Pyramids on the Nile Chapter 2 Section 2. Land of Egypt.
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Transcript of Pyramids on the Nile Chapter 2 Section 2. Land of Egypt.
Pyramids on the Nile
Chapter 2 Section 2
Land of Egypt
Importance of Geography
Nile floods created plentiful harvests (predictable)
Nile acted as unifying factor (N/S)
Desert was a natural barrier
The River Nile
Egypt’s Historical BackgroundI. Archaic Period
Unification of Upper & Lower Egypt in 3100 BCE by King Menes
First dynasty was founded
Crown of upper Egypt Crown of upper and lower Egypt Crown of Lower Egypt
Hieroglyphics were introduced about 3000 BC
Rosetta StoneHieroglyphicsDemoticAncient Greek
Interpreted by Jean Francois Champollion in mid-19th century (20+ years)
Egyptian Hieroglyphics
Papyrus
Old Kingdom 2770-2200 BCETime of prosperity & splendor
Founded by Zoser - 3rd dynasty
“Age of the Pyramids”
Time when pharaoh’s power became absolute & divine
Step Pyramid of Zoser at Sakkara
Role of Pyramids
Represented royal authorityMonumental architecture
Tomb for mummified body of the rulers
The Afterlife and Ka
Ka (soul of the body?) could live on after death but must be provided for with all the things necessary for life…
Khufu’s pyramid aka “Great Pyramid”
Giza
Pyramid comparison
PyramidsRooms stocked with supplies
for the next life….Chairs DishesBoats FoodGames ClothingWeapons Chariots
Howard Carter
Tut’s Tomb
Vulture collar from Tut’s tomb
Vulture Collar from the tomb of Tutankhamen
Collapse of the Old KingdomToo much investment in
pyramid building
Series of poor harvests
Nobles usurped power
First Intermediate Period
Time of anarchy & chaosNo central authority/feudal Desert tribes invaded11th Dynasty restored order
in 2050 BCE
Pharaoh ruled as a god(Theocratic government)
Head of religion, government & army…Full responsibility for prosperityCaused rain to fall, sun to riseNile to flood , crops to grow
Main GodsRe - the sun godAmen - the god of ThebesOsiris - judge of the dead
Egyptians hoped for life after death
OsirisJudge of the Dead
Personified the growth of vegetation & life-giving force of the Nile
Weighed hearts of
the dead
Triumph of Good over EvilThe Cult of Osiris * Hyperlink
Paternal qualities of Osirisappealed to emotions
Promised immortality to those who led moral lives
Isis Wife of Osiris
A popular motif was her sitting and nursing her son Horus
Isis
Love, magic, motherhood, children, medicine and peace were her human realms
Anubis
Jackal head
God of embalming
Dehydrated burial site (prior to mummification of corpses)
British Museum
Step 1:Washing the body & anointing with oils
Step 2:Removal of organs
Step 3: drying body with salts
Step 4: Body cavity stuffed with linens and other fibers
Step 5: rewashing after 70 days
Body preserved for eternity
People of all classes planned for their burials
Tombs filled with all that would be needed in afterlife
Canopic jars
Represented the four sons of Horus
Vital organs were put inside
Brain Probe
The brain was thought to be useless, a producer of mucus. It was liquefied and removed through the nostrils.
Probe from The British Museum
Mummified Remains of King Tut’s Granny…
Queen Tiy, wife of Amenhotep III
Cat Mummy
The Middle Kingdom 2050-1652 BC
More socially responsible Swamps drained Canals dug
Pharaoh allied with middle classes
Classical or Golden Age
Middle Kingdom…continued
Expansion into Palestine & Syria…followed by weak rulers
Religion democratizedCult of Osiris gains momentum
Idea of personal salvation
Second Intermediate Period ends the Middle Kingdom, 1640 BC
Takeover by Hyksos, nomads from Western Asia
Secret weapons: the chariot & bronze Adopted by Egyptians
Hyksos driven out after 70 years!
Warlike rulers restored Egypt’s power & built an empire Queen Ahhotep Pharaoh Kamose
The New Kingdom 1560-1075 BC “Third Period of Glory”
Mighty military machine was source of pharaoh’s power
Professional army
Power of nobles reduced
Map of Egypt
New KingdomRuled by the 18th, 19th and 20th Dynasties
Thebes (in the south) was capital
New Kingdom pursued aggressive imperial policies in the Fertile Crescent
New Kingdom VIPs Hatshepsut – first woman ruler Thutmose III - expansionist Amenhotep IV - monotheist Tutankhamun – boy king
Ramses II “The Great” – builder, peace-maker, Moses, 19th dynasty
Hatshepsut1472-1458 BC
From Deir el-Bahri, western Thebes
Indurated limestone; H. 76 3/4 in. (195 cm)
Rogers Fund, 1929 (29.3.2)
Metropolitan Museum NY
Hatshepsut
Declared herself pharaoh ~1472 BC
Encouraged trade not war
Hatshepsut’s tomb*
Amenotep IVaka
Akhenaten
sandstone bust 1375 BC
Musee du Louvre, Paris
Akhenaten:religious revolution & monotheism
Elevated the cult of the sun disc, Aten Monotheism opposed by
priest/people
Moved capital to Akhenaten in middle Egypt
Nefertitiwife of Akhenaten
Daughter of the vizier
State Museum, Berlin
Akhenaten & Family
Akhenaten & Family
Akhenaten
New Kingdom: King Tut’s solid gold inner coffin
King Tutankhamen
Probably the son of Akhenaten Died at age 18Succeeded by Nefertiti’s father,
AyRestored the old gods / capital
Temple reconstruction from the New Kingdom
Temple at Luxor near Thebes: Testament to great builders
Ramses IIruler of Egypt
r.(1290-1224 BC) First Ruler of 19th
Dynasty
Ramses II
with warcaptives
Last great
pharaoh
Egyptian QUEEN: One of Ramses
II’s 200 wives & concubines
Temple of Ramses II
at
Abu Simbel
Died aged 99 150 children
Moving Ramses’ face
during construction of
the Aswan Dam on the Nile
Egyptian EconomyAgriculture mainly…
Wheat, barley, flaxRaised sheep & cattle
Glassware & metalworkingWeaving & PotteryLuxury goods for the wealthy
Plowing (ceramic from tombs)
Egyptian flat bread found in tomb
Egyptian Pottery
Painted Pottery flask from 1500 BCE (ibex)
Egyptian Glass:cosmetics container For kohl
(eyeliner) Example of a
luxury item The Egyptians were the first to
produce glass
Henna Used for Mehandi
and as hair dye
Razor Shaved
heads were common for males & females
Empire Fades After 1200 BCE
People of the Sea caused destruction
Palestine rebelledLibyans invaded
Ruled 950 -750 BCE
Piankhi of Kush took control in 751 BCE
Unified Nile from Napata to the delta
Established 25th dynastyReigns for 80 years
Overthrown by AssyriansRoyalty flees to Meroe
Meroe, 670 BC – AD 350
Center of cultureGolden age for Kushites
Trade links w/ India & ArabiaOverthrown by Kingdom of
Aksum
Greek Rule begins330 BC323 BC to 30BC ruled by
Ptolemy familyEgypt’s authority, wealth &
independence remained intactCleopatra VII was the last
ruler before takeover by Rome
Elizabeth Taylor as Cleopatra VII
Contributions to Civilization
Architecture & Engineering Art Hieroglyphics
Solar calendar based on 365 days per year introduced in 4200 BCE
The End