Tokpopa’, and ‘Khalman’. Jammu & Kashmir,Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand produceapricot for fresh consumption from traditionalcultivars such as ‘Moorpark’, ‘Charmagz’,‘Kaisa’, ‘Frogmore Early’, ‘Gilgiti Sweet’,‘Amba’, and ‘Quetta’ but these have poor shelf

life. Various breeding programs were initiatedand newly released cultivars include ‘CITHApricot-I, II, III’, ‘Chaubattia Madhu’,‘Chaubattia Kesri’, and ‘Chaubattia Alankar’;new introductions include ‘Rival’, ‘Tilton’ and,‘Chinese’.

Sweet CherrySweet cherry is still growing in the selectedpockets of Kashmir valley and few areas ofHimachal Pradesh due to its requirements forhigh chilling and clear sunny days. It is grownon 2.8 thousand ha and produces 8.5 thousandt annually, with low productivity (3.0 t/ha) ascompared to world average (4.8 t/ha). The cul-tivation is concentrated in four districts of theKashmir valley with traditional European culti-vars: ‘Misri’ (‘Bigarreau Noir Grossa’), ‘AwalNumber’ (‘Guigne Pourpera Pecoce’), ‘Double’(‘Bigarreau Napolean’), ‘Siyah Gole’ (‘BlackHeart’), ‘Tontal’ (‘Guigne Noir Grossa Lucenta’)and ‘Makhmali’ (‘Guigne Noir Hative’). Cultivarssuch as ‘Stella’, ‘Bing’, ‘Van’, and ‘CompactStella’ are promising, but there is a need to startbreeding programs.

NUT CROPSWalnut

Walnut is the major temperate nut crop grownin India. Production has increased almost 10-fold (125 thousand t) during the last 45 yearsand is now grown on 101 thousand ha. This isthe only temperate nut crop exported in largequantity. Kashmir walnuts are popular withinand outside the country because of its superiorquality. The nuts are classified as paper shell(Kagzi) and thin shell (Burzil). The kernels are ofsuperb quality range from extra light to light incolor. The entire cultivation is based on seedlingtrees. In the last two decades there has beensome progress on clonal selections. The CITHreleased five cultivars (‘CITH I to V’) with aver-age kernel weight of 10-12 g. SKUAST-Kreleased ‘Suleiman’ and ‘Hamdan’; YSPUHF-Solan released ‘Govind’ and ‘Partap’.

Almond

Almond is the second most important temper-ate nut crop and is confined to the Kashmir val-ley. The total area under almond cultivation is21.3 thousand ha, which produces 15.6 thou-

A B C D

Promising sweet cherry cultivars: A. Double, B. Misri, C. Bing, D. Stella.

ISHS • 48

A B C

A B C D E

Newly released walnut cultivars: A. CITH Walnut-I, B. CITH Walnut-II, C. CITH Walnut-III, D. CITH Walnut-IV, E. CITH Walnut-V.

Indigenous almond cultivars: A. Shalimar, B. Makhdoom, C. Waris.

sand t annually but productivity is very low(0.73 t/ha) as compared to USA (2.99 t/ha) andworld average (1.13 t/ha). Most plantings areseedlings and are produced on rainfed, infertileKarewa lands. Green almonds are also grown inmid-hills to plains in Himachal Pradesh,Uttarakhand, Jammu, and Punjab. It is believedthat almonds were introduced from Persia byMughal rulers for cultivation in Kashmir valley.Recent introductions include ‘Non-Pareil’, ‘IXL’,‘Merced’, ‘California Paper Shell’, ‘Chelistan’,‘Pranyaj’, and ‘Primorskij’. ‘Non-Pareil’ is per-forming better under Kashmir conditions but ismildly sensitive to spring frost. SKUAST-K devel-oped four cultivars, mostly clonal selections(‘Shalimar’, ‘Makhdoom’, ‘Waris’, and ‘Parbat’)that have slight tolerance against spring frost;under close spacing and drip irrigation yields of6-year- old plants have been 3 t/ha. A breedingprogram has been established.

Grape

Scant information is available on grape cultiva-tion in temperate climate in India. However, it is

worth to mention that grapes did not receivemuch attention of growers in these areas due tounknown reasons. But its cultivation is increas-ing very fast in tropical and sub-tropical areas,where productivity is recorded at the highest inworld. Farmers are getting good returns due toscientific adoption of packages and practices.

THE FUTURE OF TEMPERATEFRUITS IN INDIA

Temperate fruits contribute significantly to thehorticultural economy of India. Apple produc-tion dominates the scene and systematic culti-vation and marketing of apple can change therural economy in the hills of North-WesternIndia. New vision and concerted efforts arerequired for change in cultivar mix and supply ofquality planting material from elite clones onindexed clonal rootstocks. High density plant-ing, water management including micro-irriga-tion, integrated plant nutrient managementand IPM strategies for plant protection are someof the areas that need greater R&D focus.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

M.K. Verma N. Ahmad

A.K. Singh O.P. Awasthi

Dr. M.K. Verma is Senior Scientist (Horticulture-Pomology) of the Division of Fruits andHorticultural Technology, Indian AgriculturalResearch Institute, New Delhi-110012, India. Hehas worked for twelve years on improvementand production technology of temperate fruitand nut crops in India at the Central Institute ofTemperate Horticulture, Srinagar, Jammu &Kashmir, India. Email: [email protected]

Prof. N. Ahmad is Director of the Central Instituteof Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, Jammu &Kashmir, India. He is distinguished Fellow ofHorticulture Society of India. Email: [email protected]

Dr. A.K. Singh is Head and Principal Scientist of theDivision of Fruits and Horticultural Technology,Indian Agricultural Research Institute, NewDelhi-110012, India. He is distinguished Fellowof Horticulture Society of India. Email:[email protected]

Dr. O.P. Awasthi is Principal Scientist of the Divisionof Fruits and Horticultural Technology, IndianAgricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India. Email: [email protected]

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READINGS

Ahmad, N., Verma, M.K., Lal, S. and Mir, J.I. 2008. Manual-Enhancement of the Temperate Fruits and NutCrop Productivity through Modern Technological Interventions. CITH, Srinagar, J&K, India.

Indian Horticulture Database 2010. National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Government ofIndia, 85, Industrial Area, Sector-18, Gurgaon-122015, India.

Ravindran, C., Kohli, A. and Srinivasa Murthy, B.N. 2007. Fruit production in India. Chronica Hort. 47(2):21-26.

Teaotia, S.S. 1993. Horticultural Development in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan Region. Oxford and IBH Publ.Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi.


BOOK REVIEWS

The books listed here are non-ISHS-publica-tions. For ISHS publications covering theseor other subjects, visit the ISHS websitewww.ishs.org or the Acta Horticulturaewebsite www.actahort.org

The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbankand the Business of Breeding Plants. Jane S.Smith. 2009. The Penguin Press, New York,USA. 354p. ISBN 978-1-59420-209-4. $25.95.www.penguin.com

Plant breeding is usually classified as both a sci-ence and an art and Luther Burbank (1849-1926) is the consummate artist of horticulturalplant breeding. While his science was shaky –he was skeptical of Mendelism and his conceptof inheritance was weird – he was intuitivelycorrect in his methods. His hero was CharlesDarwin and Burbank considered plants andspecies as eminently plastic and susceptible toalteration. He pursued hybridization with avengeance and had an innate understanding ofthe value of genetic diversity combined with anuncanny ability for selection. His record keepingwas practically nonexistent but like all success-ful breeders he was intimately knowledgeableabout the wealth of his material and he was anindefatigable worker. His success was amazingand he is credited with some 800 releases!

As a young man Burbank discovered a singlerare pod containing 23 seeds from an open-pol-linated ‘Early Rose’ potato, planted them andcame up with two selections, one of whichbecame the ‘Burbank’ potato; its russet muta-tion is still is the most famous cultivar in theUnited States and the source of all ofMcDonald’s French fries. Not bad for a firstattempt. Burbank sold it to James J.H. Gregory,

New Books, Websitesa seed dealer in Marblehead, Massachusetts for$25 and was indeed fortunate in having hisname attached to the selection. He moved toSanta Rosa, California, went into the nurserybusiness, and soon developed the concept thatplant breeding could be a business. In theprocess Luther Burbank became the mostfamous horticulturist in the United States andperhaps the world where he became known asthe Wizard of Santa Rosa. Among his manyaccomplishments, Burbank was responsible forthe plant patents law of 1930. In a famousquote he wrote:

A man can patent a mousetrap or copy-right a nasty song, but if he gives to theworld a new fruit that will add millions tothe value of earth’s annual harvests he willbe fortunate if he is rewarded by so muchas having his name connected with theresult.

