QS STARS€¦ · QS Stars offer an international standard of comparison for any ... as a...
Transcript of QS STARS€¦ · QS Stars offer an international standard of comparison for any ... as a...
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QS STARSRatings System
Shining a Light on ExcellenceRecognizing Diversity in Higher Education
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QS Stars defined
One Star – a typical one-star university has established all the key components required to provide a good standard of education to its students and, in many cases, the foundations upon which to build a strong domestic reputation. A one-star institution will often have been established within the last 20 years and will be putting in place the necessary leadership structures to take it to the next level. Two Stars – a typical two-star university is active in research and has an established domestic reputation. The institution is a key part of its local community and will often have begun to consider international opportunities.
Three Stars – a typical three-star university is nationally well recognized, and may have also begun to attract international recognition. This institution maintains a reputable level of research and its graduates are attractive to employers.
Four Stars – a typical four-star university is highly international, demonstrating excellence in both research and teaching. The institution provides an excellent environment for students and faculty.
Five Stars – a typical five-star institution is generally world-class in a broad range of areas, enjoys an excellent reputation and has cutting-edge facilities and internationally renowned research and teaching faculty.
Five Stars + – a typical five-star + institution is not just world-class but a transcendent global aspirational destination, the presence of whose brand name will add immediate enhancement to the résumé of every individual that passes through it. Five Stars + can apply equally to the world’s foremost comprehensive and specialist institutions.
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QS Stars
About QS Intelligence Unit
QS Stars is rapidly growing into ‘the’ chosen evaluation system for universities worldwide. With institutions globally participating in the QS Stars program, it is an international standard that is becoming increasingly recognised.
QS Stars uses a rating system that allows a university to shine irrespective of its size, shape and mission. At the end of the audit process universities are awarded a range of stars for their overall performance and are also awarded stars in each of eight assessed criteria.
The number of stars awarded at the overall and category levels will resonate with international students, parents and university staff, and become a valuable asset to add to your marketing collateral and outreach.
QS Stars uses a wide range of indicators to measure the performance of an institution. It is an opportunity for universities to highlight their strengths through this awarded recognition. When associated with an institution’s brand, it acts as a powerful marketing mechanism for communicating distinct areas of strength to students, parents, academics, employers and the wider community.
QS Stars offer an international standard of comparison for any participating institution. This is particularly useful for universities that are focused on boosting their international brand awareness. It can include universities not traditionally well placed in rankings, as it can identify strengths that may have been overlooked in a rankings context. The award is licensed to an institution to highlight its star rating in all visual communications.
The QS Intelligence Unit (QSIU) strives to be the most trusted independent source of global intelligence in the higher education sector. Since 1990, QS has conducted research in a range of education and employment areas beginning with a global survey of MBA employers. The annual QS World University Rankings® have been produced since 2004, encompassing the most well-known range of research projects that QS operates. With operations in London and Singapore, QSIU delivers detailed analysis and is committed to the key values of rigorous integrity, undeniable value and accessible presentation.
Now, in response to increasing public interest in comparative data on universities and organizations and the growing demand from institutions to gain insight into their competitive environment, QSIU has added QS Stars to its portfolio of distinct services.
The QSIU team has a wealth of experience working in the higher education sector and employs a team of experienced and accomplished analysts. The team is a very international one with staff from over 15 countries, which enables us to understand and respect cultural differences. The team prides itself in speaking over 17 languages including; Arabic, Cantonese, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Konkani, Mandarin, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish and Swahili.
Trusted. Independent. Global.
