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The Egyptian pyramids of the Giza Necropolis, as seenfrom the air

Pyramid of the Moon, Teotihuacan

Prasat Thom temple at Koh Ker

PyramidFrom Wikipedia,the freeencyclopedia(Redirected from Pyramids)

A pyramid (from Greek:πυραμίς pyramis [1]) is a structure whoseshape is roughlythat of apyramid in the geometric sense; that is, its outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single point at the top. The baseof a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilateral, or any polygon shape,meaning that a pyramid has at least three outer triangular surfaces (atleast four faces including the base). The square pyramid, with squar e base and four triangular outer surfaces, is a common version.

A pyramid's design, with themajority of the weight closer to theground,[2]andwiththe pyramidion on top means that less materialhigher up on the pyramid will be pushing down from above. This distribution of weight allowed early civilizations to create stable monumental structures.

Pyramids have been built by civilizations in many parts of the world. For thousands of years, the largest structures on Earth were pyramids— firstthe Red Pyramid in the Dashur Necropolis and then the Great Pyramid of Khuf u, bothof Egypt, the latter the only one of the Seven Wondersof the Ancient World still remaining. Khufu's Pyramid is built mainly of limestone (with lar ge red granite blocksused in some interior cham bers),and is considered an ar chitectural masterpiece. It contains around1,300,000 blocks ranging in weight from 2.5 tonnes (5,500 lb) to 15tonnes (33,000 lb) and is built on a square base with sides measuringabout 230 m (755 ft), covering 13 acres. Its four sides face the four cardinal points precisely and it has an angle of 52 degrees. The originalheight of the Pyramid was 146.5 m (488 ft), but today it is only 137m(455 ft) high, the 9 m (33 ft) that is missing is due to the theft of thefinequality whiteTur a limestone covering, or casing stones, for constructionin Cairo. It is still the tallest pyramid. The largest pyramid by volume isthe Great Pyramid of Cholula, in the Mexicanstateof Puebla.

Contents

1 Ancient monuments1.1 Mesopotamia1.2 Egypt1.3 Sudan1.4 Nigeria1.5 Greece1.6 Spain1.7 China1.8 Mesoamerica

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Pyramids of Güímar, Tenerife (Sp

Madghacen king's burial conical pyramids of ancient Algeria (Num

Chogha Zanbil is an ancient Elamitcomplex in the Khuzestan provincIran.

1.9 North America1.10 Roman Empire1.11 Medieval Europe1.12 India1.13 Indonesia1.14 Peru

2 Modern pyramids

3 Gallery4 See also5 Notes6 References

Ancient monuments

See also: List of ancient pyramids by country (disambiguation)

Mesopotamia

The Mesopotamians built the earliest pyramidal structures, callediggurats . In ancient times, these were brightly painted. Since they were

constructed of sun-dried mud-brick, little remains of them. Zigguratswere built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites, Akkadians, andAssyrians for local religions. Each ziggurat was part of a temple complexwhich included other buildings. The precursors of the ziggurat wereraised platforms that date from the Ubaid period[3]during the fourthmillennium BCE. The earliest ziggurats began near the end of the EarlyDynastic Period.[4]The latest Mesopotamian ziggurats date from the 6thcentury BCE. Built in receding tiers upon a rectangular, oval, or square platform, the ziggurat was a pyramidal structure with a flat top. Sun- baked bricks made up the core of the ziggurat with facings of fired brickson the outside. The facings were often glazed in different colors and mayhave had astrological significance. Kings sometimes had their names engraved on these glazed bricks. Thof tiers ranged from two to seven. It is assumed that they had shrines at the top, but there is no archaeoloevidence for this and the only textual evidence is from Herodotus.[5]Access to the shrine would have been byseries of ramps on one side of the ziggurat or by a spiral ramp from base to summit. The Mesopotamian were not places for public worship or ceremonies. They were believed to be dwelling places for the godcity had its own patron god. Only priests were permitted on the ziggurat or in the rooms at its base, and responsibility to care for the gods and attend to their needs. The priests were very powerful members ofsociety.

