PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland) 1 of 26 slides Program of the EFDA Materials Topical Group...
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Transcript of PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland) 1 of 26 slides Program of the EFDA Materials Topical Group...
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)1
of 26 slides
Program of the EFDA Materials Program of the EFDA Materials Topical Group (FMTG)Topical Group (FMTG)
Sehila M. Gonzalez de VicenteMaterial Responsible Officer
EFDA Close Support Unit - Garching
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)2
of 26 slides
FUSION MATERIALS TOPICAL GROUPFUSION MATERIALS TOPICAL GROUP
• MAT-REMEV: MAT-REMEV: Radiation Effects Modelling and Radiation Effects Modelling and Experimental ValidationExperimental Validation
-Phase Stability and He & dpa Accumulation Trigger in-service Properties of Materials in DEMO: Magnetic Cluster Expansion: a g phase transition points in Fe, and Rate Theory: He-desorption from pre-implanted Fe-C alloys.
• MAT-ODSFS: MAT-ODSFS: Nano-structured ODS Ferritic Steel Nano-structured ODS Ferritic Steel DevelopmentDevelopment
- Improve the present generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steels- Improve the present generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steels- Start the industrial fabrication of the present generation of nano-structured - Start the industrial fabrication of the present generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steelsODS RAF steels- Develop an optimised generation of nano-structured and nano-grained ODS - Develop an optimised generation of nano-structured and nano-grained ODS RAF steelsRAF steels- Investigate the stability of present and optimised generation of nano-- Investigate the stability of present and optimised generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steels under creep and irradiationstructured ODS RAF steels under creep and irradiation
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)3
of 26 slides
FUSION MATERIALS TOPICAL GROUPFUSION MATERIALS TOPICAL GROUP
•MAT-W&WALLOYS: MAT-W&WALLOYS: Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys DevelopmentDevelopment
- Development of Structural Tungsten Materials - Development of Structural Tungsten Materials - Optimization of Tungsten Armour Materials - Optimization of Tungsten Armour Materials - Manufacturing Parts of Tungsten Materials- Manufacturing Parts of Tungsten Materials- Materials Science and ModelingMaterials Science and Modeling
The long-term objective of the EFDA fusion materials programme is to develop The long-term objective of the EFDA fusion materials programme is to develop structural as well as armour materials in combination with the necessary structural as well as armour materials in combination with the necessary production and fabrication technologies for future divertor conceptsproduction and fabrication technologies for future divertor concepts
• MAT-SiC/SiC: SiCf/SiC Composite for Structural MAT-SiC/SiC: SiCf/SiC Composite for Structural Application in Fusion ReactorApplication in Fusion Reactor
- - Processing techniques for manufacturing SiCf/SiCProcessing techniques for manufacturing SiCf/SiC-Increase in thermal conductivityIncrease in thermal conductivity
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)4
of 26 slides
MAT-REMEVMAT-REMEVRadiation Effects Modelling and Radiation Effects Modelling and
Experimental ValidationExperimental Validation
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)5
of 26 slides
Phase Stability and He & dpa Accumulation Trigger in-service Properties of Materials in DEMO:
• Magnetic Cluster Expansion: phase transition points in Fe.
• Rate Theory: He-desorption from pre-implanted Fe-C alloys.
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)6
of 26 slides
Magnetism Stabilises bccMagnetism Stabilises bccFe at low TemperatureFe at low Temperature
DFT data
FM bcc
AF fcc10mRy~1600 K
At 0K the lowest Energy:
Ferro-Magnetic (FM) bcc FeMagnetic Cluster Expansion (MCE)
Fitted on DFT data at 0K
Atomic Configuration Energy with Explicit Magnetism
Contribution
Allows Calculating Free Energy & Phase Stability at
any Finite Temperature
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)7
of 26 slides
Magnetic Cluster DynamicsMagnetic Cluster Dynamics
0 400 800 1200 1600-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 E(fcc)-E(bcc) -T(S
fcc-S
bcc)
Fmag
(fcc)-Fmag
(bcc)
E (
me
V/a
tom
)
T (K)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800-5
0
5
10
15
20
Tm
TC
Ffcc
-Fbcc
TT
F (
me
V/a
tom
)
T (K)
Monte Carlo Simulation of the Free Energy:
Configuration Entropy
Magnetic Excitation Entropy
Not sufficient to Stabilise the fcc () at High Temperature
Adding
Phonons entropy based on
experimental data (Neutron
Diffraction & Elastic Constants
Monte Carlo Simulation of the Free Energy:
Configuration Entropy
Magnetic Excitation Entropy
Experimental Phonons entropy
For the First Time the high T “domain” of iron
is predicted based on DFT and Atomistic Modelling & Experimental data
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)8
of 26 slides
He-desorption from Fe-C: Rate Theory ModellingHe-desorption from Fe-C: Rate Theory Modelling (i) DFT Energetics of He, Vacancies and Carbon in (i) DFT Energetics of He, Vacancies and Carbon in -Fe-Fe
VC VC2 VC3 V CbE 0.52 eV VC C
bE 0.89 eV 2VC CbE 0.12 eV
V + He HeV
Eb = 2.3 eVVC + He HeVC
