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157/F Nilgunj road, Panihati, Kolkata 700114
A
Report on
PYTHON
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE.
14THAPRIL 2012
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157/F Nilgunj road, Panihati, Kolkata 700114
A
Report on
Python
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
By
Nurul Amin (Roll no:09143001021)
Satyaki Chattejee (Roll no:09143001022)
Students
Computer Science and Engineering
14th
APRIL 2012
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PREFACE
Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose
design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to
combine "remarkable power with very clear syntax and its standard
library is large and comprehensive.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, primarily but not
limited to object-oriented, imperative and, to a lesser extent, functional
programming styles. It features a fully dynamic type system and
automatic memory management, similar to that of Scheme, Ruby, Perl,
and Tcl. Like other dynamic languages, Python is often used as a
scripting language, but is also used in a wide range of non-scripting
contexts. Using third-party tools, Python code can be packaged into
standalone executable programs. Python interpreters are available for
many operating systems.
The main idea behind writing this report is to make readers understand
what exactly Python programming language does and what are its
future scopes.However our report also has some limitation we have notgone in details that how do we actually code in python and all. Mainly
we focus on the various advantages that python provides us.
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Acknowledgement
First of all we would like to thank all our faculty
members who helped is completing this report
successfully. Our friends, family members alsoencouraged us a lot in completing this.
And special thanks for Mandira madam, Rajib sir and
Debraj sir
For completion our report.
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CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgement
Summary
INTRODUCTION
History
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
Appendix
List of reference
Bibliography
Index
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SUMMARY
The basic idea behind writing this report is to
increase our technical knowledge and get
updated about the latest features of
technology. With the help of python we can
achieve many jobs easily. Python has a lot of
features which makes it more interesting and
hence there are a lot of advantages for us.
So lets start exploring it in details.
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Introduction
Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming
language whose design philosophy emphasizes code
readability. Python claims to combine "remarkable
power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is
large and comprehensive.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms,
primarily but not limited to object-oriented, imperative
and, to a lesser extent, functional programming styles. It
features a fully dynamic type system and automatic
memory management, similar to that of Scheme, Ruby,
Perl, and Tcl. Like other dynamic languages, Python is
often used as a scripting language, but is also used in a
wide range of non-scripting contexts. Using third-party
tools, Python code can be packaged into standalone
executable programs. Python interpreters are available
for many operating systems.
The reference implementation of Python (CPython) is
free and open source software and has a community-based development model, as do nearly all of its
alternative implementations. CPython is managed by the
non-profit Python Software Foundation.
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HISTORY
Python was conceived in the late 1980s and its
implementation was started in December 1989 by Guido
van Rossum (in picture) at CWI in the Netherlands as a
successor to the ABC language(itself inspired by SETL) capable
of exception handling and
interfacing with the Amoeba
operating system. Van Rossum
is Python's principal author,
and his continuing central role
in deciding the direction ofPython is reflected in the title
given to him by the Python
community, Benevolent
Dictator for Life (BDFL).
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many
major new features including a full garbage collector andsupport for Unicode. However, the most important
change was to the development process itself, with a
shift to a more transparent and community-backed
process. Python 3.0 (also called Python 3000 or py3k), a
major, backwards-incompatible release, was released on
3 December 2008 after a long period of testing. Many of
its major features have been back ported to the
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backwards-compatible Python 2.6 and 2.7. Python has
been awarded a TIOBE Programming Language of the
Year award twice (2007, 2010), which is given to the
language with the greatest growth in popularity over thecourse of a year, as measured by the TIOBE index.
Programming Philosophy
Python is a multi-paradigm programming language. Ratherthan forcing programmers to adopt a particular style of
programming, it permits several styles: object-oriented
programming and structured programming are fully supported,
and there are a number of language features which support
functional programming and aspect-oriented programming
(including by metaprogramming and by magic methods). Many
other paradigms are supported using extensions, such as
pyDBC and Contracts for Python which allow design bycontract.
Python uses dynamic typing and a combination of reference
counting and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for memory
management. An important feature of Python is dynamic name
resolution (late binding), which binds method and variable
names during program execution.