Egypt

Main article: Egyptian pyramids

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The ancient pyramids of Egypt

The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids — huge structures built of brick or stone, some oamong the world's largest constructions. They are shaped as a reference to the rays of the sun. Most pyra polished, highly reflective white limestone surface, in order to give them a shining appearance when viedistance. The capstone was usually made of hard stone - granite or basalt - and could be plated with golelectrum and would also be highly reflective.[6]

After 2700 BCE, the Egyptians began building pyramids, until about 1700 BCE. The first pyramid was bthe Third Dynasty by king Djoser and his architect Imhotep, as a step pyramid by stacking six mastabaslargest Egyptian pyramids are the pyramids at Giza."The Egyptian sun god Ra, considered the father of all

haraohs, was said to have created himself from a pyramid-shaped mound of earth before creating all other gods. The pyramid’s shape is thought to have symbolized the sun’s rays" (Donald B. Redford, Ph.DPenn State).[6]

The age of the pyramids reached its zenith at Giza in 2575-2150 BCE.[7]Ancient Egyptian pyramids were in mcases placed western of the river Nile because the divine pharaoh’s soul was meant to join with the sun ddescent before continuing with the sun in its eternal round.[6]

As of 2008, some 135 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt.[8][9]The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largestEgypt and one of the largest in the world. Until Lincoln Cathedral was finished in CE 1311, it was the ta building in the world. The base is over 52,600 square metres (566,000 sq ft) in area. While pyramids arassociated with Egypt, the nation of Sudan has 220 extant pyramids, the most numerous in the world.[10]

The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is the only one to survmodern times. The Ancient Egyptians covered the faces of pyramids with polished white limestone, contquantities of fossilized seashells.[11] Many of the facing stones have fallen or have been removed and used fconstruction in Cairo.

Most pyramids are located near Cairo, with only one royal pyram being located south of Cairo, at the Abydos temple complex. The pyramid at Abydos, Egypt were commissioned by Ahmose I whofounded the 18th Dynasty and the New Kingdom.[12]

The building of pyramids began in the Third Dynasty with the reigKing Djoser.[13]Early kings such as Snefru built several pyramids, subsequent kings adding to the number of pyramids until the end oMiddle Kingdom. The last king to build royal pyramids was Ahm[14

with later kings hiding their tombs in the hills, like in the Valley of tKings in Luxor's West Bank.[15]

In Medinat Habu, or Deir el-Medina, smaller pyramids were built by individuals. Smaller pyramids were by the Nubians who ruled Egypt in the Late Period, though their pyramids had steeper sides.[16]

Sudan

Main article: Nubian pyramids

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Nubian Pyramids at Meroe with pylon-like entrances.

Pyramid of Hellinikon

Nubian pyramids were constructed (roughly 220 of them) at three sites in Sudan to serve as tombs for tand queens of Napata and Meroë. The pyramids of Kush, also known as Nubian Pyramids, have differecharacteristics than the pyramids of Egypt. The Nubian pyramids wereconstructed at a steeper angle than Egyptian ones. They were monumentsto dead kings and queens.[17]Pyramids were still being built in Sudan aslate as CE 300.

NigeriaOne of the unique structures of Igbo culture was theNsude Pyramids ,at the Nigerian town of Nsude, in Abuja, northern Igboland. Ten pyramidal structures were built of clay/mud. The first base section was60 ft. in circumference and 3 ft. in height. The next stack was 45 ft. incircumference. Circular stacks continued, till it reached the top. Thestructures were temples for the god Ala/Uto, who was believed to resideat the top. A stick was placed at the top to represent the god's residence. The structures were laid in gro parallel to each other. Because it was built of clay/mud like the Deffufa of Nubia, time has taken its toll r

periodic reconstruction.[18]

Greece

Main article: Greek pyramids

Pausanias (2nd century CE) mentions two buildings resembling pyramids, one, 19 kilometres (12 mi) sothe still standing structure at Hellenikon,[19]a common tomb for soldiers who died in a legendary struggle fothrone of Argos and another which he was told was the tomb of Argives killed in a battle around 669/8 Neither of these still survive and there is no evidence that they resembled Egyptian pyramids.

There are also at least two surviving pyramid-like structures still ato study, one at Hellenikon and the other at Ligourio/Ligurio, a vilnear the ancient theatre Epidaurus. These buildings were not consin the same manner as the pyramids in Egypt. They do have inwarsloping walls but other than those there is no obvious resemblancEgyptian pyramids. They had large central rooms (unlike Egyptian pyramids) and the Hellenikon structure is rectangular rather than s12.5 by 14 metres (41 by 46 ft) which means that the sides couldhave met at a point.[20]The stone used to build the pyramids was

limestone quarried locally and was cut to fit, not into freestanding like the Great Pyramid of Giza.