Eb = 2.09 eV
VC2 + He HeVC2
Eb = 0.94 eV
Carbon reduces the He-V binding energy
Hen-1Vm + Heint → HenVm
He Binding Energy to Hen-1Vm C Binding Energy to VCm-1
VCm-1 + C → VCm
He Binding Energy to Hen-1CVm
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)9
of 26 slides
-Fe with 50 appm Carbon
He-desorption from Fe-C: Rate Theory Modelling He-desorption from Fe-C: Rate Theory Modelling (ii) DFT based Rate Theory Modelling as function of C content(ii) DFT based Rate Theory Modelling as function of C content
10-1 10 103
10-3
10-2
10-1
Des
orb
ed f
ract
ion
Annealing Time (s)
559 K 577 K 667 K Model
Pure -Fe
• C-V Binding Energiesand
• He-V Binding Energy Reductions
Favour He –Desorption
Submitted Phys. Rev. B
-Fe with 88 appm Carbon
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)10
of 26 slides
MAT-ODSFSMAT-ODSFSNano-structured ODS Ferritic Nano-structured ODS Ferritic
Steel DevelopmentSteel Development
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)11
of 26 slides
The 2008-2009 work programme of the European The 2008-2009 work programme of the European research project on nano-structured ODS RAF research project on nano-structured ODS RAF steels is being organized along four steels is being organized along four programmatic lines:programmatic lines:
• Improve the present generation of nano-structured ODS Improve the present generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steelsRAF steels
• Start the industrial fabrication of the present generation Start the industrial fabrication of the present generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steelsof nano-structured ODS RAF steels
• Develop an optimised generation of nano-structured and Develop an optimised generation of nano-structured and nano-grained ODS RAF steelsnano-grained ODS RAF steels
• Investigate the stability of present and optimised Investigate the stability of present and optimised generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steels under generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steels under creep and irradiationcreep and irradiation
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)12
of 26 slides
Manufacturing route:• Mechanical alloying - elemental or pre-alloyed powders• Canning and degassing of the milled powders• Compaction of the powders by HIPping• Thermal-mechanical treatments– Hot pressing– Hot rolling– High speed hot extrusion
Z. Oksiuta et al., MAT-ODSFSEFDA Monitoring Meeting,Garching, January 2009
Materials:Fe-(12-13-14)Cr-(1-2)W-(0.3-0.5)Ti-0.3Y2O3 (in wt.%)
Improve the present generation of nano-structured ODS RAF steels:
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)13
of 26 slides
• Refinement of the grain size using equal channelangular pressing (ECAP) or high-speed hot extrusion:• Successful trials on the EUROFER RAFM steel• Experiments will be performed on ODS steel variants
M.A. Auger et al., MAT-ODSFSEFDA Monitoring Meeting,
Stockholm, July 2009
T = 550°Cα = 105°C8 passes
Develop an optimised generation of nano-structured and nano-grained ODS RAF steels:
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)14
of 26 slides
Investigate the stability of present and optimised generation of nanostructured ODS RAF steels under creep and irradiation
Specimens of the MA957 ODS ferritic steel in the hot extruded and cold worked condition have been irradiated in the SINQ facility (Swiss Spallation Neutron Source):
– Doses = 5-20 dpa– T = 115-360°C– 50 appm He/dpa– 450 apm H/dpa
Tensile tests: The irradiated MA957 ODS ferritic steel retained a significant ductility at both 25°C and 250°C testing temperatures
J. Henry et al.EFDA Monitoring
Meeting,July 2009
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)15
of 26 slides
MAT-W&WALLOYSMAT-W&WALLOYSTungsten and Tungsten Alloys Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys
DevelopmentDevelopment
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)16
of 26 slides
Goals & RoadmapGoals & Roadmap
20082008
Structural Material DevelopmentStructural Material Development
20092009 20102010 20112011 20122012 20132013 ……
Armour Material OptimisationArmour Material Optimisation
Fabrication Process DevelopmentFabrication Process Development
……
……
……
Materials Science & ModelingMaterials Science & Modeling ……
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)17
of 26 slides
• Development of Structural Tungsten Materials – Can the DBTT be significantly decreased?– Is it possible to reach a compromise between strength, ductility, and heat
conductivity?– Can we live with a pronounced anisotropic micro-structure or is it necessary to
produce isotropic structured materials?
• Optimization of Tungsten Armour Materials – What is the optimized microstructure for fusion relevant thermo-mechanical load
conditions?– Is it possible to increase the crack resistivity?– What are possible solutions for the oxidation problem?
• Manufacturing Parts of Tungsten Materials– How to avoid micro-cracks? – What alternative fabrication process could be suitable? – Are there applicable reduced activation brazing materials for W-W and W-steel
joints? – Can mass/series production processes be applied to tungsten parts?
• Materials Science and Modeling– What makes tungsten so brittle?– Is ductilization possible besides Re addition?– What is the influence of impurities and microstructure on the material behavior?– How does tungsten behave under high neutron doses and after significant He/H
load?