Rather than requiring all desired functionality to be built intothe language's core, Python was designed to be highly
extensible. New built-in modules can be easily written in C, C+
+ or Cython. Python can also be used as an extension language
for existing modules and applications that need a
programmable interface. This design of a small core language
with a large standard library and an easily extensible
interpreter was intended by Van Rossum from the very start
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because of his frustrations with ABC (which espoused the
opposite mindset).
The design of Python offers only limited support for functional
programming in the Lisp tradition. However, Python's designphilosophy exhibits significant similarities to those of
minimalistic Lisp-family languages, such as Scheme.[citation
needed] The language has map(), reduce() and filter()
functions, and the list comprehensions added in Python 2.0
have since been extended with comprehensions for dictionaries
and sets, as well as generator expressions. The standard library
has two modules (itertools and functools) that implement
functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML.
While offering choice in coding methodology, the Python
philosophy rejects exuberant syntax, such as in Perl, in favor of
a sparser, less-cluttered grammar. Python's developers
expressly promote a particular "culture" or ideology based on
what they want the language to be, favoring language forms
they see as "beautiful", "explicit" and "simple". As Alex Martelli
put it in his Python Cookbook (2nd ed., p. 230): "To describesomething as clever is NOT considered a compliment in the
Python culture." Python's philosophy rejects the Perl "there is
more than one way to do it" approach to language design in
favor of "there should be oneand preferably only one
obvious way to do it".
Python's developers eschew premature optimization, and
moreover, reject patches to non-critical parts of CPython whichwould offer a marginal increase in speed at the cost of clarity.
When speed is important, Python programmers tend to try
using a JIT compiler such as Psyco or using an alternative
language implementation such as PyPy. When pure Python
code is not fast enough, time-critical functions can be rewritten
in "closer to the metal" languages such as C, or by translating
(a dialect of) Python code to C code using tools like Cython.
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The core philosophy of the language is summarized by the
document "PEP 20 (The Zen of Python)".
Name and neologisms
An important goal of the Python developers is making Python
fun to use. This is reflected in the origin of the name (derived
from the television series Monty Python's Flying Circus), in the
common practice of using Monty Python references in example
code, and in an occasionally playful approach to tutorials and
reference materials. For example, the metasyntactic variables
often used in Python literature are spam and eggs, instead of
the traditional foo and bar.
A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic,
which can have a wide range of meanings related to program
style. To say that code is pythonic is to say that it uses Python
idioms well, that it is natural or shows fluency in the language.
Likewise, to say of an interface or language feature that it is
pythonic is to say that it works well with Python idioms, that its
use meshes well with the rest of the language.
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In contrast, a mark of unpythonic code is that it attempts to
write C++ (or Lisp, Perl, or Java) code in Pythonthat is,
provides a rough transcription rather than an idiomatic
translation of forms from another language. The concept of
pythonicity is tightly bound to Python's minimalist philosophy of
readability and avoiding the "there's more than one way to do
it" approach. Unreadable code or incomprehensible idioms are
unpythonic.
Users and admirers of Pythonmost especially those
considered knowledgeable or experiencedare often referred
to as Pythonists, Pythonistas, and Pythoneers.
The prefix Py can be used to show that something is related to
Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python
applications or libraries include Pygame, a binding of SDL to
Python (commonly used to create games); PyS60, an
implementation for the Symbian S60 operating system; PyQt
and PyGTK, which bind Qt and GTK, respectively, to Python; and
PyPy, a Python implementation written in Python. The prefix is
also used outside of naming software packages: the majorPython conference is named PyCon.
Usage
Python is often used as a scripting language for web
applications, e.g. via mod_wsgi for the Apache web server. With
Web Server Gateway Interface, a standard API has been
developed to facilitate these applications. Web application
frameworks like Django, Pylons, TurboGears, web2py, Tornado,
Flask and Zope support developers in the design and
maintenance of complex applications. Libraries like NumPy,
SciPy and Matplotlib allow Python to be used effectively in
scientific computing.
Python has been successfully embedded in a number of
software products as a scripting language, including in finite
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element method software such as Abaqus, 3D animation
packages such as Blender, Cinema 4D, Lightwave, Houdini,
Maya, modo, MotionBuilder, Softimage, the visual effects
compositor Nuke, and 2D imaging programs like GIMP,
Inkscape, Scribus and Paint Shop Pro. GNU GDB uses Python as
a pretty printer to show complex structures such as C++
containers. ESRI is now promoting Python as the best choice for
writing scripts in ArcGIS. It has even been used in several video
games, and has been adopted as first of the three available
programming languages in Google App Engine, the other two
being Java and Go.