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QS Stars participants
AustraliaUniversity of New South WalesBond UniversityUniversity of Technology SydneyRMITSwinburne University of TechnologyUniversity of NewcastleUniversity of TasmaniaMurdoch UniversityBrazilUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisEcuadorUniversidad San Francisco de QuitoKazakhstanAl-Farabi Kazakh National UniversityIndiaAmity University
IndonesiaInstitut Teknologi BandungUniversitas Bina Nusantara (BINUS)Universitas AirlanggaUniversitas Syiah KualaUniversitas Sebelas MaretIrelandLimerick University University College CorkItalyUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (UCSC) MexicoTecnológico de MonterreyNew ZealandThe University of CanterburyMassey University
Saudi ArabiaKing Fahd University of Petroleum & MineralsQassim UniversitySingaporeNanyang Technological UniversityNational University of SingaporeSpainIE UniversitySwedenKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyUnited Arab EmiratesGulf Medical UniversityUnited StatesOhio State UniversityUnited KingdomKing’s College London
Below is a list of participating institutions by country, for a full comprehensive list please contact Jason Newman*
President and Vice-Chancellor Professor Frederick G Hilmer from UNSW receives the 2011 QS Stars award
Louise Tobin, Director of International Student recruitment University College Cork receives the 2011 QS Stars award
*contact details on last page
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Endorsements
Bertil AnderssonPresident, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
“NTU is a relatively young university, which has been developing rapidly in the last few years. The current ranking from QS is an affirmation that NTU today has a high international standing. The new QS Stars rating system further recognizes NTU’s strengths as a world-class university across a broader set of criteria than can be measured in any ranking system and provides valuable information for our many stakeholders - current students, prospective students, parents, teachers, employers, fellow academics as well as our local community.”
Jennie LangPro-Vice-Chancellor - UNSW International, University of New South Wales, Australia
“From now on all of our promotional material, our website, and our publications, will include both the QS Stars rating alongside the Australian government’s ERA analysis”
“Compared to an international ranking, QS Stars offers more of a framework for benchmarking. It’s something where criteria that are important can be measured over time, not just with our colleagues in Australia but with likeminded universities anywhere in the world, and that’s what really attracted us.”
“I think most universities will use QS Stars. Increasingly, discerning students who are much more knowledgeable about their opportunities, say ‘show me the evidence’. I sense that this is what the future is going to be - students wanting us not just to make these assertions, but to back them up.”
Edilio MazzoleniHead of Operations - International Office, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
“QS Stars is a mechanism for us to project our specific strengths to the world. It has given us a better understanding of what are our weaknesses, as well as our strengths, within the university.”
Ailsa La MontExecutive Director - International, RMIT University, Australia
“QS Stars actually drills down to further detail, which will give students the choice to compare us more usefully with other institutions”
“We can use it to highlight the many diverse areas of strength that we have, and it will help us with our planning in areas such as branding, positioning, and telling us which areas to focus on.”
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Taken to market
The QS World University Rankings® is one of the foremost research tools for prospective students worldwide. Now QS Stars rated universities will appear alongside these prestigious rankings online to provide additional content and information for the students. The detailed criteria of QS Stars’ will complement and add a new level of depth to the rankings.
www.TopUniversities.com is one of the strongest university search websites on the internet with over 10 million visits in 2010. QS Stars will be highlighted on the home page, leading to a dedicated QS Stars webpage. This page is designed for prospective university students, and will provide an in-depth profile of QS Stars’ rated universities.
QS Stars webpage will be linked directly from the popular TopUniversities.com page. The website is enriched with content for students and parents focusing on the new QS Stars rating system and how it can help them narrow down their search and drill down on indicators that enable prospective students to see beyond the headlines and identify excellence that might otherwise remain in the shadow.
www.TopGradSchool.com is a leading source for graduate program research. This website will also feature the QS Stars search function on the home page as well as unique profiles for each participating QS Stars’ rated institution.
Media impactQS is the leading marketing and communications company in the international higher education sector with offices in London, Paris, Stuttgart, Singapore and New York. Over the years, QS has formed international partnerships with the world’s leading media outlets such as US News and World Report, Chosun Ilbo, The Times of India, The Sunday Times, Sina.com and many more. The launch of QS Stars will be supported by an extensive PR campaign by the QS PR team; targeting the world’s leading print, online and social media to ensure your QS Stars-rated institution is recognized globally.
Students use the Internet to research every stage of their choice of university course. Our research is recognized worldwide as independently reliable and thorough.
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FACILITIES
STUDENT QUALITY
Boost your marketing message
SAM
PLE
CATEGORY STAR RATINGResearch
Employability
Infrastructure
Internationalization
Innovation
Engagement
Specialization
OVERALL
QS Stars™ – © 2011 QS Intelligence Unit (a division of QS Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd)
The QS Intelligence Unit has, through rigorous and independent data collection and analysis of performance metrics as set out in the QS Stars™ methodology, rated xxx as a five star institution.
