Q1.The principle of Shared sovereignty is a fair way of ...€¦ · nucleotides, or bases, in a...
Transcript of Q1.The principle of Shared sovereignty is a fair way of ...€¦ · nucleotides, or bases, in a...
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Model Answer
Introduction:
Share-Sovereignty is two
or more nation's theory
which can coexist
together as one nation-
state by sharing
sovereign power in
certain areas of legal and
administrative
relationship between two
or more nation under
some arrangement in the
constitution from both
countries
Examples:
China has
separate flags for
Macau, Hong
Kong and Taiwan.
Under the devolution in UK constitution, the Scottish has separate
parliament, Supreme Court and greater autonomy
Q1.The principle of Shared sovereignty is a fair way of dealing
with sovereignty conflicts. Evaluate this statement with respect
to India by giving suitable examples. (15 marks)
Approach
Intro: Write about the principle of Shared sovereignty
Body: Discuss the benefits and disadvantages of such principle with
respect to India
Conclusion: Give a conclusive opinion based on your arguments given
in the body
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Body
Principle of Shared sovereignty with respect to India.
Pros:
Indian state is under the threat due to the ongoing regional
movements such as,
Secessionism- Isac Muivah’s National Socialist Council of
Nagaland, the Islamic fundamentalist groups in J&K, ULFA
in Assam are the examples
Separatism- the demand for creation of Bodoland for the
Bodo-speakers in Assam; Gorkhaland for ethnic Gorkha
(Nepali) people in West Bengal; a Bundelkhand state
(covering part of Madhya Pradesh and part of Uttar Pradesh)
Demand for Full Statehood- like the NCT of Delhi.
The Demand for Autonomy- In Tamil Nadu the DMK, in
Punjab the Akali Dal, in Andhra Pradesh the Telgu Desham,
etc.
Demand for Regional Autonomy within a State- for
instance in J & K, the Ladakhis are demanding a regional
status.
Naxalism
In these cases the principle of Shared sovereignty will remain as the
best solution to end the conflicts associated with sovereign issues.
Genuine devolution signify empowerment of common people.
Along with Increased attention towards neglected areas.
Cons:
Might open the Pandora box: The state like Kashmir, Bihar,
Tamil Nadu, Punjab etc. might demand independence from India
External threat from neighboring state is a possibility
Resource distribution can become a major issue of a tussle between
the two states.
Rise of new political parties can lead to disputes and divide people
further on regional grounds.
It is true that time has changed and with it the concept of sovereignty has
also undergone a remarkable change. Therefore it is imperative that the
meaning of sovereignty is relevantly reinterpreted and understood to suit
the changes. Given the present context, it appears more realistic to explore
the concept of “shared sovereignty”.
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Model Answer
Body
Genome sequencing
Genome: It is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of
its genes.
Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and
maintain that organism. In humans, a copy of the entire genome—
more than 3 billion DNA base pairs—is contained in all cells that
have a nucleus.
Genome sequencing: It is figuring out the order of DNA
nucleotides, or bases, in a genome—the order of As, Cs, Gs, and Ts
that make up an organism's DNA. The human genome is made up
of over 3 billion of these genetic letters.
Sequencing the genome doesn't immediately lay open the genetic
information of an entire species. Even with a rough draft of the
human genome sequence in hand, much work remains to be done.
Scientists still have to translate those strings of letters into an
understanding of how the genome works.
Q2. What is genome sequencing? Mention few benefits of
genome sequencing and the challenges associated with it.
15 marks
Approach
Intro: Write about genome sequencing and mention some recent projects
like human genome projects etc.
Body: Write the benefits of genome sequencing and challenges
associated with it.
Importance of genome sequencing.
Conclusion: Conclude with future prospects of genome sequencing.
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Benefits of genome sequencing:
To study the entire genome sequence will help them
understand how the genome as a whole works – how
genes work together to direct the growth, development
and maintenance of an entire organism. And
also Genome sequencing sample of citizens
determine unique genetic traits, susceptibility (and
resilience) to disease.