Thanks to being a scripting language with module architecture,syntax simplicity and rich text processing tools, Python is often
used for Natural language processing tasks. Python has also
been used in Artificial Intelligence tasks.
For many operating systems, Python is a standard component;
it ships with most Linux distributions, FreeBSD, NetBSD,
OpenBSD and with OS X and can be used from the terminal. A
number of Linux distributions use installers written in Python:Ubuntu uses the Ubiquity installer, while Red Hat Linux and
Fedora use the Anaconda installer. Gentoo Linux uses Python in
its package management system, Portage and the standard
tool to access it, emerge. Pardus uses it for administration and
during system boot.
Python has also seen extensive use in the information security
industry, including exploit development.
Among the users of Python are YouTube and the original
BitTorrent client. Large organizations that make use of Python
include Google, Yahoo!, CERN, NASA, ILM, and ITA. Most of the
Sugar software for the One Laptop per Child XO, now developed
at Sugar Labs, is written in Python.
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In addition to standard desktop Python IDEs, there are also
browser-based IDEs, such as NCLab and Sage, intended for
developing science and math-related Python programs.
As of April 2012, Python ranks at position 8 in the TIOBEProgramming Community Index.
Syntax
Python is intended to be a highly readable language. It is
designed to have an uncluttered visual layout, frequently usingEnglish keywords where other languages use punctuation.
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Python requires less boilerplate than traditional manifestly
typed structured languages such as C or Pascal, and has a
smaller number of syntactic exceptions and special cases than
either of these.[54] For a detailed description of the differences
between 2.x and 3.x versions, see History of Python.
The simplicity of Python is demonstrated by its version of the
classic "Hello world" program:
print("Hello world")
STATEMENTS
Python's statements include (among others):
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The if statement, which conditionally executes a block of code,
along with else and elif (a contraction of else-if).
The for statement, which iterates over an iterable object,
capturing each element to a local variable for use by theattached block.
The while statement, which executes a block of code as long as
its condition is true.
The try statement, which allows exceptions raised in its
attached code block to be caught and handled by except
clauses; it also ensures that clean-up code in a finally block willalways be run regardless of how the block exits.
The class statement, which executes a block of code and
attaches its local namespace to a class, for use in object-
oriented programming.
The def statement, which defines a function or method.
The with statement (from Python 2.5), which encloses a codeblock within a context manager (for example, acquiring a lock
before the block of code is run, and releasing the lock
afterwards).
The pass statement, which serves as a NOP and can be used in
place of a code block.
The assert statement, used during debugging to check for
conditions that ought to apply.
The yield statement, which returns a value from a generator
function. (From Python 2.5, yield is also an operator. This form
is used to implement coroutines see below.)
Each statement has its own semantics: for example, the def
statement does not execute its block immediately, unlike most
other statements.
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Python does not support first-class continuations, and
according to Guido van Rossum it never will. However, better
support for coroutine-like functionality is provided in 2.5, by
extending Python's generators. Prior to 2.5, generators were
lazy iterators; information was passed unidirectionally out of
the generator. As of Python 2.5, it is possible to pass
information back into a generator function.
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TYPING
Python uses duck typing and has typed objects but untyped
variable names. Type constraints are not checked at compiletime; rather, operations on an object may fail, signifying that
the given object is not of a suitable type. Despite being
dynamically typed, Python is strongly typed, forbidding
operations that are not well-defined (for example, adding a
number to a string) rather than silently attempting to make
sense of them.
Python allows programmers to define their own types using
classes, which are most often used for object-oriented
programming. New instances of classes are constructed by
calling the class (for example, SpamClass() or EggsClass()), and
the classes themselves are instances of the metaclass type
(itself an instance of itself), allowing metaprogramming and
reflection.
Prior to version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes: "old-style"
and "new-style". Old-style classes were eliminated in Python
3.0, making all classes new-style. In versions between 2.2 and
3.0, both kinds of classes could be used. The syntax of both
styles is the same, the difference being whether the class
object is inherited from, directly or indirectly (all new-style
classes inherit from object and are instances of type).