The QS Stars™ rating system is operated by the QS Intelligence Unit, the independent compiler of the QS World University Rankings® since 2004. The system
evaluates universities across a wide range of important performance indicators as set against pre-established international standards. By covering a broader
range of criteria than any world ranking exercise, QS Stars™ shines a light on both the excellence and the diversity of the rated institution.
Name of University
Ben Sowter - Head of QS Intelligence Unit
m
ore than
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QS Stars offers your universitiy the opportunity to use awarded stars to empower your marketing and branding collateral and campaigns. Once the audit has been completed you will receive a comprehensive pack that consists of various logos for your institution’s achievements. Under the licence agreement you will be entitled to use whichever logo you have been awarded on your marketing materials. QS supplies all logos in formats that will suit your printed and online materials.
Please see examples of logos below.
Category Rankings Badges
Overall Rankings Badges
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Boost your marketing message
This page shows some examples of how logo’s can be used on print adverts, reception areas and websites.
Announcing the launch of QS 5 Stars +We are pleased to announce the launch of the QS 5 Star + award. Requiring a minimum of 900 points and a Five-Star performance in all evaluated categories, the Five Stars + badge is designed to identify world elite institutions that are strong in all aspects – with recent refinements to the methodology, Five Stars + can apply equally to the world’s foremost comprehensive and specialist institutions.
2012
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Shining a light on your institution’s excellence
QS Stars allows your institution’s specialist subject areas to be highlighted. Appearing in any of the following QS rankings will earn your institution points in the specialist criteria, giving greater exposure and recognition to your specialist strengths:
Broad faculty area rankings Appearing within the top 300 of the QS World University Rankings® by broad faculty area rankings can earn your institution specialist criteria points.
QS World University Rankings® by SubjectQS Stars also offers institutions the opportunity to highlight their performance in several of their highly-ranked subject areas.
AccreditationInstitutions that do not have a ranked subject but have had a subject accredited by an internationally recognized accreditation body, also have the opportunity to highlight their specialist subject area. All accreditations should count to one particular area of specialisation.
* For illustrative purposes only.
* For illustrative purposes only.
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SPECIALIST SUBJECT: MATHEMATICSSPECIALIST SUBJECT: ARCHITECTURE
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Show your strength
Using a broader range of criteriaQS Stars gives a university the opportunity to highlight its strengths, whether or not it appears in rankings. The rating system includes a broader range of criteria than traditional rankings.
Evidence based marketingQS Stars is produced through the independent expertise of the QS Intelligence Unit and generates the hard evidence to support an institution’s marketing claims.
International recognitionQS Stars provides an opportunity for universities to gain international recognition outside of rankings. It also benefits institutions where English is not the first language as the entire set of QS Stars indicators can be adapted to any national context. This is ideal for universities wishing to increase their capacity to attract international students.
Great auditing toolThe QS Stars audit assists an institution in the orderly collection and dissemination of key performance data. This is a joint effort with QSIU collecting part of the data, then guiding the institution in what is required from them. The end result is a comprehensive institutional report compiled by QS, which serves as a development road map, and a better preparedness to respond to internal and external calls for performance data.
Specialized subjects are highlightedUniversities that specialize in a particular subject area will be recognized for their excellence compared with their peers and will gain more exposure to their program. See page 7 for an example of specialized subject area badges.
Strong web presenceQS is proud to own some of the most popular research tools for university-bound students to utilize during their research process. Our most popular website, TopUniversities.com will feature a profile page for every institution that participates in QS Stars. With more than10 million visits in 2010, the website offers one of the most effective and popular online communications platforms.
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Universities that participate in the QS Stars evaluation program receive a comprehensive report, which details their results as measured by a rigorous QS proprietary analysis. In essence, this report will detail your institution’s performance against each of the indicators. This research and analysis can help enhance your institution’s strategy moving forward. A complete sample report can be provided on request, please contact Jason Newman*. *contact details on last page.