Genomic sequencing can provide information on genetic
variants that can lead to disease or can increase the risk of
disease development, even in asymptomatic people. Thus
genome sequencing has the potential to increase the ability
to act preemptively prior to disease development or
commence treatment for a disease that has not yet been
diagnosed.
Pharmacogenomics: Another advantage of genome
sequencing is that information regarding drug efficacy or
adverse effects of drug use can be obtained.
Enable cost effective genetic tests, carrier screening
applications for expectant couples, enabling efficient
diagnosis of heritable cancers and pharmacogenetic tests to
prevent adverse drug reactions.
Ever since the human genome was first sequenced in 2003,
it opened a fresh perspective on the link between disease
and the unique genetic make-up of each individual.
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Nearly 10,000 diseases — including cystic fibrosis,
thalassemia — are known to be the result of a single gene
malfunctioning.
Challenges:
Production challenges: issues of sample contamination
from non-human sources, library chimaeras, sample mix-ups
and variable run quality.
Ethical issues: Medical sequencing raises ethical issues for
both individuals and populations, including data release and
identification, adequacy of consent, reporting research
results, stereotyping and stigmatization, inclusion and
differential benefit and culturally and community-
specific concerns.
Importance of Genome Sequencing
Sequencing the genome is an important step towards
understanding it.
The genome sequence will represent a valuable shortcut,
helping scientists find genes much more easily and quickly. A
genome sequence does contain some clues about where genes are,
even though scientists are just learning to interpret these clues.
Scientists also hope that being able to study the entire genome
sequence will help them understand how the genome as a whole
works—how genes work together to direct the growth,
development and maintenance of an entire organism.
Finally, genes account for less than 25 percent of the DNA in the
genome, and so knowing the entire genome sequence will help
scientists study the parts of the genome outside the genes. This
includes the regulatory regions that control how genes are turned
on and off, as well as long stretches of "nonsense" or "junk"
DNA—so called because significance of it hasn’t been
established.
Conclusion:
The time is ripe for India to begin its own genomics
revolution
A coherent push is needed at the national level that involves
government, academic institutions, the existing health-care
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industry, the IT industry and the nascent biotechnology
industry
This coherent push should aim to set an ambitious but
realistic objective of creating an Indian genetic data bank
Also, to promote academic programmes that train scientists,
technicians, and doctors in this area
And to create a regulatory framework that promotes broad
objectives for both public and private sectors without being
self-defeating
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Model Answer
Intro:
Immigration is the hot and rising political issue in the western world.
Many of the local population in the western world have feeling that
settled immigrants have taken away local jobs.
Body:
According to the population division at the department of
economics and social welfare of the United Nations, the total
number of immigrants as of mid-2019 is 272 million.
In 1990, the total number of immigrants was 153 million. And the
number of immigrants has risen constantly over the years.
In 2017, the number of international migrants worldwide –
people residing in a country other than their country of birth –
reached 258 million (from 244 million in 2015).
Female migrants constituted 48% of this international migrant
stock. There are an estimated 36.1 million migrant children, 4.4
million international students and 150.3 million migrant workers.
Q3. ‘An influx of immigrants into the local population can have
taken away the jobs of the locals’. In light of this statement,
discuss the economic benefits of migration. (15 marks)
Approach
Intro:
Provide a short introduction
Body:
Enlist some key statistics on Migration
Discuss the economic benefits of Migration
Conclusion:
Conclude with a balanced note
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Approximately 31% of the international migrant stock worldwide
reside in Asia, 30% in Europe, 26% in the Americas, 10% in
Africa and 3% in Oceania.
Economic benefits of Migration
As per the
economist, the
influx of
migrants can
have a direct
effect on the job
and as a result,
the supply of
labour goes up.
But, in a
retrospective
sense, it has indirect effects as well. One indirect effect of a rise in
migrants is the overall increase in demand for goods and services.
This works well for the overall economy and the population as a
whole. The local population tends not to acknowledge this.
