Q: Explain the importance of following places in life...

Q: Explain the importance of following places in life of Muhammad: Mecca

Mecca is the city where Ka’abah, house of Allah is situated. It is the homeland of Hazrat Muhammad (Pbuh).It is the city where Holy Prophet (Pbuh) was born in 571 A.D and brought up.

Mecca is the city from where Holy Prophet started his business. This enabled him to earn his livelihood with his own hands. It is the city where Prophet married with Hazrat Khadija. Khadija became a source of moral and financial help for Prophet.

Mecca is the city where Holy Prophet was Prophethood. It is this city where Gabriel visited Holy Prophet, at the mount of Hira and informed him of his selection for such a great and noble task by Allah. This highlights the great significance of this city.

Mecca served as a ground for the preaching of Islam. It is the first land where Holy Prophet preached the message of Islam and from here the Prophet started his mission. This preaching provided many great personalities like AbuBakr, Umar, Usman, Ali, talha, Zubair who were extremely helpful for Islam and for Prophet after their conversion.

Mecca is the place from where the Holy Prophet went to Taif for outside preaching. He also made the Pledges of Aqabah with the people of Yasrib and accepted invitation of migration to Yasrib. From Mecca, Holy Prophet went for Miraj.

Mecca is the place where Holy prophet chalked out a programme of migration to Abyssynia and yasrib.

This city occupies extraordinary and immense importance in Islamic history. Madina

The old name of Madina is Yasrib. It is the city where Holy Prophet spent last ten years of his life. This life of Prophet was full of various achievements and many historical events which make this city of unique significance.

The Holy Prophet migrated to Madina. Madina was the first place where Holy Prophet was given the privilege of the ultimate and undisputed leader. In this way Holy Prophet was able to enforce justice in that society. At Madina Prophet Mosque was built.

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He established Islamic state and Muslims got power and strength. At Madina, Muslims fought the battle of Badr, Uhad and Ahzab with Pagans. At Medina Holy Prophet signed treaties with Jews and Pagans.

The Holy Prophet was at Medina when he wrote letters to different kings and emperors.

The Holy Prophet passed last days of his life at Madina. He is buried there. Q: Give an account of preaching of Islam in early days at Mecca.

At the age of 40, Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) got first Divine revelation in the cave of Thawr by Jibrail. It was consisted of five verses. This revelation include, “Read in the name of your Lord who created man from a clot of congealed blood. Read and your Lord is most bountiful who taught knowledge by the pen; taught man what he did not know”.

After the moral support from Khadija and Warqa-bin-Naufal, he was feeling responsibly of Prophetic mission. Secret preaching After interval, second revelation was revealed. Allah said, “O thou wrapped up (in a mantle) arise and deliver thy warningand thy Lord do thou” ( Al Muddasar) In this verse, Allah has directed him to take the initiative of preaching.

The Holy Prophet adopted a well-considered and gradual plan of preaching of Islam to his close companions only who knew well of his character. He invited friends, relatives and people concerned with Prophet PBUH to religion of Islam. During first three years of preaching, about forty God fearing people accepted Islam. Among them were , His wife Khadija, his adopted son Zaid, his friend Abu Bakr, Usman, Talha, Abdul Rehman, Saad bin Abi Waqas and Abdullah bin Masood.

For three years, missionary activities continued in a secret fashion. At the prayer time, Prophet companions would retire from the city to perform the prayer in a gorge in the hills and then disperse. Open Preaching

The Prophet’s mission was not to confined to secret preaching. He was commanded by Allah for open preaching. Allah said, “Expand openly what you are commanded and turn away from those who join false gods with Allah”


After this revelation, the Prophet (PBUH) went up the Mount of Safa and called to all tribes. When they gathered, the Prophet preached the unity of God and asked them to give up the idolatry. People laughed at his call scornfully. Abu Lahab, his uncle was upset and became his enemy. Preaching to relatives Another revelation directed the Prophet to call to His relatives. Allah said, “Warn your nearest kinfolk.”

On receiving this revelation, Holy Prophet arranged a feast and invited the whole clan of Abdul Muttalib. When the meal was over, Prophet invited them to Islam. Hazrat Ali offer his support in his mission by saying, “Though I have sore eyes ,thin legs, and young in age, yet I am ready to support you”

Dar-e-Arqam was a centre of preaching. It was place of get together of early converts.The Holy Prophet continued this preaching for 13 years at Mecca inspite of severe opposition and persecution. Q: Give an account of opposition and persecution for the Holy Prophet and followers in early days of Islam. Persecution for the Prophet

After conferment of Prophet hood, Holy Prophet started preaching of Islam. The Holy Prophet and his followers faced severe opposition and persecution by Pagans.

The people who used to call him”truthful” and “trustworthy” defamed him by openly as a liar, poet and magician. This was mental torture for the Prophet.

Sometimes dirt was thrown at him. His path was strewn with thorns and filth. Stones were thrown at his house.

Once Prophet was prostrating in Ka’abah, Abu Jahl asked his companions to bring dirty foetus of a she camel and place it on his back. A peel of laughter rose among the non Muslims . Hazrat Fatima came and removed.

When the peaceful persecution had no means, the non-believers sent a deputation to Abu Talib, uncle of the Holy Prophet to stop his nephew. Holy Prophet gave answer to his uncle. “O my uncle, if they place sun on my right hand and the moon on my left hand to renounce my work ,I would not stop until Allah fulfils it for me or destroys me in the process.”


His strong and passionate love for his mission stimulated his uncle who afterwards supported Him. The Quraish even tried to tempt him to stop preaching Islam. They sent Utba bin Rabi with the following lures: • Wealth uncountable; • Lordship of Mecca; • A damsel of his choice and liking; • Treatment at their expenses in the case if he is charmed. The Holy Prophet declined all these offers. Persecution for followers

The followers of the Prophet also faced severe persecution. They were beaten and roasted on hot desert sand. They were stretched on burning coals until the oozing from their wounds quenched the fire.

Usman bin Affan was rolled in a “Chakki”by his uncle and given smoke. Khabbab was beaten with sticks and treated with barbarity. Persecution for family of Prophet

Abu Lahab compelled his sons to divorce prophet daughters and he divorced. Hazrat Khadija faced hardships during Prophetic mission. Persecution for slaves

Slaves were persecuted by their masters.Bilal was made to lie in chains on the scorching desert sands by his master and subjected to prolonged deprivation of food and drink.

Yasir was tossed upon embers, his wife Sumaya was tortured to death and their son Ammar was treated with utmost cruelty.

When the torment and oppression by Quraish failed to stop the advancing tide of Islam, they decided to boycott the Hashim clan unless they handed over Muhammad for execution or they themselves assassinated him. Under the terms of the boycott, it was forbidden to enter into martial relations with Banu Hashim, to sell or purchase things with them, to supply food or water to them and to have any social relationship with them. Abu Talib was thus forced to confine his clan and himself in a gorge Shi’b Abi Talib where they endured for 3 years of extreme poverty. They had to eat leaves in the valley and often starved.