There are no remains or graves in or near the structures. Instead, the rooms that the walls housed were mlocked from the inside. This coupled with the platform roof, means that one of the functions these structuhave served was as watchtowers. Another possibility for the buildings is that they are shrines to heroes aof ancient times, but the lock on the inside makes no sense for such a purpose.

The dating of these "pyramids" has been made from the pot shards excavated from the floor and on the gThe latest dates available from scientific dating have been estimated around the 5th and 4th centuries. Ntechnique is used for dating pottery, but here researchers have used it to try to date stone flakes from the

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Ancient Korean tomb in Ji'an, Northeastern China

the structures. This has created some debate about whether or not these "pyramids" are actually older thwhich is part of the Black Athena controversy.[21]The basis for their use of thermoluminescence in order to these structures is a new method of collecting samples for testing. Scientists from laboratories hired out recent excavators of the site, The Academy of Athens, say that they can use the electrons trapped on thesurface of the stones to positively identify the date that the stones were quarried and put together [citation needed ].

Mary Lefkowitz has criticised this research. She suggests that some of the research was done not to detreliability of the dating method, as was suggested, but to back up an assumption of age and to make certabout pyramids and Greek civilization. She notes that not only are the results not very precise, but that ostructures mentioned in the research are not in fact pyramids, e.g. a tomb alleged to be the tomb of AmpZethus near Thebes, a structure at Stylidha (Thessaly) which is just a long wall, etc. She also notes the pthat the stones that were dated might have been recycled from earlier constructions. She also notes that research from the 1930s, confirmed in the 1980s by Fracchia was ignored. She argues that they undertoresearch using a novel and previously untested methodology in order to confirm a predetermined theory age of these structures.[22]

Liritzis responded in a journal article published in 2011, stating that Lefkowitz failed to understand andmisinterpreted the methodology.[23]

Spain

The Pyramids of Güímar refer to six rectangular pyramid-shaped, terraced structures, built from lava stothe use of mortar. They are located in the district of Chacona, part of the town of Güímar on the island oin the Canary Islands. The structures have been dated to the 19th century and their original function expl byproduct of contemporary agricultural techniques.

Local traditions as well as surviving images indicate that similar structures (also known as, "Morras", "M"Molleros", or "Paredones") could once have been found in many locations on the island. However, ovehave been dismantled and used as a cheap building material. In Güímar itself there were nine pyramids, owhich survive.

China

Main article: Chinese pyramids

There are many square flat-topped mound tombs in China. The FirstEmperor Qin Shi Huang (circa 221 BCE, who unified the 7 pre-ImperialKingdoms) was buried under a large mound outside modern day Xi'an.In the following centuries about a dozen more Han Dynasty royals werealso buried under flat-topped pyramidal earthworks.

Mesoamerica

Main article: Mesoamerican pyramids

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Pyramid in the Mayan city of ChicItza, Mexico

A diagram showing the variouscomponents of Eastern NorthAmerican platform mounds

Pyramid of Cestius in Rome

A number of Mesoamerican cultures also built pyramid-shaped structures. Mesoamerican pyramids werstepped, with temples on top, more similar to the Mesopotamian zigguratthan the Egyptian pyramid.

The largest pyramid by volume is the Great Pyramid of Cholula, in theMexican state of Puebla. Constructed from the 3rd century BCE to the9th century CE, this pyramid is considered the largest monument ever constructed anywhere in the world, and is still being excavated. The thirdlargest pyramid in the world, the Pyramid of the Sun, at Teotihuacan isalso located in Mexico. There is an unusual pyramid with a circular planat the site of Cuicuilco, now inside Mexico City and mostly covered withlava from an eruption of the Xitle Volcano in the 1st century BCE. Thereare several circular stepped pyramids called Guachimontones inTeuchitlán, Jalisco as well.

Pyramids in Mexico were often used as places of human sacrifice. For the re-consecration of Great PyrTenochtitlan in 1487, the Aztecs reported that they sacrificed about 80,400 people over the course of fodays.[24]

North America

Many pre-Columbian Native American societies of ancient NorthAmerica built large pyramidal earth structures known as platformmounds. Among the largest and best-known of these structures is MonksMound at the site of Cahokia, completed around 1100 CE, which has a base larger than that of the Great Pyramid at Giza. Many of the moundsunderwent multiple episodes of mound construction at periodic intervals,some becoming quite large. They are believed to have played a centralrole in the mound-building peoples' religious life and documented usesinclude semi-public chief's house platforms, public temple platforms,mortuary platforms, charnel house platforms, earth lodge/town house platforms, residence platforms, square ground and rotunda platforms,and dance platforms.[25][26][27]Cultures who built substructure mounds include the Troyville culture, Colesculture, Plaquemine culture and Mississippian cultures.

