QMUL Microwaves module intro

ECS644UMicrowave & MillimetreWave Electronics

Khalid [email protected]

Monday 28th September 2015

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mailto:[email protected]

SummaryThe course will examine the principles and fundamentals of high frequency circuits in modern electronics, for analysis and design of microwave and millimetrewavesystems.

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People

• Lecturer: Dr Khalid Rajab

• Office: ENG E205, Engineering Building

• Office Hours: Tuesday 0900-1000

Thursday 0900-1000, 1400-1500

By appointment

• Email: [email protected]

• Teaching Assistant: Peter Alizadeh

[email protected]

• Labs: Mr. Kok Ho Huen [email protected]. Dave Wilkinson [email protected]

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Class Times

• Interactive lectures:• Monday 0900 – 1100

• Labs• Monday 1600-1800

• Note: no lecture on 2nd November

• Most lectures will have some interactivity.• Running simulations.

• Quizzes.

• Group discussions.

• Lab sessions:• Design work (simulations).

• Fabrication.

• Measurements & testing.

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Microwave & Millimetrewave Electronics

•Background• History

• What is Microwave Electronics?

• What is Millimetrewave Electronics?

• What will we learn?

• Coursework & Lab Assignments

• Information Resources

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James Clerk Maxwell

• In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell published a scientific theory predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves. He discovered that a CHANGING magnetic field will induce a CHANGING electric field and vice-versa.

• Maxwell’s Equations

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Heinrich Hertz

• Proved the existence of radio waves in the late 1880s.

• Developed spark gap generator as a source ( about 100MHz)

• Detecting loop and small air gap which sparked when excited

• Showed the velocity of radio waves was equal to the velocity of light

• Simplified Maxwell’s mathematics to a set of equations called Maxwell’s equations

• Showed the laws of reflection and refraction applied to radio waves

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(10-12) Dielectric polarization effects.

(13) Mercury induction coil interrupter.

(14) Meidinger cell. (15) Vacuum bell jar.

(16) HV induction coil. (17) Bunsen cells.

(18) Large-area conductor for charge storage.

(19) Circular loop receiving antenna.

(20) 8-sided receiver detector.

(21) Rotating mirror and mercury interrupter.

(22) Square loop receiving antenna.

Hertz’s EM lab * Photograph and identification courtesy of J. H. Bryant, University of Michigan.

Original apparatus used by Hertz:

(1)50MHz Tx spark gap & loaded dipole.

(2)Polarization tests/parallel wires.

(3)Cathode ray vacuum device.

(4)Hot-wire galvanometer.

(5)Reiss or Knochenhauer spirals.

(6)Rolled-paper galvanometer.

(7)metal sphere probe.

(8)Reiss spark micrometer.

(9)Coaxial transmission line.

(23) Refraction & dielectric measurement.

(24) Two square loop receiving antennas.

(25) Loop Rx antenna. (26) Tx dipole.

(27) High-voltage induction coil.

(28) Coaxial line. (29) HV discharger.

(30) Cylindrical parabolic reflector/Rx.

(31) Cylindrical parabolic reflector/Tx.

(32) Circular loop receiving antenna.

(33) Planar reflector.

(34, 35) Battery of accumulators.

Hertz’s Basic Experimental System

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Guglielmo Marconi

• First class entrepreneur as well as inventor.

• Granted the world's first wireless telegraphy patent in 1896.

• Identified the need to communicate with ships at sea.

• Over 110 years ago (December 12, 1901) he demonstrated transatlantic communication -the killer application! What can YOU do?

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Marconi’s Transatlantic Communications

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Guglielmo Marconi was in St John’s, Newfoundland, when he heard the three dots of the letter `S' come through in Morse Code from 2,000 miles away in Poldhu, Cornwall.

CornwallNewfoundland

1927 Bell Labs: Early mobile phones!

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1940s RADAR

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209 MHz

25 MHz








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What is Microwave Electronics?

• What is it used for?

• What is different compared to traditional circuit analysis?