Development Road Map - The Institutional Report
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Methodology explained
Distribution of points
The objective of the QS Stars rating system is to assess universities according to a broader range of criteria, giving them a greater opportunity to stand out in their particular areas of excellence.
A star rating assesses institutional performance in greater detail than can feasibly be accommodated in ranking results. It can encourage users and readers to understand that ranking results ought to be analyzed and contextualized rather than simply taken at face value. It can also provide additional important information that may be used by prospective students during the earliest stages of the decision-making process for university applications.
Ratings are not dependent on the performance of other institutions, but evaluate an individual institution’s performance and measure it against pre-set thresholds.
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Core criteria
Version 4.0
Core Criteria
These criteria feature the key building blocks of a university whether focused globally, domestically or locally – All categories in this section are mandatory for the evaluation.
Overall student satisfaction
Proportion of students expressing satisfaction with overall experience in student survey
Completion
Proportion of students scheduled to graduate succeeding in doing so
Satisfaction with teaching
Proportion of students expressing satisfaction with teaching through student survey
Faculty with PhD
Proportion of faculty with PhD or equivalent terminal degree
Further study
Proportion of students pursuing further study within 12 months of graduation
Faculty student ratio
Employer reputation
Number of employer referees endorsing institution in QS Global Employer Survey
Graduate employment rate
Proportion of students employed within 12 months of graduation (excluding those not actively seeking work e.g. pursuing further study)
Career service support
Number of full-time careers advisors
Papers per faculty
Research papers (Scopus) per faculty member
Arts-related outputs
Recognition of academic outputs in disciplines where journal articles are not pervasive
OR
OR
40
40
20
50
150
50
50
150
50
OR 40
150
These criteria feature the key building blocks of a university whether focused globally, domestically or locally
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Core criteria
Core Criteria
Citations per paper
Citations per paper – adjusted for institutions with negligible activity in medicine, science and technology
Academic reputation
Number of academic referees endorsing institution in QS Global Academic Survey
Prolific academic experts
Number of faculty members achieving international recognition through awards (e.g. Nobel Prize)
International faculty
Proportion of international faculty
International collaboration
University research collaborations or joint degree programs with QS top 500 universities in previous three years published rankings
International students
Proportion of international students
Religious facilities
Provision of appropriate facilities for international students of different religions
Inbound exchange students
Proportion of inbound exchange students
Outbound exchange students
Proportion of inbound exchange students
International diversity
Number of nationalities represented in student body
40
40
30
20
50
150
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20
20
20
10
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Learning EnvironmentLearning environment
Universities are able select two of the categories in this area as part of the QS Stars™ evaluation
Sporting Facilities
Provision of key, popular sporting facilities (e.g. swimming pool, gym, track, sports courts etc…)
Medical Facilities
Provision of medical facilities appropriate to the size of the student body
Student societies
Number of student administered organizations
Student accommodation
Number of student rooms relative to size of student body
IT infrastructure
Number of computers on campus; proportion of wired student rooms or campus Wi -Fi coverage
Library Facilities
Value or number of acquisitions with the past 12 months
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10
100
10
20
20
20
Universities are able select two of the categories in this area as part of the QS Stars™ evaluation
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Learning EnvironmentLearning environment
Latest technology
Use of new technology for program deployment
Track record
Length of time the institution had been operating successful online programs
Student faculty engagement
Regular access to faculty for one on one support
Student interaction
Opportunities to meet and interact with fellow students
Commitment to online
Number/proportion of programs made available online
Reputation
Number of organizations using programs and technology for staff training
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10
100
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20
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Advanced criteria
For a university to aspire to being truly world-class, its mission and its impact must extend further than the basics. This selection of criteria looks at important factors that a university with a solid foundation in the core criteria might target to advance to a higher level of performance and recognition.Recognising that institutions vary in specialisation, this section gives universities the option to select two of the categories in this area that showcases their strengths.
Advanced criteria
For a university to aspire to being truly world-class, its mission and its impact must extend further than the basics. This selection of criteria looks at important factors that a university with a solid foundation in the core criteria might target to advance to a higher level of performance and recognition.