Other benefits are as follows:
Bridging the gap of Economic In-equality: Migration leads to
remittances transfers and social capital transfer thereby bridging
inequality across the regions.
Increased Talent pool in the host economy: For the host
country’s economy, Immigrants offer increased talent pool
provided they have been well educated in their original country.
Labour Demand and Supply: Migration fills gaps in demand
for and supply of labor, efficiently allocates skilled labor,
unskilled labor, and cheap labor.
Skill Development: Migration enhances the knowledge and
skills of migrants through exposure and interaction with the
outside world.
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Quality of Life: Migration, enhances chances of employment
and economic prosperity which in turn improves quality of life.
Climate Change Adaptive Mechanism: Migration has also
emerged as a possible adaptive mechanism in the context of
climate change and the occurrence of extreme weather events like
floods, droughts, and cyclones.
Economic Efficiency: Bulk of employment in the informal
sector is economically efficient and profit-making. Thus
migration increases the efficiency of local businesses as well as
provides income for migrants.
Conclusion
Migration is integral to the process of human development and it
plays a very important role in achieving sustainable development
goals.
In line with the other countries, India also needs to formulate
migration centric policies, strategies, and institutional mechanisms in
order to ensure inclusive growth and development and reduce distress
induced migration.
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Model Answer
Intro
The word Cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos
meaning the coils of a snake. It was coined by Henry
Peddington because the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal
and the Arabian Sea appear like coiled serpents of the sea.
Cyclones are caused by atmospheric disturbances around a
low-pressure area distinguished by swift and often
destructive air circulation. Cyclones are usually accompanied
by violent storms and bad weather.
The air circulates inward in an anticlockwise direction in the
Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern
hemisphere.
Cyclones are classified as: (i) extra tropical cyclones (also called
temperate cyclones); and (ii) tropical cyclones.
Body
There are six conditions favorable for this process to take place.
The temperature of the surface layer of ocean water must be
26.5 °C or more
A preexisting atmospheric circulation must be located near
the surface warm layer.
The atmosphere must cool quickly enough with height to
support the formation of deep convective clouds.
The middle atmosphere must be relatively humid at a height of
about 5,000 metres (16,000 feet) above the surface.
At least 500 km (300 miles) away from the Equator.
Q4.Tropical cyclones are largely confined to South China Sea,
Bay of Bengal and Gulf of Mexico. Why? (10 Marks)
Approach
Intro: Define what is cyclone.
Body- What are the pre-conditions? How these pre-conditions helps
in forming cyclone in the given areas.
Conclusion- How cyclone is beneficial to the coastal area. Other
prevention measures
Body:
Conclusion:
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The wind speed must change slowly with height through the
troposphere.
These pre-conditions are present in South China Sea, Bay of
Bengal and Gulf of Mexico. Hence, cyclones are formed here.
Benefits- Relieve drought conditions, Carry heat and energy away
from the tropics and transport it towards temperate latitudes,
thus helps to maintain equilibrium in the Earth’s troposphere and
maintain a relatively stable and warm temperature worldwide.
MITIGATION MEASURES- There are many structural and non-
structural measures for effective disaster management of cyclones.
The structural measures include construction of cyclone
shelters, construction of cyclone resistant buildings, road
links, etc.
Non-structural measures like early warning dissemination
systems, management of coastal zones, awareness generation
and disaster risk management and capacity building of all the
stakeholders involved.
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Model Answer
Intro
National Crime Records Bureau is an Indian government
agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as
defined by the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local
Laws (SLL).
The NCRB compiles and collates the data and presents it in the
form of this report.
The idea is that such data collection would help the government
formulate its policies better in tackling crimes.
Features of NCRB report, 2017:
It included 88 new categories including sexual harassment of
women at the workplace/public transport, offences relating to
elections, obscene acts at public places, etc.
Significant diversification of data can be seen are crimes against
women and children, atrocities against Dalit’s, cases of
corruption, and time taken by police and courts to take cases to
their conclusion.
For IPC crimes, police are supposed to file a charge sheet within
90 days. But data show that in certain cases such as rioting,
which includes communal riots, police delayed filing of charge
sheet in 60% of the cases.