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Implementation
CPython
The mainstream Python implementation, named CPython, is
written in C meeting the C89 standard. CPython compiles
Python programs into intermediate bytecode, which are then
executed by the virtual machine. It is distributed with a large
standard library written in a mixture of C and Python. CPython
ships in versions for many platforms, including MicrosoftWindows and most modern Unix-like systems. CPython was
intended from almost its very conception to be cross-platform;
its use and development on esoteric platforms such as
Amoeba, alongside more conventional ones like Unix and Mac
OS, has greatly helped in this regard.
Stackless Python is a significant fork of CPython that
implements microthreads; it does not use the C memory stack.
It can be expected to run on approximately the same platforms
that CPython runs on.
Google started a project called Unladen Swallow in 2009 with
the aims of increasing the speed of the Python interpreter by 5
times by using the LLVM and improving its multithreading
ability to scale to thousands of cores.Later the project lost
Google's backing and its main developers. As of 1 February
2012, the project hasn't achieved its goal; the modified
interpreter is only about 2 times faster.
Alternative implementations
Jython compiles the Python program into Java byte code, which
can then be executed by every Java Virtual Machine
implementation. This also enables the use of Java class library
functions from the Python program. IronPython follows a similarapproach in order to run Python programs on the .NET Common
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Language Runtime. PyPy is a fast self-hosting implementation
of Python, written in Python, that can output several types of
bytecode, object code and intermediate languages. There also
exist compilers to high-level object languages, with either
unrestricted Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a
language similar to Python as the source language. PyPy is of
this type, compiling RPython to several languages; other
examples include Pyjamas compiling to JavaScript; Shed Skin
compiling to C++; and Cython and Pyrex compiling to C.
Development
Python's development is conducted largely through the Python
Enhancement Proposal (PEP) process. PEPs are standardized
design documents providing general information related to
Python, including proposals, descriptions, design rationales,
and explanations for language features. Outstanding PEPs are
reviewed and commented upon by Van Rossum, the Python
project's Benevolent Dictator for Life (leader / language
architect). CPython's developers also communicate over a
mailing list, python-dev, which is the primary forum for
discussion about the language's development; specific issues
are discussed in the Roundup bug tracker maintained at
python.org. Development takes place at the self-hosted
hg.python.org.
CPython's public releases come in three types, distinguished by
which part of the version number is incremented:
backwards-incompatible versions, where code is expected to
break and must be manually ported. The first part of the
version number is incremented. These releases happen
infrequentlyfor example, version 3.0 was released 8 years
after 2.0.
major or "feature" releases, which are largely compatible but
introduce new features. The second part of the version numberis incremented. These releases are scheduled to occur roughly
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every 18 months, and each major version is supported by
bugfixes for several years after its release.
bugfix releases, which introduce no new features but fix bugs.
The third and final part of the version number is incremented.These releases are made whenever a sufficient number of bugs
have been fixed upstream since the last release, or roughly
every 3 months. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in
bugfix releases.
A number of alpha, beta, and release-candidates are also
released as previews and for testing before the final release is
made. Although there is a rough schedule for each release, thisis often pushed back if the code is not ready. The development
team monitor the state of the code by running the large unit
test suite during development, and using the BuildBot
continuous integration system.
Influence on other Languages
Python's design and philosophy have influenced severalprogramming languages, including:
Pyrex and its derivative Cython are code translators that are
targeted at writing fast C extensions for the CPython
interpreter. The language is mostly Python with syntax
extensions for C and C++ features. Both languages produce
compilable C code as output.
Boo uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object
model. However, Boo uses static typing and is closely
integrated with the .NET Framework.
Cobra uses indentation and a similar syntax. Cobra's
"Acknowledgements" document lists Python first among
languages that influenced it. However, Cobra directly supports
design-by-contract, unit tests and optional static typing.
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ECMAScript borrowed iterators, generators, and list
comprehensions from Python.
Go is described as incorporating the "development speed of
working in a dynamic language like Python".
Groovy was motivated by the desire to bring the Python design
philosophy to Java.
Karel the Robot is a popular educational programming
language created in 1981 at the Stanford University by R.E.