Recognising that institutions vary in specialisation, this section gives universities the option to select two of the categories in this area that showcases their strengths.
Concerts and exhibitions
Concerts and exhibitions featuring the work or performances of students and faculty
Credits and cultural awards
Credits or cultural awards for students, faculty members or the institution as a whole publically accessible works
Cultural investment
Financial contribution to arts projects outside the university OR investment in cultural preservation
Patents
Active patents registered with national or international patent offices
Spin-off companies
Spin-off companies established in the last five years still operating and no longer requiring support from the university
Industrial research
Joint research projects with distinct research corporations (non-university), yielding publications in Scopus in the last 5 years
20
20
50
10
20
10
50
20
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Advanced criteriaAdvanced criteria
Community investment and development
Financial or in-kind contributions to community projects within 200km of any campus or affiliated facility
Charity work and disaster relief
Financial or in-kind contributions to national or international causes and charities
Regional human capital development
Proportion of graduates employed in the region OR proportion of students from the region
Environmental impact
Performance against a checklist of environmental indicators
Scholarships and bursaries
Financial value of, or number of students granted access through, scholarships
Disabled access
Proportion of campus with wheelchair access
Gender balance
Recognition of gender parity
Low-income outreach
Proportion of students identified as low-income OR investment in promotion to low-income families
*Universities will only be evaluated in two of the sections in this area as part of the QS Stars Evaluation. A maximum of 100 points can be scored.
20
10
50
10
10
20
10
50
10
10
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Specialist criteria
Excellence in a narrow field is as valid a claim to world-class status as competence in the round. These criteria are designed to extend credit where it’s due. – All categories in this section are mandatory for the evaluation.
Specialist criteria
Excellence in a narrow field is as valid a claim to world-class status as competence in the round. These criteria are designed to extend credit where it's due. – All categories in this section are mandatory for the evaluation.
Faculty area ranking
Ranking performance in any one of five broad faculty areas conducted
Specific subject ranking
Ranking performance in specific disciplines in rankings conducted by QS or respected alternate publisher
Internationally recognized accreditations
Programs accredited by internationally recognized and applicable standards
Nationally recognized accreditations
Programs accredited by internationally recognized and applicable standards
THRESHOLDS & PRE-REQUISITES
1 Star (100 / 1000) Must have the authority to grant valid degree level programs in its own name
2 Stars (250 / 1000)
3 Stars (400 / 1000)
4 Stars (550 / 1000) Must have at least 75 academic referees or must have at least 2 citations per faculty member
(for any institution not focused exclusively in two or fewer of our broad faculty area
Must have at least 1% international students
5 Stars (700 / 1000)
Must have at least 150 academic referees or 3 citations per faculty member (for any institution not focused exclusively in two or fewer of our broad faculty areas)
Must have at least 5% international faculty
Must have at least 20 employer referees
5 Stars + (900/1000) Must have 5 Star rating in all categories
150
150
50
50
Must have a minimum of 70 points in Infrastructure category within Core Criteria
Must have at least 5% international students
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Category rankings
QS Stars offers universities further opportunity to highlight their strengths across the categories within the evaluation system, allowing the reader to view the individual strengths.
Advanced criteria
Threshold Threshold
Teaching 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
15/150 35/150 60/150 85/150 105/150
Employability 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
15/150 35/150 60/150 85/150 105/150
Research 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
15/150 35/150 60/150 85/150 105/150
Internationalization 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
15/150 35/150 60/150 85/150 105/150
Facilities 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
10/100 25/100 40/100 55/100 70/100
Online/Distance 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
10/100 25/100 40/100 55/100 70/100
Innovation 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
5/50 15/50 20/50 30/50 35/50
Culture 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
5/50 15/50 20/50 30/50 35/50
Access 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
5/50 15/50 20/50 30/50 35/50
Engagement 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
5/50 15/50 20/50 30/50 35/50
Advanced criteria
Specialist Criteria 1 Star 2 Stars 3 Stars 4 Stars 5 Stars
20/200 50/500 80/500 110/200 140/200
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Meet the team
Jason Newman - Global Commercial DirectorJason is based in QS’ London HQ, and has 22 years experience in publications, events and promotions including for the last 12 years in the international higher education domain. At QS he has run a portfolio of international student undergraduate and postgraduate recruitment products and services. He consults to top universities world-wide introducing the QS portfolio and advising them on strategies for brand positioning, international student recruitment and international partnerships.