The concept that new plants could be protect-ed by patent, has become a dynamic force inplant breeding.

Plant breeder, nurseryman, and business entre-preneur, Burbank’s story is an unbelievable epicof 19th and early 20th century horticulture.Burbank became associated with ThomasEdison and Henry Ford, as examples of the cre-ative spirit of the United States of America. Hisimage is memorialized on a US postage stampreleased in 1940. Luther Burbank still today,along with the ex-slave plant scientist GeorgeWashington Carver, remains the best knownhorticulturist in America. His rise from modestcircumstances to cultural icon and mythic plantwizard is wonderfully chronicled by Jane S.Smith, historian and English professor. She hasdone an outstanding bit of writing in describingthe extraordinary career of Burbank whosemany creations are still being grown worldwide.

Reviewed by Jules Janick, Purdue University, USA

Orticoltura Mediterranea Sostenibile (inItalian). (Sustainable MediterraneanVegetable Production.) Romano Tesi.2010. Patron Editore, Bologna, Italy.503p. ISBN 978-88-555-3062. € 42.www.patroneditore.com

Professor Romano Tesi (University of Florence,Italy) has published a new book written inItalian on the concept of sustainability appliedto the production of vegetables inMediterranean regions. The book introducesdifferent approaches (conventional, integrated,and organic) to the cultivation of vegetablespecies and provides a compendium of scientif-ic and technical information useful to growers,

consultants, and researchers. The contentsinclude chapters on produce quality, protectionstructures (greenhouses and tunnels), seed andtransplant production, irrigation, and fertilisa-tion. One hundred and twelve species are cov-ered with information on botany, the propertiesof their edible organs, cultivar classification, soiland climatic requirements, growing techniquesincluding weed control, harvesting and storage,and pests and diseases. The text contains manytables and illustrations in color.

Reviewed by Alberto Pardossi,University of Pisa, Italy

NEW TITLES

Arora, R. (ed.) 2010. Medicinal PlantBiotechnology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford,UK. 384p. ISBN 9781845936785 (hardback).£95.00 / $180.00 / € 135.00. www.cabi.org

Kado, C.I. 2010. Plant Bacteriology. APS Press,St. Paul, MN, USA. 336p. ISBN 978-0-89054-388-7 (hardcover). $139.95. www.apsnet.org

Karasev, A.V. and Hilf, M.E. 2010. Citrus tristezavirus Complex and Tristeza Diseases. APS Press,St. Paul, MN, USA. 304p. ISBN 978-0-89054-378-8 (softcover). $149.00. www.apsnet.org

Lartey, R.T., Weiland, J.J., Panella, L., Crous, P.W.and Windels, C.E. (eds.). 2010. Cercospora LeafSpot of Sugar Beet and Related Species. APSPress, St. Paul, MN, USA. 304p. ISBN 978-0-89054-387-0 (hardcover). $159.00.www.apsnet.org

Xu, Y. 2010. Molecular Plant Breeding. CABIPublishing, Wallingford, UK. 752p. ISBN9781845933920 (hardback). £125.00 /$240.00 / € 175.00. www.cabi.org

ISHS • 50

Commission Economics andManagement

Third Int’l Symposium on Improving thePerformance of Supply Chains in theTransitional Economies

Organised by Associate Professor Peter J. Battfrom Curtin University in Perth, WesternAustralia and Dr. Nolila Mohd Nawi fromUniversiti Putra Malaysia, the Third InternationalSymposium on Improving the Performance ofSupply Chains in the Transitional Economies:Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibil-ity attracted some 41 delegates from over 14countries. Conducted over 5 days from July 4 to8 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, a total of 35papers were presented dealing with various

aspects of supply chain management in thetransitional economies, purchasing and market-ing, food safety and product quality, facilitatingand enhancing collaborative marketing groups,farm production systems, organics and sustain-ability.

In his opening address, Mr. Yong Lee Keng,Head of Nestle Agricultural Services inMalaysia, described the need for sustainabledevelopment to be something that meets theneeds of the present without compromising the

Mr. Yong Lee Keng, Head of NestleAgricultural Services in Malaysia, delivershis keynote address.

Participants relax en route.

ability of future generations to meet theirneeds. Redefining the triple bottom line, Mr.Yong suggested that sustainability could only beachieved when there was a win-win-win situa-tion for people, the planet and business. Over140 years, Nestle has built into its business thefundamental principle that to have long-termsuccess for shareholders, Nestle must complywith all applicable legal requirements and thatall Nestle activities must be sustainable. Toachieve its objectives, the main vehicle thatNestle employs is the Sustainable AgricultureInitiative, a platform that has been in place since2002. The SAI is a strategy that ensures the sup-ply of raw agricultural materials of the desiredquality under competitive conditions, which

The following are non-ISHS events. Make sure to check out theCalendar of ISHS Events for an extensive listing of all ISHS mee-tings. For updated information log on to www.ishs.org/calendar

Crop Protection in Southern Britain 2011, 23-24 February 2011,Impington, Cambridge, UK. Info: Rebecca Morgan, Association ofApplied Biologists, The Warwick Enterprise Park, Wellesbourne, Warwick,CV35 9EF, UK, Phone: +44 (0) 2476 575195, Fax: +44 (0) 1789 470234,Email: [email protected], Web: www.aab.org.uk

GM Crops: From Basic Research to Application, 28-29 June 2011,Harpenden, UK. Info: Rebecca Morgan, Association of Applied Biologists,

Courses and MeetingsThe Warwick Enterprise Park, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK,Phone: +44 (0) 2476 575195, Fax: +44 (0) 1789 470234, Email:[email protected], Web: www.aab.org.uk

VII World Avocado Congress, 5-9 September 2011, Cairns, Australia. Info:Nataly Rubio, Congress Coordinator, Australia, Phone: (61)7 3846 6566,Fax: (61)7 3846 6577, Email: [email protected], Web:www.worldavocadocongress2011.org.au

SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS


Processing green leafy vegetables at theSelangor Veggie Park.

the quality of the fresh produce available from anumber of alternative sources includingAustralia, China, Indonesia, New Zealand,South Africa, Thailand and the US.

Despite the low number of delegates, most par-ticipants agreed that this was one of the bettersymposiums. Fewer papers mean fewer concur-rent tracks and thus all of the sessions were wellattended with often very lively discussion.

As this was the third time this symposium hasbeen held in South East Asia, the next sympo-sium will be held in Antalaya, Turkey, from April16-21, 2012, co-hosted by Akdeniz Universityand Curtin University. On this occasion, thetheme of the symposium is Horticulture at thecrossroads: cultural diversity for common mar-kets.

Peter J. Batt

CONTACT

Dr. Peter J. Batt, Horticulture, Curtin University ofTechnology, GPO box U1987, Perth, WA 6845,Australia, email: [email protected]

The wholesale market at Batu Caves.

Commission Education, ResearchTraining and Consultancy – CommissionQuality and Post Harvest Horticulture

Asia Pacific Symposium on PostharvestResearch Education and Extension

The Asia Pacific Symposium on PostharvestResearch Education and Extension (APS2010)held in Thailand on August 2-4, 2010 at theRadisson Hotel, Bangkok was organized by theDivision of Postharvest Technology, KingMongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi(KMUTT) under the auspices of the InternationalSociety for Horticultural Science (ISHS)

Commission Education, Research Training andConsultancy and Quality and Post HarvestHorticulture.

At the opening ceremony, Assoc. Prof.Narumon Jeyashoke, Dean of School ofBioresources and Technology, KMUTT wel-comed 162 participants from more than 20countries to the symposium. Prof. Dr. Errol

Hewett, former Chair of the CommissionEducation, Research Training and Consultancy,gave an update of ISHS activities. In the firstkeynote presentation, Prof. Dr. Errol Hewettgave a perspective and trends of postharvesttechnology innovation and opportunities ofextension for horticultural produce. Dr. RobertPremier, from Salad Fresh, Global SF ptyt Ltd.,

have been produced in a way that is safe for thefarmer and the environment. The key outcomewas the desire to create shared value.