In spite of the barbarity and cold blooded cruelty they all remained adamant and even some of them lost their lives but none of them gave up the new faith. Reaction towards Persecution


The Holy Prophet faced opposition and persecution with patience. He showed determination and courage.

Inspite of opposition and persecution, Holy Prophet continued preaching of Islam. He did his work with optimistic approach.

This reaction sets an example for us. We can face all hardships with courage and determination. We are to preach Islam with optimistic approach. Q: Describe the stages by which the Prophet (PBUH) gradually gained victory over the people of Mecca between 622 to 632 A.D.

Migration to yasrib was a turning point in early days of Islam. Treaty with Jews was the first important step of Holy Prophet (PBUH). The agreement helped in getting the support and confidence of Jews, and stopped them from joining hands with the Quraish against Holy Prophet (PBUH). For Quraysh, it was the first set back which frustrated and annoyed them. The pact of Brotherhood made Muhajireen (Emigrants) and Ansars (Helpers) brothers of each other and helped in settlement of Emigrants at Madina. In this way, Islamic community at Madina became more united and capable to cope with any danger in the society.

The battle of Badr was fought in 624 A.D. Muslims won this war by inflicting a crushing defeat on pagans. The victory at Badr demonstrated the Muslim power to other tribes and nations of surrounding areas. It also showed military weakness of pagans whose prestige got a set back.

To avenge the battle of Badr, pagans fought battle of Uhad with Muslims. There was not out and out defeat for Muslims, nor outright victory for pagans. Muslims faced loss for not obeying commands of Holy Prophet (PBUH). As a result, Muslims became more united and loyal to Islam. The results of Battle added fuel to the burning fire of taking revenge of Quraish as they could not destroy Islam root and branch.

The army of Quraysh and their allies, consisting of loooo men, attacked Madina in 627 A.D. Muslims dug a ditch around Madina and defended from inside. This battle marked the end of days of the offensive operation of Quraysh, as much of their prestige was lost. Their resources were exhausted. The Muslims were declared an absolute power. Many neighbouring tribes voluntarily became the allies of the Muslims.

In 6th year of Hijrah, Holy Prophet (PBUH) marched to Maduinah along with 1500 companions for ‘Umra’. But instead of it, he had to reach a


treaty with pagans. The ten year truce of no war gave time and opportunity for Islam to expand, and bound Quraysh for no war. However, pagans themselves cancelled the treaty after two years.

In 7 A.H. Holy Prophet (PBUH) dispatched letters to various rulers and emperors of different areas and empires. They include Heraclius (Roman emperor), Chosroes (Persian emperor), Negus (Emperor of Abyssinia) and Cyrus (ruler of Egypt). This helped spreading of Islam outside Arabia, and Muslims got some allies.

After the cancellation of treaty of Hudaiybiya by Quraysh, Holy Prophet (PBUH) marched against Mecca in 8 A.H. Whole Mecca was captured without any fighting. The rule of pagans ended over Mecca and Holy Prophet’s victory was confirmed over pagans.

Q: Trace the main outlines of the relationship between the Muslims of Madina and Quraysh between 622 and 632.

The relationship between Muslims of Madina and the Quraysh of Mecca between 622 and 632 A.D. is full of hostility, animosity and mistrust. After migration to Madina, Holy Prophet (PBUH) made an agreement with Jews and surrounding tribes, which came to known as “Treaty of Madina”. This agreement became an eyesore for Quraysh as it helped Muslims in getting support and confidence of Jews, and stopped them from falling into hands with Makkans. It made the Quraysh frustrated and annoyed.

The Battle of Badr was fought in 624 A.D. The ill-armed army of Muslims, consisting of 313 men, defeated Quraysh army of 1000 men. 70 Makkan people including most of their leaders like Abu Jahl, Ummaya bin Khalf, Utba, Shaba and Waleed, were killed. Moreover, 70 of them were made prisoners. This developed feelings of revenge among Quraysh.

To avenge the battle of Badr, Pagans fought another battle with Muslims in 625 A.D. with an army of three thousand. The Muslim army of 1000, which later reduced 700, fought bravely, but due to mistake of archers, they suffered heavy loss and temporary defeat. Quraysh remained unsuccessful to crush the Islam from root and branch. It added fuel to the burning fire of taking revenge of Quraysh. The relations between Muslims and Quraysh worsened.

The Army of Quraysh and their allies, consisting of 10,000 men, attacked Madina in 627 A.D. Muslims dug a ditch around Madina and defended it from inside. After a siege of Madina for about four weeks.


Quraish withdrew in utter confusion after severe storm. They were disappointed as their power was fully crushed.

In 6th year of Hijra, Holy Prophet (PBUH) along with his 1400 companions set out to Mecca for the minor pilgrimage, But instead of it he had to sign the treaty with pagans. According to truce, there would be no fighting for ten years between Muslims and Makkans. In this way, Quraysh of Mecca bound themselves for no war. However, pagans ended this era of peace themselves after two years.

Finally, after cancellation of treaty of Hudaybia by Quraysh, Holy Prophet (PBUH) marched against Mecca and captured it without war. Overall, the relations between Muslims and Quraish were full of hostility, animosity and aggression. Q: Give an account of relation of the Holy Prophet with Hypocrites and Jews. Relation with Hypocrites

Hypocrites were the people in Muslim community who had accepted Islam outwardly to get benefits and privileges. They were not true Muslims by the conviction of heart. They were imposters involved in their previous religions and wrong practices.

The relations of Holy Prophet were not friendly with them due to their seditious activities. They became a source of distress and harm to Muslims community at many occasions. Hypocrites were always hidden and mixed up in the Muslim society of Medina.

They appeared on the scene at the time of the battle of Uhad in 625A.D. When Muslim army was marching towards enemy for fighting, three hundred out of thousand left the Muslim army under the leadership of Abdullah Bin Ubbay. They made the excuse that Holy Prophet had turned down their demand of fighting while staying within the city. These were the hypocrites who left Muslims in the hours of need.

After this, again in the fifth year of Hijrat, when battle of Ahzab took place, these imposters did not help the Muslim army and returned to their homes. They granted permission from Holy Prophet on the excuse that heir homes were not safe. About this the Quran says: “And a band of them asked form the Prophet, saying, ‘Truly our houses are bare and exposed” (Al Ahzab)


At the time of Khyber expedition in 7 A.H, hypocrites showed the worst form of their faces as they supported the Jews in the battle. They helped the Jews and fought from the side of enemy against the Muslim.

At the time of Tabuk expedition, They discouraged the Muslims and did not participate in the army.

The Holy Prophet however, never took any action against hypocrites in his life. Relation with Jews

After migration to Yasrib in 622 A.D. Holy Prophet signed a treaty with Jews. In this treaty, civil and religious rights were granted to them. Jews assured and guaranteed help for the Muslims in case of foreign attack and would not become tool of the Quraish.

