Pyrrhophyta(6)
Transcript of Pyrrhophyta(6)
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PYRRHOPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA (DINOFLAGELLATA)(DINOFLAGELLATA)
Ciri-ciri umum:Ciri-ciri umum:• UnicellularUnicellular• Memiliki sepasang flagel Memiliki sepasang flagel yang tdk sama panjangyang tdk sama panjang• Kosmopolitan Kosmopolitan • Ada tipe holofitik dan Ada tipe holofitik dan holozoikholozoik• Ada yg parasit, saprofitAda yg parasit, saprofit
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In 1753 the first modern dinoflagellates In 1753 the first modern dinoflagellates were described by Baker and named by were described by Baker and named by Muller in 1773. The term derives from the Muller in 1773. The term derives from the Greek word δῖνος (dinos), meaning Greek word δῖνος (dinos), meaning 'whirling,' and Latin '''whirling,' and Latin ''flagellum''flagellum'', a , a diminutive term for a whip or scourge.diminutive term for a whip or scourge.
These same dinoflagellates were first These same dinoflagellates were first defined by Otto Bütschli in 1885 as the defined by Otto Bütschli in 1885 as the flagellate order dinoflagellida. flagellate order dinoflagellida. Botanists treated them as a division of Botanists treated them as a division of algae, named Pyrrhophyta ("fire algae, named Pyrrhophyta ("fire algae"; Greek algae"; Greek pyrrhospyrrhos, fire) after the , fire) after the bioluminscent forms, or Dinophyta.bioluminscent forms, or Dinophyta.
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• Pigmen yang dimiliki : Chlorofil a, c, Pigmen yang dimiliki : Chlorofil a, c, Carotene, Xanthofil (peridinin, Carotene, Xanthofil (peridinin, neoperidinin, dinoxanthin, neoperidinin, dinoxanthin, neodinoxanthin, diatoxanthinneodinoxanthin, diatoxanthin
• Ada berdinding tebal (Ada berdinding tebal (thecatheca) terbuat ) terbuat dari selulosa, ada tdk berdindingdari selulosa, ada tdk berdinding
• Inti sel merupakan peralihan antara Inti sel merupakan peralihan antara prokariot dan eukariot (eukariot yang prokariot dan eukariot (eukariot yang primitif)primitif)
• Jumlah spesies +/- 2100 Jumlah spesies +/- 2100
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KlasifikasiKlasifikasi
Ada 2 kelas:Ada 2 kelas:
1.1. DesmophyceaeDesmophyceae
• memiliki flagel yang keluar dari memiliki flagel yang keluar dari ujung anterior (apical, subapical)ujung anterior (apical, subapical)
• MotilMotil
• Memiliki 1 ordo : ProrocentralesMemiliki 1 ordo : Prorocentrales
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Memiliki dinding sel yang tebal, Memiliki dinding sel yang tebal, tersusun atas dua belahan (theca)tersusun atas dua belahan (theca)
Berbentuk speris, oval, atau tetes air Berbentuk speris, oval, atau tetes air mata (teardrops)mata (teardrops)