The concept of value, in one way or another,was present in the majority of the papers pre-sented to the symposium. For those papers thatexplored the various means of linking small-holder farmers to modern institutional markets,value was achieved when smallholder farmerswere able to deliver a superior quality productto downstream customers in a more consistentmanner and a more competitive price.Invariably, this required smallholder farmers tocollaborate in some way, to collectively plan andschedule plantings, and to implement qualitymanagement systems that met customers’expectations. While vast differences in qualityexpectations remain between the traditionalwet market and the modern institutional mar-ket, particularly with regard to food safety andenvironmental sustainability, as input costs con-tinue to rise and there is greater uncertainty

associated with climatic variables, there ismounting evidence of a gradual shift amongsmallholder farmers towards low input produc-tion systems as a risk mitigation strategy. Suchis resulting in the more widespread use of openpollinated varieties, animal manures, fermentedplant juices and concoctions, vermi-compost,integrated pest control, crop rotations and com-panion planting. Yields are being sacrificed toreduce costs and thus the exposure to potentialdebt, should the crop fail or the prices receivedfall below those are necessary to be profitable.

For many of the delegates, as this was their firstvisit to Malaysia, delegates spent a day in thefield visiting a vegetable cooperative at HuluYam and the wholesale market at Batu Caves.The visit to the farm provided useful insightsinto the constraints impacting upon the produc-tion and the subsequent marketing of greenleafy vegetable crops grown in Kuala Lumpur.The visit to the wholesale market provided del-egates with a unique opportunity to compare

ISHS • 52

Australia delivered his experience on the role ofpostharvest extension in ensuring food safety infresh cut industry. Dr. Rosa Rolle from FAORegional office for Asia and Pacific presentedher paper on capability building in support ofpostharvest development in Asia: FAO’s initia-tive and activities. The symposium broughttogether many eminent researchers and indus-try experts from several disciplines to discuss thecapacity building, networking and collaborationin postharvest research, education and training

CONTACT

Dr. Sirichai Kanlayanarat, Postharvest TechnologyProgramme, King Mongkut’s University ofTechnology Thonburi, Bangkhuntein Campus,Bangkhuntein, Bangkok 10150, Thailand,Phone: 662 470 7721, Fax: 662 452 3750,email: [email protected]

Thai traditional songs were performed to welcome all participants toAPS2010.

Poster presentation session at APS2010.

Participants attending APS2010.

in the Asia-Pacific region as well as the develop-ment and innovation in quality and safety man-agement of agri-foods with the goal to supplyquality of fresh produce in an affordable andsustainable manner to customers in the futureglobal economy.

The first two days of the symposium weredevoted to 38 oral and 53 poster presentationson a diversity of topics including several aspectsof postharvest research, curriculum and trainingprogramme development, modes of delivery ofpostharvest education, postharvest educationmaterial development including computerassisted learning and international networks oftraining organizations and multilingual training.

There was considerable discussion among thesymposium delegates on the capacity building,training materials, postharvest curriculum inresearch extension, postharvest training tutori-als development: computer assisted learning forfresh produce as well as postharvest qualitymanagement systems. Several postharvestextension programmes in the Greater MekongSubregion Countries were presented. There wasalso consideration given to the development of

posters to communicate with all sectors relatedto maintaining quality and safety of fresh pro-duce.

The final day of the symposium was a study tourto the Chitlada Palace: a royal project demon-strating a rice mill and rice-husk compressingplant, an old pasteurizing machine as founda-tion for an orange and sugar-cane juice plant,cheese-making, fruit-drying, candle-makingand honey making. Participants also visitedVimanmek Palace “The world largest goldenteakwood palace” in Bangkok.

Participants and accompanying persons wereentertained at a welcome reception featuring awide variety of wonderful Thai foods and Thaiclassical music and dance performed by gradu-ate students of the Division of PostharvestTechnology, KMUTT.

This Asia Pacific Symposium on PostharvestResearch Education and Extension was highlyvalued as exemplified by the internationally rec-ognized scientists from many countries. Thissymposium emphasizes the need for posthar-vest research, education and extension in partic-ular for managing quality and safety of agri-foods.

The proceedings of the symposium will be pub-lished as a volume of Acta Horticulturae andcopies of the proceedings will be available fromISHS.

Sirichai Kanlayanarat and PanidaBoonyaritthongchai

Invited and keynote speakers with Assoc. Prof. Narumon Jeyashoke, Dean of School ofBioresources and Technology, KMUTT.


The 10th International People PlantSymposium and the Canadian HorticulturalTherapy Association Annual Conference – AJoint Meeting, was held on the beautiful cam-pus of the Nova Scotia Agricultural College,Truro (Nova Scotia, Canada) from August 6 to 8,2010. The Conveners, Candice Shoemaker,Professor of Horticulture and Human Health,and Norman Goodyear, Professor of Horticul-tural Science, succeeded in offering a programfor researchers, educators, and practitioners todiscuss and develop a deeper understanding ofthe depth and breadth of research currentlybeing conducted in the field of horticulturaltherapy and to highlight research needs with aparticular focus on the practitioner. Around 50participants from 8 different countries attendedthe symposium/conference.

The theme of the symposium/conference wasDigging Deeper: Approaches to Research inHorticultural Therapy and TherapeuticHorticulture. Dr. Diane Relf, Professor Emeritusof Virginia Tech University, gave an opening lec-ture titled “Advancing Horticultural Therapythrough Research and Publishing.” Dr. Relfoffered a compelling call for research and pub-lishing, stressing that the job isn’t done until theresearch is published. She talked about the gen-

Commission Landscape and UrbanHorticulture

Tenth Int’l People Plant Symposiumtogether with the Canadian HorticulturalTherapy Association Annual Conference –A Joint Meeting

eral research questions of how does horticultur-al therapy work and why does it work, but alsosuggested research on demographic, surveyand census data is also needed to help grow theprofession of horticultural therapy. Given thenice mix of practitioners and researchers inattendance, and the size of the group, a livelydiscussion on how we can answer some of thequestions Dr. Relf posited followed.

There were two plenary addresses in the after-noon session on day one. Dr. Jay Stone Rice,Instructor with the Horticultural TherapyInstitute and Therapist, explored how theoryinforms the research question by presenting thetriune brain theory and its application in partic-ipatory research investigating people-plant rela-tionship interactions. Matthew Wichrowski,Horticultural Therapist with the Rusk Institute ofRehabilitation Medicine, New York UniversityLangone Medical Center gave a real-world prac-titioner example of pilot research to publication.Matthew presented three case studies exempli-fying different approaches to evaluating people-plant interactions in a physical rehabilitation set-ting. After the poster session and the businessmeetings of the Canadian Horticultural TherapyAssociation and the People Plant Council, weenjoyed a maritime themed dinner.

The keynote presentation by Leah Diehl startedday two of the symposium/conference. As theEditor of the Journal of Therapeutic Horticul-ture, Leah knows the pulse of the horticulturaltherapy profession and shared this with usthrough her ‘top ten list’ of opportunities forthe profession. Oral presentations on a wide-range of topics from research and programreports on horticultural therapy to theories,models, and research methods used inpeople/plant research were part of day two.Representatives from six countries – Germany,Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Canada, and theU.S. – presented the status of horticultural ther-apy in their countries for the last session of theday. While similarities were identified, eachcountry also had unique characteristics. On thefinal day of the symposium/conference, concur-rent oral and workshop sessions on researchand horticultural therapy activities were pre-sented.

The Conveners goal was to organize a sympo-sium/conference with a relaxed atmosphere toencourage discussion on papers and presenta-tions with authors and other participants toenhance the development of current researchpractices and enable the identification of gapsin horticultural therapy research. The intimatesize and comfortable setting facilitated achieve-ment of this goal. The conference/symposiumfostered lively debate and dialogue between theparticipants and established new personal con-tacts for the launching of new ideas and collab-orative projects. Feedback during the closingsession and evaluation forms indicated that theparticipants were extremely satisfied with theprogram. Participants are looking forward tothe opportunity to meet in the Netherlands in2012.

Candice Shoemaker

CONTACT

Dr. Candice Shoemaker, Kansas State University,Department of Horticulture, Forestry, andRecreation Resources, 2021 Throckmorton PlantSciences Center, Manhattan, KS 66506-5506,USA, email: [email protected]

Participants of the Symposium.