• A design example

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The Frequency Spectrum

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Frequency Spectrum

• Radio Frequency (RF)• TV, wireless phones, GPS• 300 MHz – 3 GHz operational frequency• 1 m – 10 cm wavelength in air

• MicroWave (MW)• RADAR, future mobile broadband system• 8 GHz – 40 GHz operational frequency• 3.75 cm – 7.5 mm wavelength in air

• Millimetrewave• Auto collision avoidance• 50-300GHz

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Frequency Spectrum regions

• Radio Frequency (RF)• ~ 300 MHz … ~ 3 GHz operational frequency• ~1 m … ~ 10 cm wavelength in air

• Microwave (MW/μW)• ~ 3 GHz … ~ 30 GHz operational frequency• ~ 10 cm … ~ 1 cm wavelength in air

• Millimetrewave(mmW)• ~ 30 GHz … ~ 300 GHz operational frequency• ~ 1 cm … ~ 1 mm wavelength in air

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Frequency Band Designations

Freq. Band Wavelength

3 – 30 Hz 105 – 104 km

30 – 300 Hz 104 – 103 km

300–3000 Hz 103 – 102 km

3 – 30 kHz 102 – 10 km

30 – 300 kHz 10 – 1 km

300–3000 kHz 1 km – 100 m

3 – 30 MHz 100 – 10 m

30–300 MHz 10 -1 m

0.3–3 GHz 1 m – 10 cm

3 – 30 GHz 10 – 1 cm

30–300 GHz 1 cm – 1 mm

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Freq. BandIEEEband

3 – 30 MHz HF

30 – 300 MHz VHF

300–1000 MHz UHF

1 – 2 GHz L

2 – 4 GHz S

4 – 8 GHz C

8 – 12 GHz X

12 – 18 GHz Ku

18 – 27 GHz K

27 – 40 GHz Ka

40 – 75 GHz V

75 – 110 GHz W

110 – 300 GHz mm

ITU band

Extremely Low Freq. (ELF)

Super Low Freq. (SLF)

Ultra Low Freq. (ULF)

Very Low Freq. (VLF)

Low Freq. (LF)

Medium Freq. (MF)

High Freq. (HF)

Very High Freq. (VHF)

Ultra High Freq. (UHF)

Super High Freq. (SHF)

Extremely High Freq. (EHF)

ITU RadarBand

Frequency

VHF138 – 144 MHz216 – 225 MHz

UHF420 – 450 MHz890 – 942 MHz

L 1.215–1.400 GHz

S2.3 – 2.5 GHz2.7 – 3.7 GHz

C 5.250–5.925 GHz

X 8.50 – 10.68 GHz

Ku13.4 – 14.0 GHz15.7 – 17.7 GHz

K24.05–24.25 GHz24.65–24.75 GHz

Ka 33.4 – 36.0 GHz

V 59.0 – 64.0 GHz

W76.0 – 81.0 GHz92.0 – 100.0 GHz

mm

126 – 142 GHz144 – 149 GHz231 – 235 GHz238 – 248 GHz

*The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Frequency Bands in Microwaves

• Frequency Band Designations

21

C D E F G H I J K

P L S C X Ku K Ka

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.4 18.0 20.0 26.5 40.0

Previous

Designations

Current

Designations

Frequency GHz

Examples of Telecom Devices and their frequencies• Mobile Phones (0.9...2.1GHz)

• WiFi (2.45GHz, etc)

• Bluetooth (2.45GHz)

• Cordless Phones (0.3 – 2GHz)

• WiMAX (2.5, 3.5, 5GHz)

• Others ..

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Examples of Electronic Devices and their frequencies• FM radio (88 – 108 MHz)

• TV • VHF: 54–88MHz• UHF: 174~890MHz

• Microwave Oven (2.45GHz)

• Satellite TV• C band:3.7–4.2GHz• Ku band:11.7–12.2GHz

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Importance of MW Circuit Design

• Wireless communications • 2G(+EDGE)/3G/4G(LTE, etc.)