Pattis. The original syntax was close to Pascal, but a new
edition in NCLab has a syntax very similar to Python.
OCaml has an optional syntax, called twt (The Whitespace
Thing), inspired by Python and Haskell.
Ruby's creator, Yukihiro Matsumoto, has said: "I wanted a
scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more
object-oriented than Python. That's why I decided to design my
own language."
Alore programming language, a new language with optional
typing with python syntax
Python's development practices have also been emulated by
other languages. The practice of requiring a document
describing the rationale for, and issues surrounding, a change
to the language (in Python's case, a PEP) is also used in Tcl and
Erlang because of Python's influence.
Conclusion
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Python language has a huge scope. We can learn Python
programming language and improve out technical skill. It has
various advantages which makes it very interesting. We should
thus take up python into serious consideration. Main reason of
pythons popularity is its simplicity. So start exploring the new
world of python.
APPENDIX
Beginner's Guide to Python
New to programming? Python is free and easy to learn if you
know where to start! This guide will help you to get startedquickly.
New to Python?
Read BeginnersGuide/Overview for a short explanation of whatPython is.
Getting Python
Next, install the Python interpreter on your computer. This isthe program that reads Python programs and carries out theirinstructions; you need it before you can do any Pythonprogramming. Mac OSX distributions from 10.3 (Panther) andup, include a version of Python, which, although it can be asmuch as two years out of date, may be suitable for beginning.Linux distributions also frequently include Python and it isreadily upgraded.
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There are currently two major versions of Python available:Python 2 and Python 3. The Python2orPython3 page providesadvice on how to decide which one will best suit your needs. Atthe time of writing (21 Jun 2010), the rest of this page assumes
you've decided to use Python 2.
See BeginnersGuide/Download for instructions for downloadingthe correct version of Python.
At some stage, you'll want to edit and save your program code.
Take a look at HowToEditPythonCode for some advice andrecommendations.
Learning Python
Next, read a tutorial and try some simple experiments withyour new Python interpreter.
If you've never programmed before, seeBeginnersGuide/NonProgrammers for a list of suitable tutorials.
If you have previous programming experience, consultBeginnersGuide/Programmers, which lists more advanced
tutorials.
If English isn't your first language, you might be morecomfortable with a tutorial that's been translated into yourlanguage. Consult python.org's list of Non-English resources.
Most tutorials assume you know how to run a program on yourcomputer. If you are using Windows and need help with this,see How do I Run a Program Under Windows.
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Once you've read a tutorial, you can browse through Python'sonline documentation. It includes a tutorial that may be helpful,a Library Reference that lists all of the modules that comestandard with Python, and the Language Reference for a
complete (if rather dry) explanation of Python's syntax.
When you are ready to write your first program you will need atext editor. To get started you can use any editor you arefamiliar with - even something like Notepad - but as you gainexperience you may want to use a text editor with features thathelp you write Python programs. See PythonEditors for a list ofprograms friendly to Python code editing.
Need Help?
Need help with any of this? Read BeginnersGuide/Help formailing lists and newsgroups.
Most Python books will include an introduction to the language;see IntroductoryBooks for suggested titles.
Consult BeginnersGuide/Examples for small programs and littlesnippets of code that can help you learn.
Or, if you prefer to learn Python through listening to a lecture,you can attend a training course or even hire a trainer to cometo your company. Consult the PythonEvents page to see if anytraining courses are scheduled in your area, and thePythonTraining page for a list of trainers.
Teachers can join the EDU-SIG, a mailing list for discussion ofPython's use in teaching at any level ranging from K-12 up touniversity.
Complete list of Beginner's Guide pages
BeginnersGuide (PythonDoc&Start16DEC2010.pdf)
BeginnersGuide/Examples
BeginnersGuide/Help
BeginnersGuide/NonProgrammers
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BeginnersGuide/Overview
BeginnersGuide/Programmers
BeginnersGuide/Programmers (Cpp2Python.pdf)BeginnersGuide/Programmers (Tutorial.txt)
BeginnersGuide/Programmers/SimpleExamples
Quiz and Exercises
Pyschools - A Collection of Python Quiz and Exercise Questions
CS Circles - online lessons and graded exercises
CheckIO - Online learning, testing and improving your pythonskills
Looking for a particular Python module or application?