ISHS • 54

The first International Symposium on PlumPox Virus (ISPPV-2010) entitled “A century ofplum pox virus research”, held on 5-9September 2010 in Sofia, Bulgaria, has attract-ed research scientists from 21 countries ofEurope, America and Asia (Japan). In addition,the research workshop of the EU-FP7 Sharcowas also held, at the same time, thus the jointmeeting permitted all attendees to get moreinformation about the relevant and updatedapproaches to fight against plum pox virus. Inthe opening session, Dr. Michel Ravelonandro,Chairperson of the Sharka Working Group, hasaddressed his acknowledgement to theConvener, Dr. Ivanka Kamenova and her staffand reminded the participants about thechronological activities leading to this 1stSymposium on PPV. After that, Prof. NikolaVichev Kolev, who represented the AgriculturalAcademy of Bulgaria, mentioned that localgrowers and, of course, all concerned by PPVproblems, believe in such scientific opportunityto gain some updated knowledge to combatsharka disease. Seven sessions were organizedand more than 30 poster presentations coveredthe major areas of diagnostics, disease survey,virus characterization, conventional breedingand transgenic results. This report highlights thediversity of new and modern approaches devel-oped to control PPV across the world, from theendemic areas (Balkan, central and Mediter-ranean Europe) to the new countries recentlyaffected with PPV (North America and Japan).

While more knowledge about the commonstrains (D, M and Rec) found in Europe wasdeveloped in epidemiology as well as virus char-acterization, unexpectedly Canadian andAmerican researchers in cooperation withUkrainian teams brought interesting informa-

Commission Plant ProtectionInt’l Symposium on Plum Pox Virus(ISPPV2010)

tion about the exotic strain designed as W, thatis naturally widespread in Ukrainia. PPV remainsa severe potyvirus affecting Prunus because theindigenous commercial Japanese apricot (P.mume) is also endangered. Due to the unex-pected distribution of the disease, the localauthorities urged the growers and scientists toset up a strict eradication program. Japanesescientists have forged a new research approachto limit the spread of PPV. An opportunity todemonstrate the Japanese know-how permit-ted to show how to rapidly detect and managethe detection survey for PPV. The goal of thisdemonstration was the fast and accurate detec-tion of PPV (less than 2 hours) by Japaneseresearchers with the modern technology pub-lished by Canadian researchers a few years ago(lamp-detection technique). Such technologytransfer renders the protocols and content use-ful to be commercially exploited. Such technicalsolution is necessarily less than perfect becausethe performance is more accurate with plant tis-sues covered with symptoms. When referring tothe genetic resistance approach – severalEuropean teams occupy this space – three types

of strategy are developed, notably the conven-tional breeding techniques, biotechnology andmolecular markers.

At the third day of the symposium, a scientificvisit to the Fruit Growing Institute (FGI)-Plovdivpaid more attention to commercial Prunusdiversity managed by the leading scientific unitof the Agricultural Academy of Bulgaria. Theresearch activity of the institute suggested moreintegrated approaches to produce high qualityfruits. Valorizing commercial Prunus diversityreflects one priority of the FGI, it was alsoshown that they are contributing in the educa-tion of local growers (advisory, consulting...).Technologies based on the protocols adopted(rootstock adaptation, management of virusspread…) in the EU-FP7 Sharco are ongoing.

At the last day of the symposium, poster pre-sentations were still continuing. We also dis-cussed the future location of the SecondSymposium on PPV. Dr. Milan Navratil who wasvolunteer to suggest the candidature ofOlomouc (Czech Republic) received the fullmajority vote of the attendees to organize the2nd ISPPV at mid-September 2013.

As usual, the Sharka Working Group organizeda round-table discussion with the contributionof the major actors in the world (American,European and Japanese) about the harmoniza-tion and control of PPV. Common constraintsidentified were to harmonize the basic contrastsbetween countries with PPV outbreak, or spo-radic infection and those endemically con-cerned. Evidence of lack of knowledge aboutthe PPV-Prunus interactions in different environ-ments for processing common restrictive meas-ures is apparent when comparing the successfuleradication achieved by the Americans inPennsylvania and that applied in different areasof Europe. These contrasts show the strengthsand weaknesses of national plant protectionservices (PPS) in the direct inspection of 3 majorstages of commercial Prunus production (moth-er plants, nursery and orchards). A cultivationguideline conceived by the EU-FP7 consortiumis under discussion.

Michel Ravelonandro and Ivanka Kamenova

Dr. Michel Ravelonandro, Chairperson of SharkaWorking Group, 1090 INRA – Bordeaux, BP 81(Virology), 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France,email: [email protected]

Dr. Ivanka Kamenova, Convener of ISPPV2010,AgroBioInstitute, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164Sofia, Bulgaria,email: [email protected]

Attendees inspecting and discussing at theposter session.

Participants at the conference center, Sofia.


FROM THE SECRETARIAT

ISHS is pleased to welcome the followingnew members:

NEW INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS:

Australia: Mr. Peter Calabria, Mr. Phillip Ford,Mr. Terence Freimond, Mr. Jon Grunseth, Ms.Anna Hooper, Ms. Jiwanjot Kaur, Dr. NeenaMitter, Mr. Phong Nguyen, Mr. Daniel Patience,Ms. Kamani Ratnayake, Mr. Leigh Ridge, Mr.Alan Schwarz, Mr. Dayne Steggles, Dr.Benjamin Thomas, Ms. Sahar Van Dyk; Austria:Harald Aufreiter; Belgium: Séverine Ms.Delstanche; Brazil: Prof. Dr. Eunice Calvete,Ana Maria Gomes, Dr. Ana Ledo, Dr. ClaudiaPetry, Dr. Mauricio Rangel; Canada: Mr. MikeAleman, Dr. John Armstrong, Ms. Claire Belisle,Mr. Nelson Esteves, Michael Kauzlaric, Mr. JohnMcGuire, Mr. Christopher Renwick, CharlesSallis, Todor Todorov, Mr. Nicholas Vranckx;Chile: Ms. Patricia Sone; China: KrishnaBhuvanendra Kumar, Dr. Jubin Shi, Prof. Dr.Wang Wenhui, Prof. Dr. Cao Yufen; ChineseTaipei: Mr. Ming-Chung Lee; Colombia:Enrique Calderon Junguito, Mr. David Garcia,Mr. Juan Carlos Gonzalez U; Costa Rica: Mr.Laurent Lostalo, Juan Carlos Saenz; Cyprus:George Aristeidou, Katerina Christodoulou,Marios Kyriakou, Mr. Nicos Seraphides;Finland: Ms. Jaana Väisänen; France: Dr. PauleMoustier, Ms. Nelly Rangod; Germany: Mr.Jens Varnskuehler; Greece: Mr. Ejaz-ul-haq

New ISHS Members

Syed; Hong Kong: Mr. Man Tik Cheung, Ms.Sau Ying Chui; India: Mr. Shiv Anjan Dalmia,Mr. C.R. Devaraj, Dr. Major Dhaliwal, Mr. VivekJoshi, Mr. Amol Kalyanpur, Dr. Kamal Kirad, Dr.Girigowda Manjunatha, Mr. Ramesh Puranam,Prof. Dr. Ram Rajasekharan, Mr. SathinderReddy, Mr. Gopal Krishan Sharma, Mr.Malvinder Singh, Mr. Pratap Subba; Iran: Dr.Hossein Abbaspour, Farzaneh Bekhradi, Dr.Rahim Gharesheikhbayat, Mr. Mehdi HosseiniFarahi, Dr. Bijan Kavoosi; Ireland: Mr. GeraldKiernan; Israel: Mr. Nir Rubin, Idan Siesel; Italy:Mr. Wilfried Baudoin, Dr. Diego Bellone, Dr.Oscar Brenner, Dr. Luisa Dalla Costa, Mr.Norbert Gasser, Dr. Andreas Primavera, Dr. LuigiTarricone; Japan: Mr. Md. Mokter Hossain, Dr.Shinichi Numata, Mr. Kazuyoshi Yuasa; Kenya:Dr. Theophilus Mutui; Korea (Republic of): Mr.Daekeun Hwang; Latvia: Aldis Viksne;Lebanon: Mr. Hussein Fawaz, Dr. YoussefSassine; Malaysia: Prof. Dr. Vijay Kumar, Dr.Uma Palanisamy, Mr. Shamsuddeen Rufai,Thomas Wong; Mexico: Andrés Gámez, Mr.Arturo Gonzalez, Mr. Mario Gutierrez, Ms.Marisa Thompson; Netherlands: MarkBronder, Ms. Alies Gonlag, Mr. Geert Leffers;New Zealand: Mr. Jeff Broad; Nigeria: Mr.Emmanuel Kwaya, Dr. Makanjuola Okelana;Pakistan: Mr. George Widdowson; Peru: Mr.Klaus Bederski, Mr. Antonio Biondi;Philippines: Orlando Balbon, Mr. LotharTrueggelmann; Portugal: Joana Arroz Correia