Deena Al-Hilli - Project ManagerDeena Al-Hilli is Project Manager of QS Stars, she is responsible for the development and growth of the project. She joined QS in 2006 as a Business Development Executive liaising with universities and business schools from around the globe to help them recruit high quality candidates and improve their local and international presence. In 2010, Deena joined the QSIU team as a key member and is actively involved in the data collection, verification and compilation of all data for the QS Stars audits. She frequently contributes her expertise at global higher education events and conferences.
Ben Sowter - Head of Research at QS, leading the QS Intelligence Unit.Ben is fully responsible for the operational management of all major QS research projects and is actively involved in all the collection, compilation and tabulation of all the data that lead to, among others, the QS Top MBA Applicant and Recruiter Research and the QS World University Rankings® research. Ben is a frequent contributor to the press and his opinion and expertise is used regularly by major global publications.
John Molony - VP for Strategic Planning and MarketingJohn joined the senior management team at QS in 2009 after 15 years in international higher education in Australia. At QS he is responsible for corporate marketing and the brand, and is leading several key initiatives. For QS’ sister companies, he is a Senior Consultant and Director with QS Consulting, and a Director with QS Unisoltuions. John also sits on QS’ rankings and evaluations Advisory Board.
Nunzio Quacquarelli - Founder and Managing Director of QS Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd.Nunzio believes that education and career decisions are too important to leave to chance. QS aims to be the world’s leading media and solutions company in the higher education sector and the most trusted on-line and off-line meeting place for all candidates, schools and businesses for career and educational related decisions, at each key career stage. Nunzio is responsible for the annual TopMBA.com Applicant and Recruiter Research, producing several reports including the annual QS Global 200 Top Business Schools Report. He is recognized as an authority on the strengths, weaknesses and specializations of business schools and universities around the world.
Team of AnalystsStephanie Braudeau Ina Chiriliuc Abby Chau Martin Juno Susan Gatuguta
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Pricing
Please note, the invoicing schedule will be as follows:Year 1 - US$16,700 (Audit fee and annual licence fee)Year 2 - US$6,850 (Annual licence fee)Year 3 - US$6,850 (Annual licence fee)
QS StarS aUDIt fee - US$9,850
• Audit valid for three years• Includes report detailing basis for achieved award and guidance on
maintaining/improving award level• Optional annual audit can be conducted at an extra fee, within the three
year cycle
QS StarS annUal lIcence fee - US$6,850 Includes upgrade to
intermediate profile level on www.topuniversities.com• Presentation of specific results on a customised link• Licence to use supplied graphics and logos in online and printed materials
to present rating to stakeholders
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Participation form
Confirmation of your booking and an invoice will be sent to you via email. A QS representative will be in contact. This contract is binding.
3 YEAR AUDIT OPTIONAL ANNUAL AUDIT
TOTAL COST___________________________
Institution name
Institution address
Tel Fax
Authorized signatory
Name of signatory Position
Signature:stamp Date
Please fax form to Jason Newman +44 (0)20 7428 2761
for General enQUIrIeS, pleaSe contact
Deena al-Hilli [email protected]
for fUrtHer InformatIon on QS StarS In yoUr area, pleaSe contact
Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Scandinavia Jason newman [email protected]
UK, Ireland, Netherlands and Switzerland nicholas Sequeira [email protected]
Asia, Middle East and Africa mandy mok [email protected]
Italy and Turkey Dario consoli [email protected]
Eastern Europe and Central Asia Zoya Zaitseva [email protected]
USA aled owens [email protected]
Rest of World Jason newman [email protected]
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QS - Our MiSSiOn
To enable motivated people around the world to fulfill their potential, by fostering
educational achievement, international mobility and career development.
www.qs.com
Tel.: +44 (0)207 428 2782
QS with offices in: London, Paris, Singapore, Stuttgart, Boston, Johannesburg, Shanghai, Sydney, Washington DC, New York
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