The first place to look is the Python Package Index.
If you can't find anything relevant in the Package Index,
try searching python.org - you can find anything mentioned onthe Python site, in the FAQs, or in the newsgroup. More info:where to search.
Next, try Google or other search engine of your choice.Searching for "python" and some relevant keywords will usuallyfind something helpful.
Finally, you can try posting a query to the comp.lang.pythonUsenet group.
Want to contribute?
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Python is a product of the Python Software Foundation, a non-profit organization that holds the copyright. Donations to thePSF are tax-deductible in the USA, and you can donate viacredit card or PayPal.
To report a bug in the Python core, use the Python Bug Tracker.
To contribute a bug fix or other patch to the Python core, readthe Python Developer's Guide for more information aboutPython's development process.
To contribute to the official Python documentation, join theDocumentation SIG, write to [email protected], or use the Issue
Tracker to contribute a documentation patch.
To announce your module or application to the Pythoncommunity, use comp.lang.python.announce. See the guide toPython mailing lists for more information.
To propose changes to the python core, post your thoughts tocomp.lang.python. If you have an implementation, follow thePython Patch Guidelines.
List of References:
"Python 3.3.0 Release". Python Software Foundation. 2 April
2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
"Why was Python created in the first place?". General Python
FAQ. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
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Kuchling, Andrew M. (22 December 2006). "Interview with
Guido van Rossum (July 1998)". amk.ca. Retrieved 12 March
2012.
van Rossum, Guido (1993). "An Introduction to Python forUNIX/C Programmers". Proceedings of the NLUUG
najaarsconferentie (Dutch UNIX users group). "even though the
design of C is far from ideal, its influence on Python is
considerable."
"Classes". The Python Tutorial. Python Software Foundation.
Retrieved 2012-02-20. "It is a mixture of the class mechanisms
found in C++ and Modula-3"
Simionato, Michele. "The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order".
Python Software Foundation. "The C3 method itself has nothing
to do with Python, since it was invented by people working on
Dylan and it is described in a paper intended for lispers"
Kuchling, A. M.. "Functional Programming HOWTO". Python
v2.7.2 documentation. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved
2012-02-09.
Schemenauer, Neil; Peters, Tim; Hetland, Magnus Lie (2001-05-
18). "PEP 255 Simple Generators". Python Enhancement
Proposals. Python Software Foundation. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
Smith, Kevin D.; Jewett, Jim J.; Montanaro, Skip; Baxter, Anthony
(2 September 2004). "PEP 318 Decorators for Functions and
Methods". Python Enhancement Proposals. Python SoftwareFoundation. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
Bini, Ola (2007). Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects:
bringing Ruby on Rails to the Java platform. Berkeley: APress. p.
3. ISBN 978-1-59059-881-8.
Bibliography
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Various websites on the internet.
Some of them:
http://www.google.co.in
http://www.wikipedia.org
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Python_Programming
Index
!=operator -C,--coverdir=
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%operator% formatting% interpolation
%PATH%&operator*in function callsoperatorstatement,**in function calls
operatorstatement,+operator-operator--helpcommand lineoption
trace command lineoption--ignore-dir=trace command lineoption--ignore-module=trace command lineoption--user-basesite command lineoption--user-sitesite command lineoption--versioncommand lineoptiontrace command lineoption
trace command lineoption-dcommand line
option-d destdircompileallcommand lineoption-Ecommand lineoption-f
compileallcommand lineoption-f, --failfastunittest commandline option-f, --file=trace command lineoption
-g, --timingtrace command lineoption-hcommand lineoption-h, --helptimeit commandline option-icommand lineoption-i listcompileallcommand lineoption-Jcommand lineoption-l
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-3command lineoption-B
command lineoption-b, --bufferunittest commandline option-c command lineoption-c, --catch
unittest commandline option-c, --clocktimeit commandline option-c, --counttrace command lineoption
compileallcommand lineoption-l, --listfuncs
trace command lineoption-m command lineoption-m, --missingtrace command lineoption
-n N, --number=Ntimeit commandline option-Ocommand lineoption-OOcommand lineoption
-p patternunittest-discovercommand lineoption