Albuquerque, Cothn Cothn, Dr. IsabelMadaleno, Prof. Maria Manuela Pintado;Romania: Prof. Dr. Aurelian Adrian Baciu, LianaMaria Popescu, Dr. Marian Vintila; SouthAfrica: Dr. Derek Donkin, Mr. Pierre Du Plooy,Ms. Nthabeleng Ranyane, Ms. KarenSwanepoel; Spain: Dr. Angel Fernandez i Marti,Dr. Florentino Juste; Switzerland: Dr. AminChaanin; Thailand: Dr. Somchai Charnnarong-kul, Ms. Peyanoot Naka; Turkey: Prof. Dr.Mehmet Nuri Nas, Zeynep Oz, Prof. Dr. BurhanOzkan, Prof. Dr. Halit Yetisir; United ArabEmirates: Mr. Mark Stannard; UnitedKingdom: Mr. Luke Bell, Mr. David Berry, Dr.James Carew, Prof. Evor Hines, Ms. SusanHolmes, Mr. Ming-Fung Lau, Dr. StevenRothwell; United States of America: Mr.Joseph Albano, Arash Amini, Mr. Luis Borquez,Ms. Katy Classon, Ms. Carolina Contreras,Danielle Crammer, Matthew Delaney, JonathanDixon, James Doornink, Jeff Girard, Mr. JodyGorran, Joseph Grant, Robert Hurlbett, KenJames, Kenneth James, Gary Jorgensen, Dr.Pablo Jourdan, Gage Koehler, Ms. Mary Leibe,David Miles, Dr. Suren Mishra, Ms. RebeccaNelson, Juan Paz, Mr. Robert Pickens, MaryProvance-Bowley, Shubin Saha, BethScheckelhoff, Nick Shipley, Ms. Rue Snell,Martin Stone, Ms. Dianne Velasco, Ms. KarenWilliams, Mark Wollam; Vietnam: Ms. DanNguyen

DOCTOR HONORIS CAUSAAWARD

Professor Janick was awarded Doctor HonorisCausa of the University of Agricultural Sciencesand Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca,Romania, on September 30, 2010 “for theexceptional achievements and his outstandingcontribution at worldwide horticultural scienceand practices.” The award was conferred byProfessor Dr. Doru Pamfil, Rector, at a ceremo-ny in combination with the 9th InternationalSymposium entitled Prospects for the 3rdMillenium Agriculture. The laudatio was deliv-ered by Professor Doctor Radu Sestras, Dean,Faculty of Horticulture.

Jules Janick (right) receives Doctor HonorisCausa diploma from Rector Doru Pamfil ofthe University of Agricultural Sciences and

Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

ISHS • 56

NEW ISHS WORKING GROUP ONAQUAPONICS

The formation of a new Working Group within the Commission PlantSubstrates and Soilless Culture was approved at the meeting of theISHS Executive Committee and Council in Lisbon in August.

Aquaponics is the combination of fish farming (aquaculture) with theproduction of horticultural crops (usually vegetables) using hydropon-ic methods. The system is extremely environmentally friendly, as it isa totally re-circulating system, so that the only water loss is throughtranspiration through the growing crop, and the only “fertilizer”inputs for the plants are derived from the waste products producedby the fish, which are fed fish meal and plant waste. As none of thesolution is ever dumped there are huge environmental advantagesover conventional hydroponic systems.

With the steadily reducing fish yields from wild fish in the oceans, andthe increasing pollution problems from aquaculture and hydroponics,

it would appear that aquaponics offers tremendous potential indeveloped countries, and for the less developed countries therewards may be even higher in that it has the potential to producefish protein and fresh vegetables using very limited fresh waterresources.

Papers on aquaponics have been presented at both hydroponic sym-posia and at aquaculture conferences for the past 8 years, and it istimely to consider this as developing area of interest. Unfortunatelybecause if falls within two such distinct disciplines, to date it has notfound a home, but because some 70% of the income from aquapon-ic projects comes from horticulture, it is considered appropriate for itto be within ISHS.

The interim Chair of this Working Group is Dr. Mike Nichols from NewZealand ([email protected]), and it is hoped to arrange a meet-ing of the Working Group at a future hydroponics symposium, atwhich a permanent Chair will be elected.

Calendar of ISHS Events

NEW

For updates and more logon to www.ishs.org/calendar. To claimthe reduced registration for ISHS members make sure tomen tion your membership number when registering and ensureyour ISHS membership is current. If in doubt: check your mem-bership status online at www.ishs.org/directory/

YEAR 2011

� February 7-11, 2011, Lucknow (India): I International Symposiumon the Horticulture of Opium Poppy. Info: Prof. Dr. RamRajasekharan, CSIR-CIMAP, PO CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot,Lucknow 226015, India. Phone: (91)5222359623, Fax:(91)5222342666, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail symposium:[email protected] Web: http://papaver.cimap.res.in

� March 14-17, 2011, Salatiga (Central Java) (Indonesia):I International Symposium on Sustainable VegetableProduction in South-East Asia. Info: Prof. Dr. Stefaan De Neve,University of Gent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium. E-mail:[email protected] or Dr. Sri Rochayati, Indonesian SoilResearch Institute, Jl. Juanda, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail symposium: [email protected] Web:http://www.vegsea2011.ugent.be/

� March 19-23, 2011, Davis, CA (United States of America):I International Symposium on Wild Relatives of Subtropicaland Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops. Info: Dr. MallikarjunaAradhya, USDA Germplasm Repository, One Shields Avenue,University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.Phone: (1) 530-752-6504, Fax: (1) 530-752-5974, E-mail:[email protected] or Dr. Daniel Kluepfel, USDA ARS - 378Hutchison Hall, Dept.Plant Pathology, Univ. Ca, Davis, One ShieldsAve., Davis, CA 95616, United States of America. E-mail:[email protected] Web: http://www.wildcrops2011.org/

� March 24-26, 2011, Djerba (Tunisia): IV International Symposiumon Medicinal and Aromatic Plants SIPAM2011. Info: Dr. HoucineKhatteli, Institut des Régions Arides, Route de Djouf, Km 22,5, 4119Médenine, Tunisia. Phone: (216)75633121, Fax: (216)75633006,E-mail: [email protected] or Dr. Mohamed Neffati, Institut desRegions Arides (IRA), Route de Djorf Km 22,5, 4119 Medenine,

Tunisia. Phone: (216)75633839, Fax: (216)75633006,E-mail: [email protected] E-mail symposium:[email protected] Web: http://www.sipam.ira.rnrt.tn/

� April 4-7, 2011, Adelaide (Australia): International Symposium onOrganic Matter Management and Compost Use in Horticulture.Info: Mr. Johannes Biala, PO Box 74, Wynnum Queensland 4178,Australia. Phone: (61)7-39011152, Fax: (61)7-33962511, E-mail:[email protected] Web: http://compost-for-horticulture.com/

� May 8-12, 2011, Volterra (Italy): VIII International Workshop onSap Flow. Info: Prof. Dr. Luca Sebastiani, S.S.S.U.P. Sant Anna, PiazzaMartiri della Libertà, 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy. Phone: (39)050883111,Fax: (39)050883495, E-mail: [email protected] or Dr. RobertoTognetti, Universitá degli Studi Molise, Dipartimento STAT - Univ. delMolise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy. Phone:(39)0874404735, Fax: (39)0874404678, E-mail: [email protected] orAntonio Motisi, Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, Facolta di Agraria,Univ. Di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 11, 90128 Palermo, Italy. Phone:(39)0917049021, Fax: (39)0917049025,E-mail: [email protected] E-mail symposium: [email protected]: http://www.sapflow8th.sssup.it/

� May 15-19, 2011, Puebla (Mexico): II International Symposium onSoilless Culture and Hydroponics. Info: Dr. María de las NiRodríguez Mendoza, Area de Nutriciòn Vegetal. IRENAT, Colegio dePostgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco Edo. Méx, 56230, Mexico.Phone: (52) 595 95 51030, Fax: (52) 595 95 1 01 98,E-mail: [email protected] E-mail symposium: [email protected]: http://www.soillessculture.org/

� May 15-19, 2011, Alnarp (Sweden): I International Symposium onMicrobial Horticulture. Info: Dr. Beatrix W. Alsanius, Dept. ofHorticulture, SLU, Box 103, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden. Phone:(46)40415336, Fax: (46)40465590, E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Hakan Asp, Department of Horticulture, Box 55, 230 53Alnarp, Sweden. Phone: (46)40415326, Fax: (46)40415519,E-mail: [email protected] or Prof. Dr. Paul Jensén, Box 53, SLU,LTJ-Faculty, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden. Phone: (46)706878960,Fax: (46)40 460421, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail sympo-sium: [email protected] Web: http://www.ishs-microhort.com/


