Q1. Non alignment does not mean neutrality of state. In ...€¦ · Partner Capacity programmes. It...

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Model Answer

Intro

The Non-Aligned Movement is a Movement of countries

representing the interests and priorities of developing countries. as

to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial

integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle

against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all

forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference

or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics. The

recent summit of NAM held in Baku.

Body

Relevance of NAM:

Multi-polarity: Now the present world scenario is in a slow but

steady pace. Uni-polar is slowly shifting to the multi-polar world

and eager to look into the matter of global economic issues. Even

G20 realized that they cannot withstand without developing

nations in this phase of the acute crisis.

Stability in the rising multipolar world order

Can help to contain the rise of China by raising a collective voice.

A platform where India’s Leadership is recognized

A unique platform of countries with dissimilar backgrounds and

interests

Q1. Non alignment does not mean neutrality of state. In the

light of this statement critically examine the relevance of NAM

in current multipolar world.

Approach

Intro: Define what is non alignment or Mention any current event

related to NAM

BODY: Examine relevance from both perspective: FOR &

AGAINST

• Achievements of NAM

• Failure OF NAM

Conclusion: way forward- changes that should be brought to

make NAM relevant for 21st century

Body:

Conclusion:

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Check on big power ambitions-NAM constitute of 120 developing

nation and this overwhelming strength of this third world nation

act as a check on big power ambitions.

Against:

During wars NAM members adopted diplomatic approach. To

begin with, during the 1962 War with China, Ghana and Indonesia

two of the co-founders of NAM, along with India – adopted

explicitly pro-China positions.

World is witnessing the rise of new world powers like China, India

thus is moving towards multipolar world.

No coordinated approach: NAM was formed more out of political

compulsions and friendship of leaders rather than for a concrete

purpose. Members of the NAM have different political, social and

economic structure which hinders any cohesive action each with

their own set of interests.

NAM could not push for reforms in the global bodies like UN,

IMF, and WTO.

Inability to find solution to the West-Asian crisis. Withdrawal of

one of the founder members- Egypt, after the Arab Spring.

Most of the members are economically weak; hence they have no

say in world politics or economy.

Conclusion:

Most of the NAM countries are developing or under-developed hence

collaboration to end exploitation, war, hunger, poverty and disease on the

earth can revive and make NAM more relevant. The most important role

for NAM today lies in framing a concrete economic agenda for a just and

fair international order.

Develop a new ‘Bandung spirit’ which takes into account the new

realities: States could engage in soft balancing of this nature hoping to

delegitimize the aggressive behavior of the great powers.

NAM 2.0- Most of the NAM countries are developing or under-developed

hence collaboration to end exploitation, war, hunger, poverty and disease

on the earth can revive and make NAM more relevant. The most

important role for NAM today lies in framing a concrete economic agenda

for a just and fair international order.



Model Answer

Intro The defence partnership, a key pillar of the relationship, which has

blossomed. India and USA are planning to revitalise a defence technology

sharing pact by putting several new ideas, Focus on startups The

possibility of exports to identified third nations and focusing on practical

industry partnerships and Including setting up of an industry forum that

can identify and suggest practical projects that can be taken up in the

future.

Body

Defence agreements signed between India and USA-

DTTI: India and the United States have launched a Defence

Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI), aimed at simplifying

technology transfer policies and exploring possibilities of co-

development co-production to invest the defence relationship with

strategic value.

COMCASA is meant to facilitate use of high-end secured

communication equipment to be installed on military platforms

being sold to India by US to fully exploit their potential. It

essentially provides legal framework for transfer of

Q2.) Discuss Indo-US relations in the light of recent Defence

agreements signed between India and the USA

Approach

Intro: discuss Indo US relation in brief or mention any recent

defence talks between India and USA

Body:

• Mention defence agreements which are signed

• Bring out the purpose of defence cooperation

• Benefits for both countries

• Challenges that are hampering defence partnership

Conclusion: suggest few measures to operationalize defence

partnership



communication security equipment from US to India that will

facilitate interoperability between armed forces of both countries

and potentially with other militaries that use US-origin systems for

secure data links.

The agreements signed include, Logistics Exchange Memorandum

of Association (LEMOA) signed in August 2016.It gives access to

both countries and to designated military facilities on either side

for the purpose of refueling and replenishment.

BECA: It facilitates exchange of geospatial information between

India and US for both military and civilian use.

BENEFITS FOR BOTH COUNTRIES:

• The US sees the defence partnership in the context of its Building

Partner Capacity programmes. It increasingly regards India as a

potential ally in dealing with the emerging challenges in the Indo-

Pacific, notably China’s growing economic and military

assertiveness.

• India’s importance as a market for arms supplies, next only to Saudi

Arabia, is also a major factor.

• India’s immediate objective is to rapidly build its defence

capabilities, in order to better deal with potential threats on its

northern and western land borders and in the Indian Ocean. It needs

the latest technologies to pursue its ambitious ‘Make in India’

Programme in defence manufacturing.

CHALLENGES:

• Bilateral disputes impacting the security partnership: There is a risk

that bilateral disputes in the commercial or trade sector could bleed

into and affect the defence relationship, or that short-sighted policy

decisions could have long-term strategic ramifications.