Roman Empire

The 27-metre-high Pyramid of Cestius was built by the end of the 1stcentury BCE and still exists today, close to the Porta San Paolo. Another one, named Meta Romuli , standing in the Ager Vaticanus (today'sBorgo), was destroyed at the end of the 15th century.

There is also a Roman era pyramid built in Falicon, France.[28]Therewere many more pyramids built in France in this period.

Medieval Europe

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The main gopura of theThanjavur Temple pyramid

Borobudur, Central Java.

Pyramids have occasionally been used in Christian architecture of the feudal era, e.g. as the tower of OvGothic Cathedral of San Salvador.

India

Many giant granite temple pyramids were made in South India during the CholaEmpire, many of which are still in religious use today. Examples of such pyramidtemples include Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, the Temple of Gangaikondacholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram. However the largest temple pyramid in the area is Sri Rangam in Srirangam, Tamil Nadu.The Thanjavur temple was built by Raja raja Chola in 11th century. TheBrihadisvara Temple was declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in1987; the Temple of Gangaikondacholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple atDarasuram were added as extensions to the site in 2004.[29]

Indonesia

Next to menhir, stone table, and stone statue; Austronesian megalithic culture inIndonesia also featured earth and stone step pyramid structures called Punden Berundak as discovered in Pangguyangan, Cisolok and Gunung Padang, WestJava. The construction of stone pyramids is based on the native beliefs thatmountains and high places are the abode for the spirit of the ancestors.

The step pyramid is the basic design of 8th century Borobudur Buddhistmonument in Central Java. However the later temples built in Java wereinfluenced by Indian Hindu architecture, as displayed by the toweringspires of Prambanan temple. In the 15th century Java during late

Majapahit period saw the revival of Austronesian indigenous elements asdisplayed by Sukuh temple that somewhat resemble Mesoamerican pyramid.

Peru

CaralTúcume

Modern pyramids

The Louvre Pyramid in Paris, France, in the court of the Louvre Museum, is a 20.6 meter (about 7glass structure which acts as an entrance to the museum. It was designed by the American architeand completed in 1989.The Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas, United States, is a 30-story true pyramid with light beaming from tThe 32-story Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee (a city named after the ancient Egyptian capname itself was derived from the name of one of its pyramids). Built in 1991, it was the home courUniversity of Memphis men's basketball program, and the National Basketball Association's MemGrizzlies until 2004.

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Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada

Pyramid Arena in Memphis,Tennessee

Walter Pyramid in Long Beach,California

The Walter Pyramid, home of the basketball and volleyball teams of the California State UniversityBeach, campus in California, United States, is an 18-story-tall blue true pyramid.The 48-story Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco, California, designed by William Pereira, oncity's symbols.The 105-story Ryugyong Hotel in Pyongyang, Northern Korea.A former museum/monument in Tirana, Albania is commonly known as the "Pyramid of Tirana." Itfrom typical pyramids in having a radial rather than square or rectangular shape, and gently sloped

make it short in comparison to the size of its base.The Slovak Radio Building in Bratislava, Slovakia. This building isshaped like an inverted pyramid.The Summum Pyramid, a 3 story pyramid in Salt Lake City, Utah,used for instruction in the Summum philosophy and conductingrites associated with Modern Mummification.The Palace of Peace and Reconciliation in Astana, Kazakhstan.The Pyramids at Osho Commune in Pune, India (for meditation purposes).The three pyramids of Moody Gardens in Galveston, Texas.The Co-Op Bank Pyramid or Stockport Pyramid in Stockport,England is a large pyramid-shaped office block in Stockport inEngland. (The surrounding part of the valley of the upper Merseyhas sometimes been called the "Kings Valley" after the Valley of the Kings in Egypt.)The Ames Monument in southeastern Wyoming honoring the brothers who financed the Union Pacific Railroad.The Ballandean Pyramid, at Ballandean in rural Queensland is a 15meter folly pyramid made from blocks of local granite.