Jews did not respect this treaty. They first tried to create disruption between two tribes of Aus and Khazraj. They incurred the displeasure of Muslims by their contact with the Quraish of Mecca.

At the time of Battle of Badr they did not help the Muslims according to the treaty signed with the Holy Prophet. Kaab leader of Banu Qainuqa propagated against the Muslims, and even tried to maintain secret communication with the Quraish. He even did an attempt to murder the Holy Prophet

Among the three tribes settled at Madina Banu Quainqah was the first to break the treaty. They fought against the Muslims in the period between Battle Badr and Uhad. They remained busy in seditious activities against the Muslims. Holy Prophet ordered them to leave the city. On their refusal siege was enforced against the Banu Quainqah which ended in expulsion of Banu Quainqah from the Madina in 624A.D.

In 625 A.D. Banu Nazir tribe plotted to murder Holy Prophet and at the instigation of Quraish planned to rise against Muslims. Holy Prophet ordered them to leave the city. On their refusal Holy Prophet led an army against them. They surrendered and were exiled from Madina.

The third tribe Banu Quraiza openly joined Quraish and revolted against the Muslims during the battle of Ditch. After the battle was over they were ordered to leave the Madina. On their refusal, Holy Prophet laid siege on them. They surrendered and as punishment their all men were executed, women were made slaves and their land was distributed among the Muslims according to the decision of Saad bin Muaz.

Most of the Jews expelled from Medina took shelter at Khyber near the border of Syria. They began to plot plans in co-operation with other tribes to invade Madina. They also looted Muslims caravans and plundered


their houses near the surrounding villages of Medina. In 626 A.D. Holy Prophet marched upon the Jews at Khyber and besieged their fortress. They were defeated and their lands were captured by Muslims. Jews were allowed to remain there by contributing a share of their produces to the Muslim government.

The relations between Holy Prophet and Jews remained hostile. They had their undying hostility and enmity towards the Muslims and Islam. They did not refrain from their seditious activities even after their defeat at Khyber. Once again they plotted to murder Holy Prophet by poisoning him, but fortunately he was saved. They continued their enmity against Muslims even up to the regime of Hazrat Umar when they were ordered to leave Arabia.

Q: How personality and conduct of the holy Prophet brought revolution in Arabia.

Before the message of Islam, the world had forgotten the message of Islam and was lost in polytheism. Pagans used to worship the Idols. The Holy Prophet started preaching of oneness of God. He faced opposition and persecution in the early days of Islam. Inspite of this opposition, Holy Prophet confirmed the unity of God by his personality and conduct.

There was no moral code in the Arab society. He practised all the moral values and was declared Al Sadiq and Al Amin due to his truthfulness and trustworthiness.

Women had no status and were considered as an article of trade. Holy Prophet married to Khadija, a widow and gave exalted status to her by his conduct.

Before advent of Islam, there was no respect of law. Holy Prophet declared punishment of cutting of hands for woman from Banu Makhzum. People interceded for concession. On that time, his conduct confirmed the respect of law as Prophet said, “If my daughter Fatima had been at her place, I would have given the same punishment.”

Slaves were deprived of their rights. Holy Prophet encouraged freedom of slaves. He himself freed Zaid and made him adopted son. This conduct of the Prophet brought revolution and many slaves were freed. In Arab society pactice of usury was common. As model He cancelled interest of his uncle Abbas in speech of last sermon.


The Holy Prophet practised, what he said. His inspiring personality and stimulating character brought revolution in Arabia.

Q: Seal of the Prophets is distinctive quality of Muhammad. Comment. Seal of the Prophets

Literal meaning of seal is to finalize, to end. Seal of the Prophet is the exclusive and distinctive title of the Holy Prophet. He is the last Divine Messenger. It is confirmed by the God in Surah Al-Ahzab: “Muhammad is not the father of any man among you but He is the Messenger of Allah and the seal of Prophets”

For guidance of humanity, series of prophets was started from Hazard Adam. According to one saying of the Prophet, they were almost 124000 including Noah, Ibrahim, Isaac, Ismail, Shoaib, Moses, Yousaf, Daud and Jesus. None of them claimed that He had perfected and completed his religion but all of them pointed out the advent of the last messenger. Hazrat Muhammad himself claimed as the last Prophet in these words: “I am the last brick of the beautiful building of the prophethood”.

He came as the last messenger of God with the final revelation in form of the Holy Quran. It is the only revealed book that is in its original form and will remain till the Day of Judgment because it is being preserved by the Almighty Allah. It is the strongest evidence of his finality.

He is the last Prophet as his message was universal. Messages of the previous Prophets were localized. The universality of the Holy Prophet is confirmed by the God in the Holy Quran. “(O Muhammad ) say: O mankind I am a messenger to all of you.

He is the last Prophet as religion was perfected for him. The verse about perfection of religion was reveled at the occasion of last sermon. It is said in the Holy Quran. “This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favour upon you and have chosen for you Islam as your religion.” He is the last Prophet as Quran and Sunnah is preserved.

In short the line of the prophets has come to an end with its completion and perfection. Now no further addition can be made to it as Muhammad’s life and teachings exist to provide guidance, aspiration and light to those who seek assistance from them.


Q: Describe distinguishing qualities of the Holy Prophet with regard to other Prophets.

Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) is the Messenger of God who was sent for guidance of humanity.

Seal of the Prophet is the exclusive and distinctive quality of the Holy Prophet. He is the last Divine Messenger. It is confirmed by the God in Surah Al-Ahzab: “Muhammad is not the father of any man among you but He is the Messenger of Allah and the seal of Prophets.”

Universality of message is the second quality of the Prophet. Messages of the previous Prophets were localized. The universality of the Holy Prophet is confirmed by the God in the Holy Quran; “(O Muhammad ) say: O mankind I am a messenger to all of you. Perfection of the religion is another quality of the Prophet. Allah has perfected religion for him. “This day I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favour upon you and have chosen for you Islam as your religion.”

Preservation of Quran is another quality of God. Books of the previous Prophets were distorted. The Holy Quran is the only Divine Book existing in original form. The Quran says, “We have, no doubt, sent down the Message and we will assuredly guard it (from corruption).”

The Holy Prophet is the only Prophet whose life history is saved and exists today in the form of Sunnah (Hadith). All these qualities confirm the superiority of Hazrat Muhammad over other Prophets. Q: The Holy Prophet is a model of excellence for humanity. Comment

The Holy Prophet is the only apostle of Allah and man in the history whose whole life is recorded and preserved in the most authentic books of Ahadis. All the important events, details of his character and conduct and sayings are saved. His life is a perfect model for every class of people. These records cover the matters of morality, spirituality, economics, politics and sociology. He not only preached but also practiced.