• DTTI frustration: it has often been perceived, incorrectly, as a venue

for fast-tracking sole-source contracts on major defence articles.

Technologies identified for co-development and production were

unviable and of questionable commercial potential and operational

requirements.

• Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

(CAATSA): According to this Act, sanctions could be imposed on any

country indulging in procurement of weapons from a foreign so-called

“rogue” government

Way forward:

Focus on co-production opportunities: Both countries should be

more aggressively exploring co-production opportunities,



particularly in next-generation areas that would give a needed

boost to the partnership.

Launch DTTI 2.0: DTTI should be reinvigorated, with an explicit

mandate to drive cooperative research, development, and

production of defence technologies. The DTTI must develop

further ties with Indian industry

Q3.Has already been asked covered earlier. You can refer the

same for Model answer



Model Answer

Approach

Intro – One can start with data/report showing urgent need to

expedite food fortification program in India.

Body – One can define food fortification briefly and highlight its

importance. Then the present status and future possibilities (prospect)

of food fortification can be highlighted.

Conclude – With highlighting government initiatives in this

direction.

Intro The Economist Intelligence Unit has ranked India 63rd among 67

countries in terms of micronutrient deficiency prevalence, with only

Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Kenya faring worse. In this scenario

food fortification draws an urgent attention.

Body

What is food fortification?

Q4. What is food fortification? Explain the prospects of food

fortification in India.



Importance of food fortification

The debate on food security in India, till not very long ago, revolved around

making available adequate quantities of produce to feed our vast population.

However, of late, the emphasis has started shifting from quantity to quality,

signaling a paradigm shift in the understanding, if not definition, of “food

security”.

What is present status of food fortification in India?

The FSSAI has formulated a ‘Food Safety and Standards

(Fortification of Foods) Regulations, 2016’, a comprehensive

regulation on fortification of foods in the country.

These regulations set standard guidelines for food

fortification and encourage the production, manufacture,

distribution, sale and consumption of fortified foods.

They also assign specific role of FSSAI in promotion for food

fortification and to make fortification mandatory.

Prospects of food fortification in India

Need for rice fortification

1. 67 % of population in India consumes rice (NSSO, 68th

round).

2. Rice forms a large source of calories and core component of

agriculture and nutrition in most of India.

3. Milling of rice removes the fat and micronutrient rich bran

layers to produce the commonly consumed starch white rice.

4. Polishing further removes 75-90% of Vitamin B- 1, Vitamin

B-6, Vitamin-E and Niacin.

Need for milk fortification

1. The quantity question in milk has since long been addressed.

It is the country’s largest “crop” today, both by volume and

value.

2. Qualitatively, too, it is a wholesome food containing animal

protein, fat, carbohydrate, calories and sugar as well as

calcium, phosphorus and vitamin A, D, B2 and B12.

3. Being a universally consumed food, milk also offers itself as

a natural vehicle for a nationwide food fortification

Programme that can effectively address the problem of under-

nutrition amongst large sections of our masses.



4. The potential is even more given the high-income elasticity

of demand for milk in the lower quintiles and deciles.

Conclusion Therefore food fortification needs to be diversified to

crops which are more widely and cheaply available to the vulnerable

sections and others. Only then micronutrient deficiencies can be

eliminated from India.

The government of India has launched a Milk Fortification Project

targeting fortification of about 2 million tonnes of liquid milk to

reach at least 30 million consumers is a positive step in this direction.



Model Answer

Intro

Pollution is defined as 'an addition or excessive addition of

unwanted elements to the physical environment (water, air

and lands), making it less fit or unfit for the environment'.

Types of Pollutants

Pollutants are the elements, which cause adverse effect on

the natural quality of any component of the environment.

For example, household residual, vehicular emissions,

automobile emissions radioactive substances.

Body

Causes of pollution

» High Population- The increasing level of population put

more pressure on natural resources such as water, air and

ultimately creating imbalance in the environment.

» Industrialization- Large industrial development has

resulted in mushrooming of large infrastructural plants

creating air pollution through emission in atmosphere. Hence,

the environment is affected.

» Forest fires- Forest fires are caused due to various factors such

as- Irresponsible Tourism, invasive species (such as Lantana

Camera) etc. Due to forest fires, the smoke emitted from it, leads to

air pollution, soil pollution.

Q5)What do you understand by Environmental Pollution?

Mention the various kinds of pollution and their effect on

human health in India.

Approach

Intro: Explain the term pollution.

Body: Explain various types of pollution. Their effects on human

health

Conclusion: Positive approach



WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution is the addition/presence of undesirable

substances to/in water such as organic, inorganic, biological,

radiological, heat, which effects the quality of water so that it

becomes unfit for human utilization’.

Effects on human health-Consumption of polluted water leads

to effects on blood, nails and hairs causing skin lesions, rough

skin, dry and thickening of the skin and ultimately skin cancer.

AIR POLLUTION

The pollutants persist in the atmosphere after release into the environment

is called air pollution.