The Karlsruhe Pyramid is a pyramid made of red sandstone,located in the centre of the market square of Karlsruhe, Germany.It was erected in the years 1823–1825 over the vault of the city'sfounder, Margrave Charles III William (1679–1738).The GoJa Music Hall in Prague.The Muttart Conservatory greenhouses in Edmonton, Alberta.Small pyramids similar to those of the Louvre can be found outsidethe lobby of the Citicorp Building in Long Island City, Queens NY.The Pyramids of the City Stars Complex in Cairo, Egypt.Pyramid building belonging to The Digital Group (TDG), atHinjwadi, Pune, India.[30]

The Steelcase Corporate Development Center near GrandRapids, Michigan.Sunway Pyramid shopping mall in Selangor, Malaysia.Hanoi Museum with an overall design of a reversed Pyramid.The Pyramide des Ha! Ha! by artist Jean-Jules Soucy fr:Jean-Jules Soucy in La Baie, Quebec is made out of 3 000 give waysigns.[31]

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Palace of Peace and ReconciliationAstana, Kazakhstan

TransamericaPyramid in SanFrancisco, Californ

The "Pyramid" culture-entertainment complex and Monument of Kazan siege (Church of Image oKazan, Russia.The "Phorum" of Expocentre business-exhibition complex inMoscow, Russia.Few pyramids of the Marco-city shopping-entertainment complexin Vitebsk, Belarus.[32]

The Time pyramid in Wemding, Germany, a pyramid begun in

1993 and scheduled for completion in the year 3183.[33]Triangle, a proposed skyscraper in Paris.The Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid, a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan.The tomb of Quintino Sella, outside the monumental cemetery of Oropa.[34]

Gallery

Comparison of approximate profiles of Pyramid with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted linesindicate original heights, where data isavailable.

Pyramid of Khafra

Shaohao Tomb, Qufu,China

Stockport Pyramid inStockport, UnitedKingdom

Karlsruhe Pyramid,Germany

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The Pyramid Arena inMemphis, Tennessee

Hanoi Museum in Hanoi,Vietnam features anoverall design of areversed Pyramid.

Metairie Cemetery, NewOrleans

The Summum Pyramidin Salt Lake City, Utah

Zafer Plaza shoppingcenter in Bursa, Turkey

Slovak Radio Building,Bratislava, Slovakia.

Monument of Kazansiege (Church of Imageof Edessa) in Kazan,Russia.

"Pyramid" culture-entertainment complex inKazan, Russia.

See also

Bosnian pyramidList of megalithic sitesPyramid (disambiguation) for other uses of the word pyramid.Pyramid (geometry) for the pyramid as a 3-dimensional shape in geometry.Pyramid power Pyramidion

Pyramids of Güímar Step pyramidTombTriadic pyramidZiggurat

Notes

1. ^ πυραμίς (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?

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6/23/13 Pyramid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia _ pcIQQJTl0YwJM&hl=en&ei=892nTorRKOWvsQLtzamuDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu0CFIQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=construction%20of%20platform%20mounds&f=false). Smithsonian I p. 741. ISBN 978-0-16-072300-1.

27. ^ Henry van der Schalie; Paul W. Parmalee (September 1960). "The Etowah Site, Mound C :Barlow CouGeorgia" (http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00135/1j). Florida Anthropologist 8: 37–39.

28. ^ Henri Broch (1976), La mystérieuse pyramide de Falicon (http://books.google.com/books?id=W0iSGQAACAAJ&dq=intitle:myst%C3%A9rieuse+intitle:pyramide&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=VcKjSKrAJ5mdBQ), Éditions France-Empire, ISBN B0000E80JW

29. ^ http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2004/whc04-28com-inf14ae.pdf 30. ^ www.thedigitalgroup.com31. ^ La pyramide de la baies des HaHa: (http://conspiration.ca/symb/pyram_baie_haha.html)32. ^ В Витебске открыли пирамиду «Марко-сити» (http://kurier.me/ru/7/society/787/)

В Витебске прошло открытие торгово-развлекательного комплекса «Марко-сити» (http://vitebsk.biz/vitebske-proshlo-otkrytie-torgovo-razvlekatelnogo-kompleksa-marko-siti-1878/)

33. ^ Conception (http://www.zeitpyramide.de/) Official Zeitpyramide website, accessed: 14 December 201034. ^ Luisa Bocchietto, Mario Coda and Carlo Gavazzi. "THE OTHER OROPA: A Guide to the Monumental

of the Sanctuary" (http://www.santuariodioropa.it/db/images/pdf/guida_cimitero_monumentale_en.pdf)

ReferencesPatricia Blackwell Gary and Richard Talcott, "Stargazing in Ancient Egypt," Astronomy , June 2006, pp. 67.Fagan, Garrett. "Archaeological Fantasies." RoutledgeFalmer. 2006

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