He was orphan and showed determination in overcoming disadvantages. He was disciplined in his regular visits to cave of Hira and showed humbleness at the time of visit of Jibrail.


As a Prophet, he was a most effective and fearless preacher and proclaimer of Islam. When he went to Taif for preaching of Islam, he was hurt and stones were thrown at him. In spite of all these injuries, he prayed for their guidance. Every preacher and proclaimer must follow him.

In his social life, he worked as an ideal judge discharging his judicial obligations in the fairest manner. His court marked equality for all the individuals. Once ,He ordered to cut the hands of the woman of Banu Makhzum who was caught during stealing. The people interceded for concession. Prophet said, “If my daughter Fatima had been at her place, I would have given the same punishment.” This shows him as an excellent judge. We must follow him.

He showed great diplomacy in dealing with the leaders of other countries. He wrote letters and invited them to Islam. This set an example for us for preaching of Islam..

After migration, he made arrangements for inhabitants of Madina by making pact of brother hood between Muhajirin and Ansar and treaty with Jews. This shows his decisiveness in leadership.

He worked with his companions like a common man without any discrimination. He worked at the time of construction of mosque and digging of trench during battle of Ahzab.

He was embodiment of extraordinary qualities. He was a truthful and trustworthy person. He was called Al Sadiq and Al Amin and was entrusted with the business of Hazrat Khadija. He showed strength, patience, and courage in facing the terrible persecution in the early days of Islam. His reaction towards persecution is good example for us.

He was the most exemplary statesman. He showed tolerance and wisdom in signing the truce of Hudaibiyah with Pagans.

He was an excellent warrior and a military commander. Muslim forces remained successful in the battles with non Muslims.

As a head of the family, he exercised justice among his wives by dividing days of his stay. His successful family life is a good example for us.

He is the most excellent and perfect model for the humanity. His life is a perfect model for people to follow to attain goodness, piety and success in all spheres of life. The Quran mentions: “You have indeed in the messenger of God a beautiful pattern (of conduct) for everyone whose hope is in Allah and the final day.”


Q: Describe an account of belief in Predestination. Predestination is the sixth article of Islam. It means Taqdir, fate and destiny of both good and evil. According to this belief, whatever has or shall come to pass in this world, whether it be good or bad, proceeds entirely with the Divine will. It is permanently fixed and recorded in the preserved tablet (Lohi-Mahfuz). For decrees of God, we believe in our heart and confess with our tongue that the most High God has decreed all things. Every thing happens in this world with Divine will like good and evil, obedience and disobedience, faith and unfaithfulness, sickness and health, riches and poverty and life and death. All theses decisions are written in tablet of decrees of God.

Qadr has the same root as taqdir, one of the Allah’s names, meaning all powerful. Allah is the creator of the universe, and all that is in it and beyond. He has complete control of the things. He has given human beings freedom of choice for their actions but also made them responsible for what they do, as he has shown them deference between right and wrong. Ultimately Allah determines all that happens, for He has the complete authority over all His creation.

Main teachings of Surah Bani-Israel This verse of surah Bani Israel refers to celestial night journey of

Miraj (ascension) of holy prophet from Masjid-ul-haram (Mecca) to Masjid-ul-Aqsa (Jerusalem) on 27th of Rajab in 621A.D. one year before Hijra.

The holy Prophet described how he had been awoken by the angel Jibrail and taken on a horse like winged creature called Buraq.

Subhan refers to perfect qualities of God as He is free from all kinds of deficiencies, Who took His Prophet to Masjid-ul-Aqsa where he led a congregation of Prophets from the past in the prayer.

Barakna Howlahu means God’s blessings existing in the surrounding of the remote mosque in form of graves of the Prophets, rivers, fountains and abundance of fruits.

In second step of this journey, Holy Prophet was uplifted to Heaven where he had meeting with God and experienced the thrill of witnessing Divine glory and manifestation. A noble gift in form of five prayers was given by God in this night.


Ayyatina denotes the signs of God visited by Holy Prophet on this night like Paradise, Hell and meeting with different Prophets.

Last part of this verse describes two attributes of God Who hears and sees without limitations of time and space.

Surah Al-Baqarah (The Heifer 2:124-126) First paragraph Hazrat Abraham was a great prophet.

This paragraph gives an account of trial of Ibrahim by God and Divine reward granted to him. Throwing into the fire, leaving of family into desert and sacrificing of his son Ismail were included in these tests. He completed all these tests very successfully. As reward, he was made spiritual leader. He proved himself fit and capable of performing this great responsibility.

Hazrat Ibrahim pleaded for transferring of this spiritual leadership to his progeny automatically. Allah accepted his prayer with limitation that His promise would not reach the evildoers. Only the noble people will get this reward. Second Paragraph Hazrat Ibrahim was a great Prophet.

This paragraph describes the Divine favours granted to Hazrat Ibrahim. Allah made the Kaaba, constructed by Ibrahim as place of assembly for performing of Hajj. People all over the world come here for Hajj and Umra.

Kaaba was made place of safety, free of all kinds of aggression and hostility. The Station of Ibrahim, where He stood to construct the Kaaba was made as place of prayer. All the pilgrims perform two rakaat Nafal. Allah took the promise from Ibrahim and Ismail to keep His house clean from all kinds of falsehood, especially from shirk. They will keep it clean for the people who come here for Tawaf (round the Kaaba), Itikaf (sitting for contemplation), ruku and prostration. Third Paragraph Hazrat Ibrahim was a great Prophet .

This paragraph gives an account of request of Ibrahim to God and Divine answer to him. Hazrat Abrahim prayed to Allah to make the city of Mecca, a city of peace and prosperity and provide his descendants with fruits. He excluded from his prayer those who would be transgressors because Allah had already excluded them from His promise of spiritual leadership.


Allah declared temporary worldly benefits for those who will reject the faith. Necessities of life will be given to both the believers and the unbelievers. After these timely benefits, evildoers would be driven to the torment of fire in the Hell. This abode of evildoers is evil destination due to its distress and torture.

Ayat ul Kursi This verse “the verse of throne” from surah Al baqarah, highlights the

unity of God, His attributes, His unlimited authorities, His vast knowledge and superiority over other creatures. The very first phrase of this verse describes the unity of God, which is the basic doctrine of Islam. The Arabic words “Hayy and Qayyum” denotes God’s attributes of ever living and self-subsisting. He sustains the whole universe and is source of survival for all creatures. He is perfect and free of shortcomings. Slumber and sleep can not capture Him. Allah is the Master and owner of the Earth and Heavens and no one has the part or share in His ownership.

He is the final decision maker of the Day of Judgment. No one can intercede for others on the Day of Judgment except with His permission. Allah has the authority to punish or pardon any one.

The next phrase refers to the vast, limitless and unbounded knowledge of God who knows what is happening before the people and behind them.