� May 16-19, 2011, Fukuoka (Japan): VI International Symposiumon Edible Alliaceae. Info: Assist. Prof. Masayoshi Shigyo, Faculty ofAgriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan. Phone: (81)839335842, Fax: (81)839335842,E-mail: [email protected] symposium: [email protected]: http://www2.convention.co.jp/isea2011/

� May 23-26, 2011, Wenatchee, WA (United States of America):IV International Conference Postharvest Unlimited 2011. Info:Dr. Jim Mattheis, USDA ARS TFRL, 1104 N.Western Ave, Wenatchee,WA 98801, United States of America. Phone: (1)5096642280ext249,Fax: (1)5096642287, E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.postharvestunlimited2011.org/

� June 5-10, 2011, Neos Marmaras-Sithonia, Chalkidiki (Greece):International Symposium on Advanced Technologies andManagement towards Sustainable Greenhouse Ecosystems -Greensys2011. Info: Prof. Dr. Constantinos Kittas, University ofThessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences, Fytokou St., N. Ionia, 38446, Magnesia, Greece. Phone: (30)2421093158, Fax:(30)2421093234, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail symposium:[email protected] Web: http://www.greensys2011.com

� June 13-17, 2011, Quebec City (Canada): International Symposiumon Responsible Peatland Management and Growing MediaProduction. Info: Dr. Line Rochefort, Department of Plant Sciences,Université Laval, Pavillon P. Comtois, 2425, rue de l’Agriculture,Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada. Phone: (1)4186562131ext2583, Fax:(1)4186567856, E-mail: [email protected] or Jean Caron,Department of Soil Sciences, Université Laval, Pavillon P. Comtois,2425 rue de l’Agriculture, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada. Phone:(1)4186562131ext2881, Fax: (1)4186567856, E-mail:[email protected] Web: http://www.peatlands2011.ulaval.ca/

� June 15-19, 2011, (Turkey): I International Mulberry Symposium.Info: Prof. Dr. Sezai Ercisli, Ataturk University Agricultural Faculty,Department of Horticulture, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey. Phone: (90) 442-2312599, Fax: (90) 442 2360958, E-mail: [email protected] E-mailsymposium: [email protected]

� June 19-23, 2011, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu (Canada):IX International Symposium on Modelling in Fruit Research andOrchard Management. Info: Dr. Gaetan Bourgeois, Agriculture andAgri-Food Canada, Horticultural R&D Centre, 430 Blvd. Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu,QC J3B 3E6, Canada. Phone: (1)4505152017, Fax:(1)4503467740, E-mail: [email protected]

� June 20-24, 2011, Yerevan (Armenia): XV International Symposiumon Apricot Breeding and Culture. Info: Dr. Alvina Avagyan,Armenian State Agrarian University, 74, Teryan Street, Yerevan,Armenia. Phone: (374)93415037, Fax: (374)10202834x121, E-mail:[email protected] or Dr. Aleksandr Kalantaryan, 37 Mamikonyantsstreet. ap.49, 00010 Yerevan, Armenia. Phone: (374) 10237805,E-mail: [email protected] E-mail symposium: [email protected]: http://www.apricot2011.com/

� June 21-23, 2011, Lucknow (India): Global Conference onAugmenting Production and Utilization of Mango: Biotic andAbiotic Stresses. Info: Dr. Hutchappa Ravishankar, Central Inst. forSubtropical Hortic., Rehmankhera, PO Kakori, Lucknow, UttarPradesh, 227 107, India. Phone: (91)5222841022, Fax:(91)5222841025, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail sympo-sium: [email protected]

� June 22-26, 2011, Zlatibor (Serbia): X International Rubus andRibes Symposium. Info: Prof. Dr. Mihailo Nikolic, Faculty ofAgriculture, University of Belgrado, 6 Nemanjina, 11080 Belgrade,Serbia. Phone: (381)63 801 99 23, Fax: (381)11 21 93 659 orDr. Brankica Tanovic, Pesticide & Environment Research Inst., 31bBanatska, 11080 Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia. Phone: (381) 11 31 61773, Fax: (381) 11 30 76 133 E-mail symposium: [email protected] Web: http://www.x-rubusribes.agrif.bg.ac.rs/

� June 27 - July 1, 2011, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia): II InternationalSymposium on Underutilized Plants: Crops for the Future -Beyond Food Security. Info: Festo John Massawe, NottinghamUniversity Malaysia Campus, School of Biosciences, Jalan Broga,43500 Semenyih, Malaysia. Phone: (60)389248218, Fax:(60)389248018, E-mail: [email protected] symposium: [email protected]: http://www.cffsymposium2011.org/

� June 29 - July 3, 2011, Nanjing (China): III International Conferenceon Landscape and Urban Horticulture. Info: Prof. Dr. WuzhongZhou, Institute of Tourism & Landscape Archit., Southeast University,No. 2 Si Pai Lou, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China. Phone:(86)2583692608, Fax: (86)2583690357, E-mail: [email protected] symposium: [email protected] Web:http://www.luh2011.org/

� July 5-7, 2011, Wisley (United Kingdom): I International TrialsConference: Assessment of Ornamental Plants. Info: Dr. Simon P.Thornton-Wood, Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley, Woking, SurreyGU23 6QB, United Kingdom. Phone: (44)1483224234, Fax:(44)1483211750 E-mail symposium: [email protected]: http://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/ornamentals2011.asp

� July 6-9, 2011, Saas-Fee (Switzerland): I International Symposiumon Medicinal, Aromatic and Nutraceutical Plants fromMountainous Areas. Info: Dr. Christoph Carlen, AgroscopeChangins-Wädenswil ACW, Centre de Recherche Conthey, Route desVergers 18, 1964 Conthey, Switzerland. Phone: (41) 27 345 35 11,Fax: (41) 27 346 30 17, E-mail: [email protected] Web:http://www.agroscope.admin.ch/mapmountain/

� July 17-21, 2011, Torino (Italy): II International Conference onQuality Management of Fresh Cut Produce: Convenience Foodfor a Tasteful Life. Info: Prof. Dr. Silvana Nicola, Dipartimento diAgronomia, Selvicoltura e Gestione del Territorio, Via Leonardo DaVinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy. Phone: (39)0116708773, Fax:(39)0112368773, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail symposium:email the freshcut2011 secretariat Web: http://www.freshcut2011.org/

� September 3-7, 2011, Xinzheng, Henan (China): II InternationalJujube Symposium. Info: Prof. Dr. Mengjun Liu, Research Center ofChinese Jujube, Agricultural Univesity of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei,71001, China. Phone: (86)312754342, Fax: (86)3127521251, E-mail:[email protected] or Dr. Jubin Shi, Haoxiangni Jujube Co. Ltd.,Xinzheng, Henan, 451150, China. Phone: (86)37162489919, Fax:(86)37162489198, E-mail: [email protected]

� September 5-7, 2011, Pitesti (Romania): II Balkan Symposium onFruit Growing. Info: Dr. Mihail Coman, Fruit Research Institute, Str.Popa Sapca, Nr. 14, Cod. 110150, Jud. Arges, Pitesti-Maracineni 0300,Romania. Phone: (40)248278292, Fax: (40)248278477, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail symposium: [email protected] Web:http://bsfg2011.icdp.ro/

� September 10-12, 2011, Damghan (Iran): I InternationalSymposium on Mycotoxins in Nuts and Dried Fruits. Info: Dr.Hossein Abbaspour, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch,Damghan, Iran. Phone: (98)2325235214, Fax: (98)2325235214,E-mail: [email protected]

� September 11-15, 2011, Warsaw (Poland): XIII Eucarpia Symposiumon Fruit Breeding and Genetics. Info: Dr. Emilian Pitera, WarsawUniversity of Life Sciences, SGGW - Department of Pomology, ul.Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland. Phone:(48)225932087, Fax: (48)225932111, E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.eucarpia2011.woiak.sggw.pl/

For updates logon to www.ishs.org/calendar

NEW

NEW

NEW

NEW

ISHS • 58

Subject IndexBook ReviewsAvanzato, D. (ed.), Following Chestnut Footprints (Castanea spp.) –

Cultivation and Culture, Folklore and History, Traditions and Uses. SulleOrme del Castagno (Castanea spp.) – Coltura e Cultura, Folclore eStoria, Tradizioni e Usi, 50(1):30