It says there are more than 3 lakh cases pending investigations
for more than one year.
Q5.In order to explore more precise and effective solutions to
criminal justice issues, NCRB must first take steps towards
ensuring the accuracy, reliability and comprehensiveness of its
annual crime reports. Comment. (10 Marks)
Approach
Intro: Provide basic info about NCRB and its annual crime
report.
Body: Explain various loopholes in the recent 2017 NCRB crime
report. Also provide some key findings.
Conclusion: Give some suggestions for improving the report.
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Body
Lynching crimes/farmer suicides were not reported: The zero
figure assumes significance when seen against the backdrop of 21
deaths in the Jharkhand state alone in the past three years due to
mob violence over suspicion of animal slaughter, theft, child-
lifting rumors, among others.
Also data on farmer suicides after 2015 are yet to be published.
Without methodological clarity, policymaking is a challenge:
There is opacity surrounding the methodology for collection and
compilation makes the data.
Improper classification: While the report states that “socio-
economic causative factors or reasons of crimes” have not been
captured, the non-legislative parameters for classifying some
offences have not been adequately explained.
Absence of information on the quality and impact of
reformation programmes for prisoners: Data is needed for
ensuring successful reintegration of prisoners and provide those
serving life-term imprisonment (52.6% of all convicts) an
opportunity to reform.
Conclusion
Lynching data should be provided to help in formulating policy
to curb these crimes.
Methodology for collection of data should be made public to
ensuring transparency.
Sociological reasons for crimes should be provided so that a
better policy for poor and vulnerable sections of society, can be
formulated.
Data about the quality of prisoners’ reform programs should be
given so that better rehabilitation policies are formulated for
prisoners. It is important since 94.4% of those entering the
criminal justice system were arrested for the first time.
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SYNOPSIS
Intro
What is an organoid?
Organoids are a group of cells grown in laboratories into three-
dimensional, miniature structures that mimic the cell arrangement
of a fully-grown organ.
They are tiny (typically the size of a pea) organ-like structures that
do not achieve all the functional maturity of human organs but
often resemble the early stages of a developing tissue.
Most Organoids contain only a subset of all the cells seen in a real
organ, but lack blood vessels to make them fully functional.
In the case of brain Organoids, scientists have been able to develop
neurons and even make specific brain regions such as the cerebral
cortex that closely resemble the human brain.
The largest brain Organoids that have been grown in the laboratory
are about 4 mm in diameter.
Body
Since the Organoids closely resemble mature tissues, it opens up new
vistas.
It can be used for studying the complex arrangements of cells in
three-dimensions and their function in detail and understanding how
cells assemble into organs. Organoids
can be
used to
study the
safety and
efficacy of
new drugs
and also
test the
response of
tissues to
existing medicines. Organoids will bring precision medicine closer to reality by
developing patient-specific
treatment strategies by studying which drugs the patient is most
sensitive to. Scientists have been increasingly using human cell lines and other
methods, during drug development studies but such alternatives
Space to Add More
Dimensions
Q6.What is an organoid? Briefly explain their significance to
Medicine research. (10 marks)
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have some inherent limitations, they cannot mimic the whole organ
system whereas Organoids are a far superior alternative to cell lines. Organoids offer new opportunities to study proteins and genes that
are critical for the development of an organ. This helps in knowing
how a mutation in a specific gene causes a disease or disorder. Scientists are already using stem cells taken from tumours to grow
Organoids that are poised to develop cancer. The ability to grow
Organoids using cancer stem cells allows researchers to study the
genes, proteins and signaling pathways that cancer cells use to
develop and grow. They are also using healthy Organoids to
identify and verify the gene mutations that cause cancer.
Conclusion:
The establishment of organoid culture systems represents a milestone on
the route toward successful personalized medicine. Due to their unique
ability of virtually unlimited self-renewal, organoid cultures should be
distinguished from previous 'sphere'-culture assays, for example, 'tumor
spheres' that have already been described and applied over the last
decades.