“Kursi” signifies sovereignty, authority and dominion. It is symbol of Divine authority over Heaven and Earth. He does feel any fatigue and burden in supervising, directing and controlling the Heaven and Earth. He is unique, unparallel and supreme above. Surah Al-Qasas

Hazrat Musa, a great Prophet, belonged to the Israelites of Egypt. Once he accidentally committed a murder. He had to flee from the country. On the way he met an old man Hazrat Shoaib who listened to his account of problems & there he got employment. The old man also told Musa to marry one of his daughters if he would tend his flock of sheep for 8 or 10 years. Hazrat Musa accepted this offer. First paragraph

This paragraph gives an account of return of Hazrat Musa from Madain to Egypt, his homeland. According to the terms, Musa completed ten years instead of eight year in service of old man. According to the agreement, Musa was married to one daughter of Hazrat Shoaib.


He along with his wife left for Egypt, his homeland. During his way to Egypt, Musa saw fire glowing in the direction of mount of Tur. As the night was pitch dark, cold and weather was harsh.

Hazrat Musa said to his wife to stay and wait. He will follow the fire and will bring news for guidance to destination or he will collect the firebrands for warming up.

It was not physical fire. It was the light of Divine glory. Here Hazrat Musa was given Prophethood


Second paragraph Hazrat Musa was coming back to Egypt with his wife. He saw fire

during his journey.This paragraph gives an account of arrival of Musa to fire and Divine introduction to him.

Hazrat Musa approached towards the fire coming from right side of the valley. The fire was coming from the trunk of the green tree in a blessed ground with out any smoke or burning. It was not physical fire.

Here he heard Divine voice. Allah introduced Himself as lord of the worlds. Hazrat Musa was given Prophethood. Third paragraph

Hazrat Musa was coming back to Egypt with his wife. He heard a voice in a blessed ground.

This paragraph gives description of miraculous transformation of Moses rod into a horrible snake.

Musa approached the fire. The Divine voice instructed him to throw down his rod. Hazrat Musa did as he was instructed. His rod turned into a fearful and a horrible snake. Hazrat Musa was frightened and felt fear.

As reaction, he turned back and did not retrace his steps due to fear. Allah instructed him, come forward and not fear. Allah assured His safety and protection for him.

It was training for tremendous task of prophethood to remove fears of future.

Underlined words and phrases of Surah Isra

{Glory to Him who carried His servant by night} This phrase declares all the praises to Allah Almighty. He transported Muhammad from Mecca to Farthest mosque at Jerusalem at night. The holy Prophet met with God at Heaven. It becomes our responsibility to believe in this miraculous event of Miraj.

{From the sacred mosque to the remote mosque} This phrase refers to first part of Prophet Journey for Miraj. He was

transported from Ka’aba to Masjid-e-Aqsa where he led the congregational prayer of all previous prophets. It becomes our responsibility to believe in miraculous event.

{Whose surroundings We have blessed} This phrase refers to dignity and privilege of surroundings of remote

mosque at Jerusalem. This place was blessed with graves of prophets, rivers and fruits. We are to believe in these Divine favours.


{That We might show him some of our signs} This phrase shows the purpose of Prophet Journey of Miraj. Allah

wanted to show some of His signs to the Prophet. He showed him Paradise and Hell. It becomes our responsibility to believe in Divine authorities.

{Surely, He is all-hearing, all-seeing} This phrase refers to two attributes of God. He is all hearing and all

seeing.. Nothing is out of His bounds. He knows everything. It becomes our responsibility to believe in these qualities of God.

Sura al Falaq

{Say, I seek refuge with the Lord of dawn} This verse refers to the practice of the seeking refuge with the Lord of

dawn. He is source of protection and security. It becomes our responsibility to seek refuge with the Lord in all dangers.

{And from the mischief of that which He has created}

This verse refers to the practice of seeking refuge with God from the things which He had created. These things can challenge or threaten human life. We should seek refuge from evils of all things.

{And from the mischief of the intense darkness when it surrounds} This verse refers to the practice of seeking refuge with God from the

darkness. Darkness is a source of numerous evils. We are to seek Allah’s protection against all types of evils of darkness.

{From the mischief of the blowers on knots} This verse refers to the practice of seeking refuge with God from the mischief of magicians who blow on the knots. This bad practice is a source of terror and horror. We are to seek Allah’s protection against all sorts of magic and mischief which cause psychological terror and sway to man.

{And from the mischief of the envier who he envies} This verse refers to the practice of seeking refuge with Lord from the mischief of envier. Envier is jealous and never becomes happy with achievements of other people. It becomes our responsibility to seek Divine Protection against envy. Hamzah bin Abdul Muttalib

Hamza son of Abdul Mutlib was born about four years before the Prophet’s birth and was an uncle of the Prophet. His mother’s tribe was Banu Zuhra. He was a respected warrior. He was impressed by the behaviour of the Prophet but remained opposed to the Islam during the early years.


One day he roused by the scene of the Prophet’s insult by Abu Jahl and his gang. He rushed to the house of Al-Arqam and embraced Islam in 615 AD. His conversion like Umar’s, was morale boosting for Muslims because of his respect as a warrior and a strong person of Mecca. He became a source of support for the Prophet.

After migration to Madina he led the first raiding expedition against the Meccan trade caravan. This expedition was at Sif al-Bahr. Such raids on Meccan trade caravans were a part of the Prophet’s policy of economic harassment of the Meccans. He worked along with the Prophet on important occasions. In the battle of Badr he fought valiantly and killed Utbah bin Rabiyah. Before the Battle of Uhud in 625 AD he had opposed Abd ullah bin Ubbay’s suggestion of defending Madina within the city. During the battle he was fighting boldly when he was killed by Wahshy bin Harb (popularly known as Wahshy, the lancer). This black lancer was especially hired by Hind, the wife of Abu Sufiyan, with offer of freedom. The Prophet loved Hamza so much that he gave him the title of “Sayyed al Shuhada”, (leader of all martyrs). Importance: • Among the early converts. • Strong support for the Prophet as his conversion was a morale

boosting for the Muslims. • Killed leading pagans in Badr. • Earned the title of Syyed al-Shuhada’ as he sacrificed his life for the

cause of Islam. Khalid Bin Walid Khalid bin Walid , Saif ul Allah, was born in the influential clan of Banu Makhzum of the Quraysh in 591 AD. He learned lancing, horse riding, and wrestling during his childhood and developed a strong physique. He remained the opponent of Islam during the battle of Badr, Uhad and Trench. Muslims faced loss due to Khalid’s strategy as he attacked the Muslims army from the back side of Mountain of Uhad. Khalid embraced Islam after the treaty of Hudaybia in 6 AH.

