Pyramids on the Nile
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Transcript of Pyramids on the Nile
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Pyramids on the Nile
Chapter 2
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Land of Egypt
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Importance of Geography
Nile floods created plentiful harvests (predictable)
Nile acted as unifying factor (N/S)
Desert was a natural barrier
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The River Nile
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Egypt’s Historical BackgroundI. Archaic Period
Unification of Upper & Lower Egypt in 3100 BC by King Menes
First dynasty was founded
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Hieroglyphics were introduced about 3000 BC
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Rosetta StoneHieroglyphicsDemoticAncient Greek
Interpreted by Jean Francois Champollion in mid-19th century (20+ years)
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Rosetta
StoneBritish
MuseumLondon
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Papyrus
- A paper-like material made from reeds.
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Old Kingdom 2770-2200 BCTime of prosperity & splendor
Founded by Zoser - 3rd dynasty
“Age of the Pyramids”
Time when pharaoh’s power became absolute & divine
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Role of Pyramids
Represented royal authorityMonumental architecture
Tomb for mummified body of the rulers
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The Afterlife and Ka
Ka (soul of the body?) could live on after death but must be provided for with all the things necessary for life…
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Khufu’s pyramid aka “Great Pyramid”
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Giza: The Great Sphinx*
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Giza
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Pyramid comparison
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PyramidsRooms stocked with supplies
for the next life….Chairs DishesBoats FoodGames ClothingWeapons Chariots
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Tut’s Tomb
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Howard Carter
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Vulture collar from Tut’s tomb
Vulture Collar from the tomb of Tutankhamen
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Collapse of the Old KingdomToo much investment in
pyramid building
Series of poor harvests
Nobles usurped power
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First Intermediate Period
Time of anarchy & chaosNo central authority/feudal Desert tribes invaded11th Dynasty restored order
in 2050 BCE
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Pharaoh ruled as a god(Theocratic government)
Head of religion, government & army…Full responsibility for prosperityCaused rain to fall, sun to riseNile to flood , crops to grow
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Main GodsRe - the sun godAmen - the god of ThebesOsiris - judge of the dead
Egyptians hoped for life after death
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OsirisJudge of the Dead
Personified the growth of vegetation & life-giving force of the Nile
Weighed hearts of
the dead
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Triumph of Good over EvilThe Cult of Osiris * Hyperlink
Paternal qualities of Osirisappealed to emotions
Promised immortality to those who led moral lives
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Isis
Love, magic, motherhood, children, medicine and peace were her human realms
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Anubis
Jackal head
God of embalming
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Mummy at The British Museum
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Step 1: Washing the body & anointing with oils
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Step 2:Removal of organs
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Canopic Jars held organs
-Represented the four sons of Horis
-Vital organs were stored
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Brain Probe
The brain was thought to be useless, a producer of mucus. It was liquefied and removed through the nostrils.
Probe from The British Museum
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Step 3: drying body with salts
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Step 4: Body cavity stuffed with linens and other fibers
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Step 5: rewashing after 70 days
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Body preserved for eternity
People of all classes planned for their burials
Tombs filled with all that would be needed in afterlife
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Mummified Remains of King Tut’s Granny…
Queen Tiy, wife of Amenhotep III
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The Middle Kingdom 2050-1652 BC
More socially responsible Swamps drained Canals dug
Pharaoh allied with middle classes
Classical or Golden Age
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Middle Kingdom…continued
Expansion into Palestine & Syria…followed by weak rulers
Religion democratizedCult of Osiris gains momentum
Idea of personal salvation
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Second Intermediate Period ends the Middle Kingdom, 1640 BC
Takeover by Hyksos, nomads from Western Asia
Secret weapons: the chariot & bronze Adopted by Egyptians
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Hyksos driven out after 70 years!
Warlike rulers restored Egypt’s power & built an empire Queen Ahhotep Pharaoh Kamose
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The New Kingdom 1560-1075 BC “Third Period of Glory”
Mighty military machine was source of pharaoh’s power
Professional army
Power of nobles reduced
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Map of Egypt
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New KingdomRuled by the 18th, 19th and 20th Dynasties
Thebes (in the south) was capital
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New Kingdom pursued aggressive imperial policies in the Fertile Crescent
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New Kingdom VIPs Hatshepsut – first woman ruler Thutmose III - expansionist Amenhotep IV - monotheist Tutankhamun – boy king
Ramses II “The Great” – builder, peace-maker, Moses, 19th dynasty
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Hatshepsut
Declared herself pharaoh ~1472 BC
Encouraged trade not war
May have been killed by her step son
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Amenotep IVaka
Akhenaten
sandstone bust 1375 BC
Musee du Louvre, Paris
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Akhenaten:religious revolution & monotheism
Elevated the status of sun god; Aten Monotheism opposed by
priest/people
Moved capital to Akhenaten in middle Egypt
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Nefertitiwife of Akhenaten
Daughter of the vizier
State Museum, Berlin
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Akhenaten & Family
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Funerary Mask
of Tutankhamen
(Egyptian Museum)
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New Kingdom: King Tut’s solid gold inner coffin
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King Tutankhamen
Probably the son of Akhenaten Died at age 18Succeeded by Nefertiti’s father,
AyRestored the old gods / capital
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Ramses IIruler of Egypt
r.(1290-1224 BC) First Ruler of 19th
Dynasty
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Ramses II
with warcaptives
Last great
pharaoh
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Egyptian QUEEN: One of Ramses
II’s 200 wives & concubines
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Temple of Ramses II
at
Abu Simbel
Died aged 99 150 children
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Moses Michelangelo,
1512, Rome
Might have lived during the time of Ramses II
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Egyptian EconomyAgriculture mainly…
Wheat, barley, flaxRaised sheep & cattle
Glassware & metalworkingWeaving & PotteryLuxury goods for the wealthy
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Plowing (ceramic from tombs)
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Egyptian flat bread found in tomb
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Egyptian Pottery
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Egyptian Glass:cosmetics container For kohl
(eyeliner) Example of a
luxury item The Egyptians were the first to
produce glass
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Henna Used for Mehandi
and as hair dye
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Razor Shaved
heads were common for males & females
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Empire Fades After 1200 BC
People of the Sea caused destruction
Palestine rebelledLibyans invaded
Ruled 950 -750 BC
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Piankhi of Kush took control in 751 BC
Unified Nile from Napata to the delta
Established 25th dynastyReigns for 80 years
Overthrown by AssyriansRoyalty flees to Meroe
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Greek Rule begins330 BC323 BC to 30BC ruled by
Ptolemy familyEgypt’s authority, wealth &
independence remained intactCleopatra VII was the last
ruler before takeover by Rome
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Elizabeth Taylor as Cleopatra VII
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Contributions to Civilization
Architecture & Engineering Art Hieroglyphics
Solar calendar based on 365 days per year introduced in 4200 BC
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The End