Avanzato, D. and Vassallo, I. (eds.), Following Pistachio Footprints (Pistaciavera L.) – Cultivation and Culture, Folklore and History, Traditions andUses. Sulle Orme del Pistacchio (Pistacia vera L.) – Coltura e Cultura,Folclore e Storia, Tradizioni e Usi, 50(2):29

Block, E., Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science, 50(3):36-37

Bounous, G., Piccoli Frutti: mirtilli, lamponi, more, ribes, uvaspina – Comecoltivarli, raccoglierli e utilizzarli (Berry Fruits: blueberries, cranberries,raspberries, blackberries, currants, gooseberries – Culture and utilizati-on), 50(2):30

Brickell, C.D., Alexander, C., David, J.C., Hetterscheid, W.L.A., Leslie,A.C., Malecot, V., Jin, Xiaobai and Cubey, J.J. (eds.), International Codeof Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, Eighth Edition, 50(1):30

Lin, Li-ju, Hsiao, Yun-yin and Kuo, C.G., Discovering Indigenous Treasures:Promising Indigenous Vegetables from Around the World, 50(1):30

Nobel, P.S., Desert Wisdom / Agaves and Cacti: CO2, Water, ClimateChange, 50(2):30

Raitzer, D.A. and Norton, G.W. (eds.), Prioritizing Agricultural Research forDevelopment: Experiences and Lessons, 50(2):29-30

Schneider, U. and Gröning, G., STOLO, volume 2, Switzerland, 50(2):30

Smith, J.S., The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business ofBreeding Plants, 50(4):49

Sonneveld, C. and Voogt, W., Plant Nutrition of Greenhouse Crops,50(3):37

Tesi, R., Orticoltura Mediterranea Sostenibile (Sustainable MediterraneanVegetable Production), 50(4):49

Weising, K., Nybom, H., Wolff, K. and Kahl, G., DNA Fingerprinting inPlants: Principles, Methods, and Application, 2nd ed., 50(1):30-31

History

Horticulture of the Taj Mahal: Gardens of the Imagination, 50(3):30-33

Horticultural Science FocusCassava: Global Production and Market Trends, 50(2):15-18

Chlorophyll Fluorescence: Applications in Postharvest Horticulture,50(1):13-16

Native Australian Acacias: Unrealised Ornamental Potential, 50(3):19-22

The Global Trade in Ornamental Geophytes, 50(4):27-30

Horticultural Science NewsCelebrating 100 Years of Beltsville Agricultural Research, 50(3):23-28

Commercial Micropropagation of Ornamental Plants in China, 50(1):16-20

Horticultural Hues: Natural Dyes from Plants, 50(2):19-24

Organic Agriculture: Business is Booming in Nigeria, 50(3):28-29

Organic Horticulture Expands Globally, 50(4):31-38

The Migrations of Ornamental Plants, 50(1):21-24

Index to Volume 50 of ChronicaHorticulturae

Issues

Demonization of Science, Sanctification of Poverty, 50(4):24-26

Guiding Young People to Horticulture, 50(3):16-18

Is Organic Horticulture Sustainable?, 50(2):7-14

Master of Science in Horticulture: New Approaches in Europe, 50(3):10-15

Upgrading European Fruit Produce and Quality, 50(1):10-12

News & Views from the BoardAmendments to the ISHS Statutes, 50(1):5-8

Bringing Science to the People, 50(4):3

Farewell from the Outgoing Board, Welcome to the New, 50(3):3

Introduction to the New Chairs of Sections and Commissions, 50(4):17-21

ISHS Governance Meetings at the Lisbon Congress: ImportantAnnouncements and Information, 50(1):9

ISHS Honorary Membership and Fellow Awards, 50(4):21-23

Miklos Faust Travel Award for Young Pomologists Presented at IHC 2010,50(4):23

Newly Elected Chairs and Vice-Chairs of Sections and Commissions,50(3):9

Reflections of the 28th International Horticultural Congress, Lisbon, 2010,50(4):4-11

Science: The Core of ISHS, 50(2):3-4

Sed Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?, 50(2):4-6

The Congress and the Society, 50(3):3-4

The ISHS General Assembly – Lisbon, Portugal, August 24, 2010, 50(4):12-16

The New Board of the ISHS, 50(3):4-8

The Road to a Stronger and More Influential ISHS, 50(1):3-4

Symposia and WorkshopsAsia Pacific Symposium on Postharvest Research Education and Extension,

50(4):51-52

Castanea 2009, First European Congress on Chestnut, 50(2):33-35

Conference “Kunst - Garten - Kultur, Perspektiven gartenkulturellerForschung an der Universität der Künste Berlin” (Art - Garden - Culture,Perspectives of Garden Cultural Research at the Berlin University of theArts) , 50(1):45-46

Eleventh Int’l Symposium on Plant Bioregulators in Fruit Production,50(1):40-41

Fifth Int’l Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds, 50(1):37-38

Fifth Int’l Symposium on Seed, Transplant and Stand Establishment ofHorticultural Crops (SEST 2009), 50(1):41-43

First Int’l Conference on Postharvest and Quality Management ofHorticultural Products of Interest for Tropical Regions, 50(1):43-44

First Int’l Orchid Symposium, 50(3):41

Fourth Int’l Cucurbit Symposium, 50(3):47-48

Fourth Int’l Date Palm Conference, 50(3):45-46

Fourth Int’l Symposium on Breeding Research on Medicinal and AromaticPlants (ISBMAP2009), 50(1):34-35

Fourth Int’l Symposium on Fig, 50(3):39-40

Int’l ISHS-ProMusa Symposium: Global Perspectives on Asian Challenges,50(1):32-33

References to any article or author inChronica Horticulturae can be found at

http://www.ishs.org/chronica/


Int’l Symposium on High Technology for Greenhouse Systems(GreenSys2009), 50(2):41-42

Int’l Symposium on Olive Irrigation and Oil Quality, 50(1):39

Int’l Symposium on Plum Pox Virus (ISPPV2010), 50(4):54

International Conference on Horticulture (ICH-2009) - Bangalore, India,50(2):46-48

Postharvest Pacifica 2009, 50(2):44-45

Second Int’l Citrus Biotechnology Symposium, 50(2):31-32

Second Int’l Symposium on Medicinal and Nutraceutical Plants, 50(3):38

Second Int’l Symposium on Pomegranate and Minor includingMediterranean Fruits, 50(1):35-36

Seventh Int’l Peach Symposium, 50(2):37-38

Sixth Int’l Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, 50(3):44-45

Sixth Int’l Symposium on Light in Horticulture, 50(2):35-36

Southeast Asia Symposium on Quality and Safety of Fresh and Fresh CutProduce (SEAsia 2009), 50(2):43-44

Author IndexAhmad, N., 50(4):43-48Aiyelaagbe, Isaac, 50(3):28-29Ak, Bekir Erol, 50(1):37-38Aldous, David, 50(3):16-18Arauz Cavallini, L. Felipe, 50(1):43-44Atungwu, Jonathan, 50(3):28-29Awasthi, O.P., 50(4):43-48Aytekin Polat, A., 50(3):42-43Baricevic, Dea, 50(1):34-35Batt, Peter J., 50(4):50-51Benkeblia, Noureddine, 50(1):25-29Bogers, Robert J., 50(3):3Boonyaritthongchai, Panida, 50(4):51-52Bounous, Giancarlo, 50(2):33-35Caccamisi, Dario Salvatore, 50(2):15-18Caruso, Marco, 50(2):31-32Casas Diaz, Andres V., 50(2):39-40Cerutti, Alessandro, 50(2):33-35Churchill, Alice, 50(1):32-33Coronado, Karin, 50(2):39-40Costa, Guglielmo, 50(1):40-41Criley, Richard A., 50(1):47de la Rosa, Raul, 50(4):4-11DeLong, John M., 50(1):13-16Diadick Casselman, Karen, 50(2):19-24Distefano, Gaetano, 50(2):31-32Dixon, Geoffrey R., 50(2):4-6Dorais, Martine, 50(2):41-42Ekman, Jenny, 50(4):39-43Ferreira, Elvira, 50(4):4-11Fonseca Laurent, Jorge M., 50(1):43-44Galán, Víctor, 50(4):4-11Girona, Joan, 50(2):37-38Gosselin, André, 50(2):41-42Goto, Eiji, 50(2):35-36Granatstein, David, 50(4):31-38Griesbach, Robert J., 50(3):23-28