After acceptance of Islam, Khalid devoted himself to Islam. He commanded the Muslim army in Battle of Mutah as three major companions had been martyred. Khalid made a successful retreat. In the conquest of Mecca, the troops under Khalid were attacked by the Meccans and Khalid


made counter attack. He played important role in the battles of Hunayn and Tabuk. During Abu Bakr’s caliphate he was able to subdue the Apostasy movement and suppress the false prophets. He played crucial role in expanding the Muslim empire to the Persian and Byzantine lands. He was replaced by Abu Ubayda during caliphate period of Hazrat Umar. He continued his services as a soldier and adviser under the new commander. He breathed his last in 21 AH/ 642 AD. Importance: • Strong support for the Prophet as his conversion was a morale

boosting for the Muslims. • Successful military strategies and a great military commander. • Due to his braveness. • Earned the title of Saif ul Allah Zayd bin Haritha Zayd bin Haritha, adopted son of Prophet, was born in the Christian tribe Kalb of South Syria. He was kidnapped by bandits and sold as slave to one of Khadija’s nephews. He was brought up under Khadija’s protection and she presented him to the Prophet on her marriage. The Prophet adopted him as his son. Zayd bin Haritha was among the early converts to Islam. Zayd bin Haritha accompanied the Prophet in his visit to Taif in 619 AD.

Zaid married to Zainab bint jahsh according to wish of Prophet. This union remained unsuccessful and Zainab was married with the Prophet in March 627 AD. Zayd is honoured by being mentioned by name in the Quran: “Zayd settled the matter concerning her divorce.” (33:37)

The Prophet sent an army under Zayd bin Hartha when a messenger sent by the Prophet was killed by Prince of Ghassan. He was martyred at battle of Mutah. Importance: • Among the early converts • Prophet’s adopted son • Served as one of the scribes during early Islam • Mentioned by name in the Quran (33:37) • Accompanied the Prophet in his visit to Taif. Bilal ibn Ribah

Bilal ibn Ribah was a slave owned by Umayah ibn Khalaf. When Bilal heardMuhammad’s preaching, he decided to convert to Islam. On


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acceptance of Islam, he was made to lie down naked on the burning sand of the Arabian Desert and a heavy stone was put on his chest which made breathing difficult for him. But he bore all the persecutions and never left Islam. Later Abu Bakr bought and freed him. In 622 A.D. Bilal migrated to Medina. When the Adhan (Call to The Prayer) began in 2 Hijrah, he was declared as Muazzin . He participated in the Battle of Badr, where he killed his master Umayah ibn Khalaf. At the time of conquest of Mecca, he ascended to the top of the Ka'ba to call the believers to prayer. After the death of Muhammad in 632, Bilal accompanied the Muslim army to Syria. Bilal died in Damascus between in 642 A.D. Importance: • Early convert to Islam • Faced persecution but never left Islam • Migrated to Medina • First Muazzin of Islam • Participated in Battles of Badr, Uhad and Ditch Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Abu Sufyan ibn Harb was the leader of the Banu Umayyah (Ummayyad) clan of the Quraish tribe and was the chieftain of the entire Quraish tribe. He was married to Hind bint Utbah. One of Abu Sufiyan's sons was Hazrat Muawiyya who established the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs. Hazrat Muawiyya’s sister was Ramlah bint Abu Sufyan (Umm Habiba), who was married to Muhammad (PBUH).

Abu Sufiyan's position of power made him an enemy of Muhammad. He was the leader of trade caravan which became source of battle of Badr in 634 A.D. After killing of Abu Jahl in battle of Badr, he became leader of Quraish. Quraish fought battles of Badr, Uhd and Ahzab under his leadership. When Quraish cancelled treaty of Hudaibiya, he came to Madinah for its renewal. At the time of conquest of Mecca, Abu Sufiyan voluntarily accepted Islam. Holy Prophet declared his house as place of peace. Importance: • Opposed Muslims in battles of Badr, Uhad and Ahzab. • Accepted Islam at the time of conquest of Mecca. Muawiyya ibn Abu-Sufyan


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Muawiyya was born into a powerful clan, (Banu Abd-Shams), of the tribe of the Quraysh. Muawiyya's father was Abu Sufiyan ibn Harb and mother was Hind bint Utbah. After acceptance of Islam, he became one of Muhammad's scribes. After Muhammad's death in 632A.D. he served in the Islamic army sent against the Byzantine forces in Syria. Muawiyya was appointed Governor of Syria by Caliph Umar. When Hazrat Ali delayed revenge of assassination of Hazrat Usman, he fought battle of Sifin with the forces of Hazrat Ali. Importance: • Accepted Islam despite the opposition of his tribe. • Scribe of The Holy Prophet (PBUH). Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

Abu Talib was an uncle of Muhammad. Abu Talib took care of Muhammad after the death of Abd ul Muttalib. Abu Talib had a trade caravan business with Syria. He recited Khutba of Nikah of Hazrat Muhammad. Abu Talib protected Holy Prophet during the early days of preaching. Inspite of increasing persecution by Quraish, he defended the Prophet. The Holy Prophet declared the year of death of Hazrat Khadija and Abu Talib (620 A.D) as year of grief. Importance: • Took care of Muhammad after the death of Abdu Muttalib. • Supported The Holy Prophet (PBUH) when Pagans opposed him. Halima Sadia Bint Abi Dhu’ayb Halima sadia daughter of Abu Dhuayb Abdullah bin Haris, foster mother of the Holy Prophet Muhammad, belonged to the Banu Saad, clan of the Hawazin tribe. This tribe was known for the purity of Arabic language. According to tradition of Meccan people, Hazrat Muhammad was given to Halima who took care of him as his nursing mother. Hazrat Muhammad proved to be a blessing for her.

The harsh desert climate with open and fresh air toughened the physique of the Prophet. He learnt pure and refined Arabic language. He used to say proudly:


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“Verily I am the most perfect Arab amongst you; my descendent is from the Quraysh and my tongue is the tongue of the Banu Saasd.” The Development of strong physique and good command over pure Arabic greatly helped the prophet later during his tough prophetic mission. The Prophet was returned to his mother at about age of 6 years.

The Prophet always expressed his love and respect for Halima during his later years calling her as ‘My Mother’. Once during a famine Halima went to Khadija who gave her 40 sheep. On one day when she came, Prophet spreaded sheet for her to sit on. Importance: • Foster mother of Prophet. • She brought up the Prophet. Importance of events Treaty of Madina

This treaty was a new social order in place of old tribal system. It was the first ever written constitution of the Islamic State on which the state affairs were to run. This charter shows the political wisdom and foresight of the Prophet to settle down the issues.

It provided religious freedom to the Jews. This was in fact a convention for fusing all the Arab tribes of Medina into one nation. It stopped the Jews to fall in the hands of Quraish of Mecca.

This treaty laid down the foundation of Islamic State without any opposition. Battle of Badr

This battle proved a great triumph of truth over falsehood. This victory inspired the Muslims with new hope and encouraged them for future success. The Muslims emerged as a political dominant group. The Jews were suppressed by the victory of Muslims. The small tribes in surroundings of Madinah acknowledged political power of the Muslims.