Terdapat di air tawar, payau, lautTerdapat di air tawar, payau, laut
Contoh genus Contoh genus ProrocentrumProrocentrum
2.2. DinophyceaeDinophyceae flagelnya keluar dari posisi ventral. flagelnya keluar dari posisi ventral.
Satu flagel terletak pada bagian Satu flagel terletak pada bagian sulcul, yg lainnya pada bag sulcul, yg lainnya pada bag cingulumcingulum
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Memiliki anggota lebih banyakMemiliki anggota lebih banyak Salah satu flagella terdpat pd bag Salah satu flagella terdpat pd bag
transversal, yg lainnya pd bag transversal, yg lainnya pd bag longitudinallongitudinal
Memiliki 6 ordo:Memiliki 6 ordo:1.1. DinophysialesDinophysiales2.2. GymnodinialesGymnodiniales3.3. NoctilucalesNoctilucales4.4. PeridinialesPeridiniales5.5. GonyaulucalesGonyaulucales6.6. Pyrocystales Pyrocystales
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• Ordo DinophysialesOrdo Dinophysiales
Bersifat motilBersifat motil
Hidupnya soliterHidupnya soliter
Memiliki dinding selMemiliki dinding sel
Berbentuk pipih lateralBerbentuk pipih lateral
Mempunyai tutup cingulum pada bagian Mempunyai tutup cingulum pada bagian ujung anteriorujung anterior
Epitheca pendekEpitheca pendek
Menghasilkan toksinMenghasilkan toksin
Contoh genus Contoh genus Dinophysis, OrnothocercusDinophysis, Ornothocercus
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• Ordo GymnodinialesOrdo Gymnodiniales
Sel motilSel motil
Tidak memiliki dinding selTidak memiliki dinding sel
Berbentuk ovalBerbentuk oval
Memliki girdle berbtk spiralMemliki girdle berbtk spiral
KosmopolitanKosmopolitan
Beberapa diantaranya holozikBeberapa diantaranya holozik
Tidak menghasilkan toksinTidak menghasilkan toksin
Contoh genus Contoh genus Gymnodinium, Gymnodinium, AmphidiniumAmphidinium
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• Ordo NoctilucalesOrdo NoctilucalesBerukuran besar (makroplankton) Berukuran besar (makroplankton)
sampai 2 mm berbentuk bolasampai 2 mm berbentuk bolaTidak berdinding selTidak berdinding selMenghasilkan cahaya Menghasilkan cahaya bioluminescent bioluminescentMemiliki vacuola besar berperan sbg Memiliki vacuola besar berperan sbg
pelampungpelampungPada umumnya holozoik, hidup di air Pada umumnya holozoik, hidup di air
LautLautMemiliki tentakel panjangMemiliki tentakel panjangTidak menghslkan toksinTidak menghslkan toksinContoh genus Contoh genus NoctilucaNoctiluca
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• Ordo PeridinialesOrdo Peridiniales
Berdinding sel Berdinding sel tidak dapat berubah-ubah tidak dapat berubah-ubah
MotilMotil
Holozoik, sebagian besar hidup di lautHolozoik, sebagian besar hidup di laut
Beberapa spesies memiliki tandukBeberapa spesies memiliki tanduk
Contoh genus Contoh genus PeridiniumPeridinium
• Ordo GonyaulacalesOrdo Gonyaulacales
Memiliki dinding yang kerasMemiliki dinding yang keras
Menghasilkan cahayaMenghasilkan cahaya
KosmopolitanKosmopolitan
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Epitecha membentuk sebuah tanduk, Epitecha membentuk sebuah tanduk, hipotheca membentuk dua atau tiga hipotheca membentuk dua atau tiga tanduktanduk
Mengalami cyclomorfosisMengalami cyclomorfosis
Sebagian besar holofitikSebagian besar holofitik
Contoh genus Contoh genus Ceratium, GonyaulaxCeratium, Gonyaulax
• Ordo PyrocystalesOrdo Pyrocystales
Memiliki bentuk speris, bulan sabitMemiliki bentuk speris, bulan sabit
Menghasilkan cahayaMenghasilkan cahaya
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Pada umumnya holofitikPada umumnya holofitik
Dinding sel tebal tersusun atas dua lapis Dinding sel tebal tersusun atas dua lapis (atas sporopellenin, bawah selulosa)(atas sporopellenin, bawah selulosa)
Contoh genus PyrocystisContoh genus Pyrocystis
REPRODUKSIREPRODUKSI
Metode Utama ( normal)Metode Utama ( normal)
• Pembelahan sel biasa dengan arah Pembelahan sel biasa dengan arah transversal, longitudinal, obliquetransversal, longitudinal, oblique
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• Metode lainMetode lain
SeksualSeksual isogamus (lebih sering), isogamus (lebih sering), anisogamus (jarang)anisogamus (jarang)
Pembentukan resting kista Pembentukan resting kista
BIOLUMINESCEN DAN CIRCADIANBIOLUMINESCEN DAN CIRCADIAN
Hanya terdapat pada spesies yang di Hanya terdapat pada spesies yang di lautlaut
Organisme yang menghslkannya Organisme yang menghslkannya Noctiluca, Gonyaulax, Pyrocystis, Noctiluca, Gonyaulax, Pyrocystis, Pyrodinium, PeridiniumPyrodinium, Peridinium
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BioluminescenceBioluminescence, emission of light from , emission of light from living organisms, without appreciable living organisms, without appreciable heat. The light results from a chemical heat. The light results from a chemical reaction mediated by enzymes and reaction mediated by enzymes and involving specialized phosphorus-involving specialized phosphorus-containing molecules in the organisms.containing molecules in the organisms.