Groening, Gert, 50(1):45-46Harris, Phil, 50(3):28-29Hennecke, Stefanie, 50(1):45-46Hewett, Errol W., 50(2):44-45Hummer, Kim E., 50(3):9; 50(4):3Janick, Jules, 50(3):3; 50(3):30-33; 50(4):24-26Joyce, Daryl, 50(3):19-22Kadolph, Sara J., 50(2):19-24Kamenetsky, Rina, 50(3):30-33; 50(4):27-30Kamenova, Ivanka, 50(4):54Kanlayanarat, Sirichai, 50(2):43-44; 50(4):51-52Kirby, Elizabeth, 50(4):31-38La Malfa, Stefano, 50(2):31-32Las Casas, Giuseppina, 50(2):31-32Lavee, Shimon, 50(1):39Leal, Freddy, 50(3):34-36Lee, Jung-Myung, 50(3):3Lee, Yung-I, 50(3):41Liu, Qing, 50(1):16-20Liu, Qinglin, 50(1):16-20Looney, Norman E., 50(1):3-4; 50(3):3;

50(4):12-16Mahapatra, S.C., 50(3):38McEvilly, Gerard, 50(3):16-18Michelangeli de Clavijo, Claret, 50(3):34-36Miller, William B., 50(4):27-30Mira, Luís, 50(4):4-11Mokashi, A.N., 50(1):35-36Molina, Augustin, 50(1):32-33Monteiro, António A., 50(3):3; 50(3):3-4;

50(4):4-11Muresan, Claudia Silviana, 50(4):24-26Nath, Prem, 50(2):46-48Nikitin, A.V., 50(2):25-28Noga, Georg J., 50(2):4-6Oliveira, Pedro, 50(4):4-11Olowe, Victor, 50(3):28-29Ortega-Farias, Samuel, 50(3):44-45

Pascual, José A., 50(1):41-43Pérez-Alfocea, Francisco, 50(1):41-43Ploetz, Randy, 50(1):32-33Portas, Carlos, 50(4):4-11Prange, Robert K., 50(1):13-16Prohens, Jaime, 50(4):4-11Puttaswamy, Sumangala H., 50(3):30-33Rallo, Luís, 50(4):4-11Ratnayake, Kamani, 50(3):19-22Ravelonandro, Michel, 50(4):54Raviv, Michael, 50(2):7-14Riquelme, Fernando, 50(4):4-11Roux, Nicolas, 50(1):32-33Runkle, Erik, 50(3):41Sansavini, Silviero, 50(1):10-12; 50(3):10-15Sase, Sadanori, 50(2):35-36Sellés, Gabriel, 50(3):44-45Sheikh, M.K., 50(1):35-36Shoemaker, Candice, 50(4):53Singh, A.K., 50(4):43-48Smith, Mike, 50(1):32-33Solopov, V.A., 50(2):25-28Sun, Xiaowu, 50(3):47-48Taylor, Judith M., 50(1):21-24Techavuthiporn, Chairat, 50(2):43-44Trunov, Yu.V., 50(2):25-28Van den Bergh, Inge, 50(1):32-33Verma, M.K., 50(4):43-48Warrington, Ian J., 50(2):3-4; 50(3):3Willer, Helga, 50(4):31-38Woolf, Allan, 50(2):44-45Wright, A. Harrison, 50(1):13-16Yao, Stephanie, 50(3):23-28Yermiyahu, Uri, 50(1):39Yi, Ganjun, 50(1):32-33Zaid, Abdelouahhab, 50(3):45-46Zerhoune, Messaoudi, 50(3):39-40Zimmerman, Richard H., 50(3):23-28

Tenth Asia-Pacific Bonsai and Suiseki Convention, Changhua Province,Taiwan, 50(1):47

Tenth Int’l People Plant Symposium together with the CanadianHorticultural Therapy Association Annual Conference – A Joint Meeting,50(4):53

Third Int’l Symposium on Improving the Performance of Supply Chains inthe Transitional Economies, 50(4):50-51

Third Int’l Symposium on Loquat, 50(3):42-43

Twelfth Int’l Asparagus Symposium (IAS 2009), 50(2):39-40

The World of Horticulture

Annatto: A Natural Dye from the Tropics, 50(3):34-36

Asian Vegetables in Australia, 50(4):39-43

Fruit Production and Research in Russia, 50(2):25-28

Horticulture in Jamaica, 50(1):25-29

Temperate Tree Fruits and Nuts in India, 50(4):43-48

ISHS • 60

Available numbers of Acta Horticulturae (in print). Theseas well as all other titles are also available in ActaHortCD-rom format. For detailed information on price andavailability, including tables of content, or to downloadan Acta Horticulturae order form, please check out the‘publications’ page at www.ishs.org/acta/ or go towww.actahort.org

Acta Acta Title ActaNumber Price (EUR)

880 International Symposium Postharvest Pacifica 2009 –Pathways to Quality, Fifth International Symposium onManaging Quality in Chains in collaboration with theAustralasian Postharvest Horticultural Conference 117

879 International Conference on Banana and Plantain in Africa:Harnessing International Partnerships to Increase ResearchImpact 177

878 First International Orchid Symposium 107

877 Sixth International Postharvest Symposium 362

876 Tenth International Controlled and Modified AtmosphereResearch Conference 92

875 Southeast Asia Symposium on Quality and Safety of Freshand Fresh Cut Produce 119

874 IX International Symposium on Plum and Prune Genetics,Breeding and Pomology 90

873 Organic Fruit Conference 84

872 VIII International Symposium on Temperate Zone Fruits inthe Tropics and Subtropics 97

871 IV International Symposium on Cucurbits 143

870 V International Symposium on Rose Research andCultivation 74

869 IX International Protea Research Symposium 63

868 VI International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of FruitCrops 101

867 V International Symposium on Brassicas and XVIInternational Crucifer Genetics Workshop, Brassica 2008 62

866 I European Congress on Chestnut - Castanea 2009 150

865 IV International Symposium on Acclimatization andEstablishment of Micropropagated Plants 92

864 III International Symposium on Tropical and SubtropicalFruits 112

863 III International Symposium on Longan, Lychee, and otherFruit Trees in Sapindaceae Family 139

862 XIV International Symposium on Apricot Breeding andCulture 132

861 VI International Walnut Symposium 109

860 IV International Symposium on Breeding Research onMedicinal and Aromatic Plants - ISBMAP2009 68

859 International Symposium on Molecular Markers inHorticulture 94

858 III International Conference Postharvest Unlimited 2008 108

857 IX International Controlled Atmosphere ResearchConference 111

856 International Symposium on Vegetable Safety and HumanHealth 69

855 XXIII International EUCARPIA Symposium, SectionOrnamentals, Colourful Breeding and Genetics - Part II 75

854 XIII International Conference on Medicinal and AromaticPlants 41

853 International Symposium on Medicinal and AromaticPlants - SIPAM2009 100

852 IV International Symposium on Ecologically SoundFertilization Strategies for Field Vegetable Production 85

851 II International Symposium on Papaya 130

850 III International Symposium on Saffron: ForthcomingChallenges in Cultivation, Research and Economics 79

849 II International Symposium on Guava and other Myrtaceae 94

848 II International Humulus Symposium 80

847 IX International Symposium on Postharvest Quality ofOrnamental Plants 92

846 VII International Workshop on Sap Flow 90

845 VII International Congress on Hazelnut 164

844 IV International Chestnut Symposium 103

843 International Symposium on Soilless Culture andHydroponics 89

842 VI International Strawberry Symposium 210

841 II International Symposium on Human Health Effects ofFruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007 134

840 I International Jujube Symposium 119

839 I International Symposium on Biotechnology of FruitSpecies: BIOTECHFRUIT2008 150

838 Workshop on Berry Production in Changing ClimateConditions and Cultivation Systems. COST-Action 863:Euroberry Research: from Genomics to SustainableProduction, Quality and Health 64

837 Asia Pacific Symposium on Assuring Quality and Safety ofAgri-Foods 89

836 XXIII International Eucarpia Symposium, SectionOrnamentals: Colourful Breeding and Genetics 75

835 International Symposium on Source-Sink Relationships inPlants 53

834 III International Late Blight Conference 61

833 IV International Symposium on Persimmon 82

832 V International Symposium on Horticultural Research,Training and Extension 61

830 IV Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes 149

829 VI International Symposium on In Vitro Culture andHorticultural Breeding 97

828 International Symposium on Recent Advances in BananaCrop Protection for Sustainable Production and ImprovedLivelihoods 97

For an updated list of all titles (in print or ActaHort CD-rom for-mat) logon to www.actahort.org

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