The Muslims got control over the ancient Syrian trade route passing by Madina. This victory paved a way to the conquest of Mecca. Battle of Uhad

The defeat of Muhammad and his companions in the battle was not a defeat in true sense. It was a lesson to the believers who disobeyed the commands of their leader.


This set back for the Muslim army made them more united and loyal to Islam. They busied themselves whole heartedly in the task of post war reconstruction under the leadership of the Holy Prophet. It was not an out right victory for the pagans as they could not crush the Islam root and branch. It was their foolishness that instead of inflicting a crushing defeat on the Muslims, they returned to Makkah leaving it unaccomplished. This battle exposed the real face of the Hypocrites who deserted Muslims at the time of need. Battle of Ahzab

The Quraish faced decisive defeat in this battle. Their resources were exhausted, their wealth consumed, their glory lost, their trade gone, pride humbled down and their allies dispersed in disgust.

Aggressive spirit and offensive energy of Pagans was frustrated. The Pagans could not unite themselves in the future against the Muslims.The Holy Prophet and his followers had no fear of being attacked by the Pagans. Muslim morale rose sky high. Banu Quraiza was killed after this battle.

The victory of the Muslims produced marvellous effects on the neighbouring tribes who voluntarily became the allies of the Muslims. Islam began to spread rapidly among the Arabs and many people recognized the power of Islam and came under its banner. Treaty of Hudaibiyah

This treaty proved harbinger of Islamic victories in future. In the beginning Muslims had failed to perceive the real implications and the hidden advantages of the treaty, but later events proved that the treaty of Hudaibiya was indeed a clear victory.

The treaty placed Madina on the political map of Arabia. The ten-year truce of no war gave the time for preaching of Islam. It confirmed the Prophet’s wisdom, foresight and deep political insight. After this treaty the Prophet felt safe and secure of his position. He dispatched messengers to rulers of Rome, Persia, Abyssinia, Cyrus, Bahrain and Oman with invitation to Islam.

Khalid Bin Walid and Amr Bin Al Aas accepted Islam. The treaty opened the door of unification of Arabia under the banner of Islam. This treaty gave time to crush the power of Jews at Khyber. It paved a way to conquest of Mecca.

It can be described as a Tactical Retreat of Muslims but a Strategical Victory. Fall of Mecca


The conquest of Mecca opened the way to the progress and supremacy of Islam in Arabia as many of the Arabs hastened to become Muslims. This victory confirmed the Unification of Arabia. Kaaba, home of God was cleaned from Idols.

A general amnesty was declared. The Holy Prophet gave message of peace to everyone. As a result, many Makkans accepted Islam.

This victory gave the courage to Muslims to crush the power of Banu Hawazin and Saqif.

POINTS OF BIOGRAGHY SECTION Birth and childhood of Holy Prophet (PBUH): • Born on 9th of Rabi-ul-Awwal / 20th April 571 A.D. • Named “Muhammad” on 7th day of birth by grandfather Abdul

Muttalib • Amina and Sobia suckled the Muhammad • Given into care of wet-nurse, Halimah Sadiah, and return to his family

after four years • Accompanied her mother, Aminah, to Madinah, along with Umm-e-

Ayman • Aminah passed away on return journey near Abwa • Abdul Muttalib as a guardian, who also passed away after two years • Abu Talib, his uncle, became his guardian • Journey to Syria in age of 12 and meeting with Buhirah, the monk • Took part in battle of Fijar and participation in the formation of

Alliance of Fudul Marriage With Khadija: • Holy Prophet (PBUH) took the trade caravan of Khadijah to Syria • Khadijah offered him marriage • The marriage was solemnized by Abu Talib and twenty young camels

were set as dowry • Muhammad (PBUH) got two sons (Qasim and Abdullah) and four

daughters (Zaineb, Ruqayya, Umm-e-Kulthum and Fatimah) from Khadijah

• Khadijah was first to accept him as Prophet of God • Stood by Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s side during the period of

persecutions


• Died in 10th year of Prophethood and was buried at Janat-ul-Muala • She provided moral and financial help Call to Prophet hood: (610 A.D.) • Angel Jibrael approached Muhammad (PBUH) and asked him to read

the revelation • Muhammad (PBUH) told him that he cannot read on which angel

squeezed him and repeated it for 3 times • Muhammad returned home and told whole story to Khadijah who

consoled him and took him to Warqa bin Naufal • Warqa bin Naufal confirmed his Prophethood. Preaching of Islam: • Secret preaching for three years • Due to preaching Khadijah, Abu Bakr, Ali, Zaid bin Haritha, Talha,

Zubair, Usman, Abdur Rehman Bin Auf and Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah accepted Islam

• Command of open preaching given by Allah • Event of Mount Safah • Preaching to relatives • Dar e Arqam as center of preaching. Opposition and Persecution: • Muhammad (PBUH) was called liar, magician, poet, etc by pagans

(mental torture) • Physically tortured by pagans (throwing of fetus by Abu Jhal while he

(PBUH) was praying) • His Companions were tortured and some were beaten to death (e.g.

Harith bin Abu Hala, Usman bin Affan and Saad bin Abi Waqas) • Muslim slaves (e.g. Bilal, Sammayyah, Ammar) were persecuted by

severest means and some were martyred • Quraish offered to Holy Prophet (PBUH) worldly fame and riches in

reply of giving up his mission • Social boycott of Hashim clan by Quraish

Migration to Abyssinia: (615 A.D.) • 15 Muslims (11men, 4women) migrated to Abyssinia in first

migration • Quraish send a deputation to court of Abyssinian king, Negus,

demanding hand over of Muslims to them Olevelsnotes.weebly.com | Hammad Hassan

• Speech of Jafar bin Abu Talib in reply of Negus enquiy about Islam • Weeping of Negus on hearing the verses of Surah Maryam • Refusal of Negus to hand over Muslims to Quraish • Second migration to Abyssinia consisting of 101 Muslims (83men,

18women) Social Boycott: (7th-10th Year of Prophet hood\616-619 A.D.) • Quraish boycott Hashim clan unless they handed Muhammad (PBUH)

for execution • Resolution drawn by Mansur bin Ikramah and hung on the door of

Kaaba • Abu Talib was forced to confine his clan in a gorge called Shi’b Abi

Talib • After 3 years, some close relatives of Hashim clan (e.g. Hisham

Makhzumi, Muta’am bin Adiyy) stood against the boycott • Agreement was eaten by insects, except the words “In the name of

Allah”, so Hashim clan returned to their houses The Prophet’s Ascension (Miraj): (10th Year of Prophet

Hood\621 A.D.) • Accompanied by Jibrael, Holy Prophet (PBUH) journeyed from

Masjid-e-Haram to Masjid-e-Aqsa on Buraq • Led congregational prayer of Prophets • Journeyed to Heavens and held meetings with Prophets in their

various abodes • Pass Sidrat-ul-Muntaha and saw Bayt-ul-Mamur, the Kaaba of angels • Visited Paradise and Hell • Experienced the thrill of witnessing Divine glory and manifestation • Received Divine commandments of performance of five daily prayers Journey to Taif: • Accompanied by Zaid bin Haritha • Preached Islam for ten days without any success • People hooted and threw stones at him • Found refuge in the vineyard of Utba bin Rabi’ah • Visit of angel of mountains • Mutam bin Adiyy extends support The First Pledge of Aqabah :( 12th Year of Prophet hood\ 621

A.D.)