BioluminescenceBioluminescence is found in species of is found in species of bacteria, algae, fungi, and invertebrate bacteria, algae, fungi, and invertebrate animalsanimals. Some deep-sea fish are . Some deep-sea fish are equipped with organs that produce equipped with organs that produce luminescence to which prey is attracted. luminescence to which prey is attracted.
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• RED TIDE DAN TOKSINRED TIDE DAN TOKSIN
Kategori toksin yang dihasilkanKategori toksin yang dihasilkan1.1. Membunuh ikan dan sedikit Membunuh ikan dan sedikit
invertebratainvertebrata2.2. Membunuh invertebrataMembunuh invertebrata3.3. Membunuh sedikit organisme , tapi Membunuh sedikit organisme , tapi
toksin yang dihasilkan terkonsentrasi toksin yang dihasilkan terkonsentrasi dalam spihon atau alat pencernaan dalam spihon atau alat pencernaan moluskamoluska
Toksin yg dihslkan Saxitoksin Toksin yg dihslkan Saxitoksin (neurotoksin) toksisitasnya 100 000 kali (neurotoksin) toksisitasnya 100 000 kali kokainkokain
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Dinoflagellates sometimes bloom in Dinoflagellates sometimes bloom in concentrations of more than a concentrations of more than a million cells per millilitre. Some million cells per millilitre. Some species produce neurotoxins, which species produce neurotoxins, which in such quantities kill fish and in such quantities kill fish and accumulate in filter feeders such as accumulate in filter feeders such as shellfish, which in turn may pass shellfish, which in turn may pass them on to people who eat them. them on to people who eat them. This phenomenon is called a red This phenomenon is called a red tide, from the color the bloom tide, from the color the bloom imparts to the water. imparts to the water.
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• Organisme penyebab red tideOrganisme penyebab red tide
1.1. ProrocentrumProrocentrum
2.2. GymnodiniumGymnodinium
3.3. GonyaulaxGonyaulax
4.4. CeratiumCeratium
5.5. Trichodesmium eritreumTrichodesmium eritreum
Pengaruh toksin Kelumpuhan Pengaruh toksin Kelumpuhan (paralytic), Gangguan syaraf (paralytic), Gangguan syaraf (neurotic), hilang ingatan (amnetic), (neurotic), hilang ingatan (amnetic), mencret (diarrhetic)mencret (diarrhetic)
Yg terbanyak adl PSP dan DSPYg terbanyak adl PSP dan DSP
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Ceratium Peridinium
Bioluminescens
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Noctiluca is not photosynthetic. It preys upon phytoplankton, and sometimes other microscopic organisms. This cell contains several separate food vacuoles (arrows), each containing a different diatom colony. The genera Thalassiosira and Chaetoceros are readily identifiable.
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PERANANPERANAN• (+) Produsen primer no 2 di laut(+) Produsen primer no 2 di laut
• (+) Makanan ikan(+) Makanan ikan
• (-) Jika terjadi red tide(-) Jika terjadi red tide
• (-) Kompetitor bagi ikan dalam (-) Kompetitor bagi ikan dalam memperoleh fitoplankton dan memperoleh fitoplankton dan oksigen oksigen (???)(???)
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often photosynthetic protists, commonly regarded as "algae" (Division Dinoflagellata). They are characterized by a transverse flagellum that encircles the body (often in a groove known as the cingulum) and a longitudinal flagellum oriented perpendicular to the transverse flagellum. This imparts a distinctive spiral to their swimming motion. Both flagella are inserted at the same point in the cell wall, by convention defining the ventral surface. This point is usually slightly depressed, and is termed the sulcus. In heterotrophic dinoflagellates (ones that eat other organisms), this is the point where a conical feeding structure, the peduncle, is projected in order to consume food. Dinoflagellates possess a unique nuclear structure at some stage of their life cycle - a dinokaryotic nucleus (as opposed to eukaryotic or prokaryotic), in which the chromosomes are perminently condensed. The cell wall of many dinoflagellates is divided into plates of cellulose ("armor") within amphiesmal vesicles, known as a theca. These plates form a distinctive geometry/topology known as tabulation, which is the main means for classification. Both heterotrophic (eat other organisms) and autotrophic (photosynthetic) dinoflagellates are known. Some are both. They form a significant part of primary planktonic production in both oceans and lakes. Most dinoflagellates go through moderately complex life cycles involving several steps, both sexual and asexual, motile and non-motile. Some species form cysts composed of sporopollenin (an organic polymer), and preserve as fossils. Often the tabulation of the cell wall is somehow expressed in the shape and/or ornamentation of the cyst.