Effects on humans- It leads to severe lungs problems such as asthma,

lung cancer; irritation, headaches, mental issues, death.

SOIL POLLUTION

“Soil pollution” refers to the presence of a chemical or substance out of

place and/ or present at a higher than normal concentration that has

adverse effects on any non-targeted organism.

Effects on Human Health- More than 70% of the soil pollutants are

carcinogenic in nature, intensifying the chances of developing cancer in

the humans exposed to the polluted soils. It happens when people

consume crop produce that is grown in the polluted soils or when they

consume animal products that eat plants from polluted soils. As a result,

humans suffer from acute illnesses and may experience premature death.

For example, Itai-itai disease has been reported in the cadmium enriched

soil.

NOISE POLLUTION

Noise pollution is generally defined as regular exposure to elevated sound

levels that may lead to adverse effects in humans or other living

organisms. According to the World Health Organization, sound levels less

than 70 dB are not damaging to living organisms



Effect of Noise Pollution on Humans

Hypertension is, in this case, a direct result of noise pollution

caused elevated blood levels for a longer period of time.

Hearing loss can be directly caused by noise pollution, whether

listening to loud music in your headphones or being exposed to

loud drilling noises

Sleep disturbances are usually caused by constant air or land

traffic at night, and they are a serious condition in that they can

affect everyday performance and lead to serious diseases.

Conclusion

Our constitution has provided the provisions related to the

protection of various ecosystem. Article 51a (g) to protect

and improve the natural environment including forests,

lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living

creatures.

Case Study of Bihar Flood, 2019- The government has shown

the team work by collaborating with NDRF, SDRF, NGO’s,

in carrying out rescue operation.



Introduction:

About 60 percent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various

intensities, over 40 million hectares is prone to floods and 68 percent of

the area is susceptible to drought.

According to an estimate by the World Bank direct losses from natural

disaster are up to 2 percent of the India’s GDP.

The turning point in the thinking on disaster management was the Indian

Ocean Tsunami of 26th December 2004. This disaster struck the country

in more than seven states which highlighted the gaps in early warning,

coordination and the management of disasters.

The Disaster Management Act, 2005 lays down institutional, legal

financial and coordination mechanisms at the central, state, district and

local levels.

These institutions are not parallel structures and will work in close

harmony.

The new institutional framework is expected to ensure implementation

of the national desire for a paradigm shift in DM from a relief-centric

approach to a proactive regime that lays greater emphasis on

preparedness, prevention and mitigation.

Q6) How important is vulnerability and risk assessment for

pre-disaster management? Asan administrator, what are key

areas that you would focus on in a Disaster Management

System?

Approach:

Introduction

Mention about India’s vulnerability to disasters.

Illustrate the importance of pre-disaster management.

Mention govt. initiative

Body:

Broadly discuss about the areas on which you as an

administrator can focus.

Conclusion:



With better planning, preparedness awareness and mitigation measures

we can significantly reduce the impact of disasters for our people in the

near future.

The Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) for action approved in 2005 by

UNISDR to which India is a signatory, advocates mainstreaming

disaster risk reduction into socioeconomic development planning and

activities

Body:

As an administrator, one needs to focus on following areas:

Technical area: Application of science and technology for

assessment, identification and monitoring of disasters and

enhancing early warning of system.

Socio-educational area: Increasing citizen’s understanding and

skills to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels

Development area: Integrating disaster risk in all relevant sectors

of development planning and programmes.

Humanitarian area: Factoring disaster risk reduction in disaster

response and recovery.

Increasing awareness and preparedness, strengthening rescue and

relief mechanisms.

Better rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Agriculture:

o The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) is a flagship

Programme of the Ministry of Agriculture which provides

adequate flexibility to include DRR components to take care

of extreme weather events.

o Creating reserves of seeds, pest surveillance systems,

providing water storage devices (in combination with

MGNREGS) etc. could be taken up as DRR components.

Infrastructure

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) provides rural

connectivity to habitations. These could also provide lifeline connectivity

in the case of disasters to hospitals, food distribution centres, schools, etc.

In the event of a natural disaster, availability of drinking water and food

demand immediate attention.

Administrator should give more thought needs to be given to the design,

construction and location of the drinking water sources particularly in

low lying flood prone areas.



Health:

National Rural Health Mission: Areas like hospital safety, surveillance

mechanism for infectious diseases, trauma care, management of mass

causalities, etc., need more attention.

Public awareness:

Disaster Risk Reduction needs to be included in the curricula in

Schools and Colleges to inculcate the culture of safety and

prevention among the children.

In addition, a thorough review of the safety of the School

buildings needs to be undertaken.

Ensuring compliance of building norms:

Our adherence to norms in the case of buildings in seismic zone-IV and

V has been quite poor. Similarly our compliance with fire safety norms

has also been found to be awfully inadequate. It is necessary to

strengthen inspections and management by Government agencies.

Conclusion: All hazards need not become disasters. With better

planning, preparedness awareness and mitigation measures we can

significantly reduce the impact of disasters for our people in the near

future.


Q1. Non alignment does not mean neutrality of state. In ...€¦ · Partner Capacity programmes. It...

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