• Twelve men (ten of Khazraj, two of Aws) met Holy Prophet (PBUH) on the account of hajj

• Accepted Islam and took oath • Musab bin Umair was sent as preacher with them The Second Pledge of Aqabah :( 13th Year of Prophet hood\

622 A.D.) • Seventy five people took the pledge • Abbass accompanied Muhammad (PBUH) • Invitation of Madinates to Muhammad (PBUH) Migration to Medina: (13th Year of Prophet hood\ 622 A.D.) • Allah’s command of migration • Quraish meeting in Dar-al-Nadwa • Putting Ali on his bed and accompanying Abu Bakr, Muhammad

(PBUH) migrated

• Stay at Cave Thaur and pursuit of Quraish • Stay at Quba and founding of the first mosque • Welcome by Madinates and stay at Ayub Ansari home Events After the Migration: • Building of Prophet’s Mosque • Beginning of the Adhan (Prayer-call) • Pact of Brotherhood • The Charter of Madina • Change of Qiblah Battle of Badr: (624 A.D.\17th Ramazan, 2nd Hijrah) • Reasons: Quraish opposition; event of Nakhla; trade caravan of

Quraish, returning from Syria • Muslims 313 men with 2 horses & 70 camels; Quraish 1000men with

200 horses & 700 camels • Single combat and general fighting • Angels came for help • Result: Muslims won; 14 Muslims martyred; 70 pagans killed; 70

pagans taken prisoners • Importance: Quraish power crushed; effect on Jews and Bedouin;

moral encouragement of Muslims Battle of Uhad: (625 A.D.\Shawal 3 A.H.)


• Reasons: Revenge of battle of Badr; Campaign of al-Swiq; Quraish opposition

• Muslims (in start) 1000, 700 (during battle); Quraish 3000 men with 200 horses

• Appointing of archers under Abdullah bin Jubayr • Single combat and general fighting (martyrdom of Hamzah) • Mistake of archers and temporary defeat of Muslims • Injuring of Holy Prophet (PBUH) and battle around him • Result: Muslims suffer temporary defeat; 7o Muslims martyred; 28

pagans killed • Importance: lesson to Muslims; Pagans failed to crush the Muslims

Muslims became more united Battle of Ditch: (627 A.D.\ 5 A.H) • Reasons: Quraish opposition; Bedouins and Jews instigation • Muslims 3000 men; Quraish 10000 with 600 horses • Suggestion of Salman al-Farsi and digging of ditch • Siege of Medina and conspiracy of Banu Quraizah • Storm and withdrawal of Quraish • Siege of Banu Quraizah and their execution Treaty of Hudaybiya: (628 A.D.\ 6 A.H.) • Dream of Prophet (PBUH) and Muslims (1400) march to Makkah for

Umra (lesser pilgrimage) • First two Muslim ambassadors were detained • Sending of Usman as ambassador • Suhail bin Amr from Pagans side • Writing of treaty and confusion of Muslims over its terms • Importance: Manifest victory, time for preaching, time to crush the

power of Jews, paved a way to conquest of Mecca.

Letters to Kings and Rulers: (629 A.D.\ 7 A.H.) • Letters were written to Heraclius of Roman by Wahya kalbi,

Chosroes of Persia by Abdullah bin Huzaifa, Negus of Abyssinian by Umr bin Ummaya, Cyrus of Egypt by Hatib and kings of Bahrain and Oman by Amr bin Aas. .

• Kings of Abyssinia ,Bahrain and Oman accepted Islam. ttle of Mutah: (629 A.D.\ 8A.H.)


• Killing of Prophet’s ambassador Haris on the Syrian border • Sending army of 3000 • Martyrdom of three commanders ( Zaid, Jaafar and Abdullah bin

Rawaha ) and election of Khalid bin Waleed as commander. • Withdrawal of Muslim army Battle of Khyber: (Muharram 7 A.H.\ • Muslim 1600 including 200 cavalry; Jews 20,000 • 8 Jewish fortresses (e.g. Qamus, Na’im, Natat) • Ali’s commanding and killing of Marhab • Treaty of Khyber Conquest of Makkah: (8 A.H.\ 630 A.D.) • Breaking of Treaty of Hudaybia by Quraish • Mustering of allies and marching with 10,000 troops • Division of army into four groups • Resistance by Banu Bakr from southern side • Acceptance of Islam by Abu Sufyan • Entering of Muslims in Makkah • Cleaning of Kaabah from idols and general amnesty granted to

Quraish • General forgiveness by Holy Prophet Battle of Hunayn: • Muslims 12000; Hawazin and Thaqif 4000 • Sudden attack of enemy and fleeing of Muslims • Calling back of Muslims and re-attacking of Muslims • Divine help (angels) • Fleeing of enemy to Nakhlah, Taif and Awtas • Siege of Taif • Distribution of spoils of war Expedition of Tabuk: (Rajab 9 A.H.\ 630 A.D.) • Muslims 30,000; Byzantine 40,000 • Appeal for war fund and donations of Muslims (e.g. Usman, Abu

Bakr, Umar) • No participation of hypocrites and their propaganda against campaign • Arrival of Prophet (PBUH) and withdrawal of Byzantine • Agreement of peace with the princes of the area (e.g. Aylah, Jarba,

Dumah)


• Return after a month and dealing with Muslims who did not join the expedition

Farewell Pilgrimage: (10 A.H.\631 A.D.) • 120,000 people participated • Performance of rituals of pilgrimage by Prophet (PBUH) • Farewell sermon at Arafat Illness and Death: (Rabi al-Awwal 11 A.H.\632 A.D.) • Prophet (PBUH) fell ill on Safar 18, 11 A.H. due to poison given to

him at Khyber • Move to quarter of Aishah and whispering in ears of Fatima

• Appointment of Abu Bakr as leader of prayer • Passed on 12 Rabi al-Awwal, 11A.H. at age of 63 • Buried in the apartment of Ayshah SEAL OF THE PROPHETS : • Literal meaning • Quranic reference • Supporting Hadith • Perfection of religion • Universal message • Preservation of Quran and Sunnah QUALITIES OF HOLY PROPHET : • Truthfulness ( Al Sadiq) • Trustworthiness ( at the time of migration • Justice ( He declared same punishment for his daughter in case of

stealing) • Equality ( He worked for construction of mosque) • Tolerance ( He observed at the time of treaty of Hudaibiya


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