• Smartphones

• SatComms

• Global Positioning Systems• GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, etc.

• High-speed computing (bus systems, CPU, peripherals exceeding 600 MHz)

• Radar…

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A Wireless World

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• Increasingly moving to high-throughput wireless technologies

IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac

2.4/5 GHz

Microwave

IEEE 802.11ad

2.4/5/60 GHz

Millimetrewave

For digital media

60 GHz

Millimetrewave





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Microwave Circuits (I)

• Lumped circuit representation no longer applies!

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What do

we mean

by going

from

lumped to

distributed

theory?

Microwave Circuits (II)

• Current and voltage vary spatially over the component size

• No simple R, L and C circuits!

• Must take into account spatial variation (distances)

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Basic wireless system

• Transmitter:

• Receiver:

• Duplexer:

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A “typical” Wireless LAN radio

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Mobile Phone Technology – iPhone 6+

http://www.techinsights.com/te

ardown.com/apple-iphone-6/ECS644U 32

Mobile Phone Technology – iPhone 6+

http://www.techinsights.com/te

ardown.com/apple-iphone-6/ECS644U 33

Design Example of Microwave Electronics (I)

• GSM Mobile Phone Transceiver Circuit• Typical frequency range (Europe)

• 900MHz & 1.8GHz

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Design Example of Microwave Electronics (II)

• Mobile Phone Transceiver Circuit• Matching networks

• BJT/FET active devices

• Biasing circuits

• Computer Aided Design

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Design Example of Microwave Electronics (III)

• Mobile Phone Transceiver Circuit• Printed Circuit Board

• Microstrip line realisation

• Surface mount technology

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What is Millimetrewave Electronics?

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Future WiFi - WiGig

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Chipset for 30GHz Microwave Amplifier

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Automotive Radar (77+ GHz)

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Other Future Tech??

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We Shall Cover…

• Important μW/mmW concepts• Transmission lines• Filters• Amplifiers• Stability • Other applications (mixers, control, etc.)• MMIC

• Important analysis tools• The Smith Chart• S parameters• Z/Y/ABCD parameters• Computer Aided Design (CAD)

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Assessment

• Assignment 1: 10%





• Final exam: 0%

• There are NO exams!

Every assignment includes an attendance and involvementmark.

• Attendance: 5% of total grade.

• Involvement: 5% of total grade.

• Assessments may include reports, lab work, presentations, MCQs…

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Assessment






• Final exam: 0%


Topic: Transmission lines

We will investigate properties of transmission lines (used for guiding waves, but more later). This will be done using a commercial software tool – CST Microwave Studio.

More details later.

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Assessment






• Final exam: 0%


Assignments 2-5.

A range of different assessments:

• MCQs

• Reports

• Presentations

• Peer review.

More details later.

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Marks

• If I assign reading – read it!

• Come to class and stay involved.

• Extra credit.

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Grading

• E (40%) means you can use the formulas and copy designs.

• D (45%). Above and you can apply concepts to improve designs.

• C (50%). Above and you have discuss different topics covered.

• B (60%). Above and you can develop your own system designs.

• A (70%). Above and you can innovate and develop new applications.

• F (<40%) – you will have to take an exam!

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Resources

• Websites:• Course website• Microwaves101.com• Wikipedia

• Textbooks:• High Frequency Techniques: An Introduction to RF and Microwave

Engineering (Recommended)• Introduction to Microwave Circuits: Radio Frequency and Design Applications by

Robert J. Weber (Alternative)• Foundations for Microwave Engineering by Robert E. Collin (Highly recommended

classic, but advanced and quite deep)• Microwave Engineering by David M. Pozar (most highly recommended, but not

available as e-book)

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https://greenpages.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/courseinfo/ele569/

http://www.microwaves101.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/bkabstractplus.jsp?bkn=5236949&tag=1

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/bkabstractplus.jsp?bkn=5263823

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/bkabstractplus.jsp?bkn=5265446

QMUL Microwaves module intro

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