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)18
of 26 slides
Structural Tungsten Materials: Microstructure of Structural Tungsten Materials: Microstructure of Commercial AlloysCommercial Alloys
Ø20 mm
93%
Swaging Ø20 mm
93%
Swaging Ø10 mm
81% Rolling Ø7 mm
91% Sw+Rol
W-1%Ta
Ø6,9 mm
91% Rolling
R. Pippan, ÖAWR. Pippan, ÖAW
Forging Direction
Forging Direction
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)19
of 26 slides
Structural Tungsten Materials: DevelopmentStructural Tungsten Materials: Development
Fabrication by Mechanical Alloying and Hot Isostatic PressingFabrication by Mechanical Alloying and Hot Isostatic Pressing
200 µm200 µm
20 µm20 µm
W-1La2O3
W-4VAlloysAlloys Hardness Hardness
(GPa)(GPa)W-1La2O3 1.43
W-4V-1La2O3 4.0
W-4V 3.40
W-2V 3.16
W 2.67
W-0.5Y2O3 2.34
W-4Ti 4.47
W-4%Ti-0.5Y2O3 6.36
A. Muñoz, M.A. Auger, T. Leguey, A. Muñoz, M.A. Auger, T. Leguey, M.A. Monge, R. Pareja, CIEMAT/M.A. Monge, R. Pareja, CIEMAT/UC3M/UPMUC3M/UPM
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)20
of 26 slides
Oxidation Resistant Tungsten Armor MaterialsOxidation Resistant Tungsten Armor Materials
W-Si-Cr Protection Bulk MaterialsW-Si-Cr Protection Bulk Materials Self Passivating Thin FilmsSelf Passivating Thin Films
C. García-Rosales, P. López, C. García-Rosales, P. López, N. OrdásN. Ordás, CEIT, CEIT
F. Koch, C. Lenser, F. Koch, C. Lenser, M. Rasinski*,M. Rasinski*,M. Balden, Ch. LinsmeierM. Balden, Ch. Linsmeier, IPP, IPP
0.25 h0.25 h 0.5 h0.5 h
1 h1 h
0.75 h0.75 h
2 µmµm
quarternary alloys quarternary alloys WSi3Cr10Zr5 WSi3Cr10Zr5SEM of cross section, oxidized at 1000°C at SEM of cross section, oxidized at 1000°C at different timesdifferent times
1 µmµm
W10Si10Cr after 1400 °CW10Si10Cr after 1400 °C
MA: W/CrSiMA: W/CrSi22
MA: WSiMA: WSi22/W/Cr/W/Cr
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)21
of 26 slides
Manufacturing Parts of Tungsten MaterialsManufacturing Parts of Tungsten Materials
Functional Gradient Material, Mass Production, EC Layer DepositionFunctional Gradient Material, Mass Production, EC Layer Deposition
Thimble by Press RollingThimble by Press Rolling
J. Reiser,J. Reiser, FZK FZK
S. S. Antusch,Antusch, FZK FZK
Tile by Powder Injection MoldingTile by Powder Injection Molding
J. v.d. Laan,J. v.d. Laan, NRG NRG
5 µmµm 5 µmµm
WC
W/WCW/WC
WC/FeWC/Fe
EuroferEurofer
W or W alloy
W –Fe –C (1200°C) W –Fe –C (1200°C)
Gradient by Powder MetallurgyGradient by Powder Metallurgy
J.M. Missiaen, J. Schlosser, Grenoble-INP & CEAJ.M. Missiaen, J. Schlosser, Grenoble-INP & CEA
Ni on WNi on W
Electro-Chemical Layer DepositionElectro-Chemical Layer Deposition
constantthickness on edges
EuroferEurofer
WW
W. Krauss, N. Holstein, J. Konys, J. LorenzW. Krauss, N. Holstein, J. Konys, J. Lorenz,, FZK FZK
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)22
of 26 slides
Materials Science and ModelingMaterials Science and Modeling
Experiments at JANNUS etc.Experiments at JANNUS etc. Theory/Computation/ValidationTheory/Computation/Validation
TEM (extended defects investigations)TEM (extended defects investigations)
Dual and triple beam irradiation: Dual and triple beam irradiation: high dpa levelshigh dpa levelssimultaneously with He implantationsimultaneously with He implantationH / He co-implantation synergyH / He co-implantation synergy
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS)Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS)Doppler broadeningDoppler broadeningPositron Lifetime SpectroscopyPositron Lifetime Spectroscopy
SurfaceSurface
300 nm~ 750 nm~ 750 nm
M.-F. Barthe, P.-E. Lhuillier, T. Sauvage, P. M.-F. Barthe, P.-E. Lhuillier, T. Sauvage, P. Desgardin,Desgardin, CEMHTI, CNRS Orléans, CEMHTI, CNRS Orléans,
R. Schäublin, EPFL, CRPPR. Schäublin, EPFL, CRPP P. Trocellier, CEAP. Trocellier, CEA
Object Kinetic Monte Carlo (LAKIMOCA)Object Kinetic Monte Carlo (LAKIMOCA) C.S. Becquart, C. Domain, U. Sarkar, C.S. Becquart, C. Domain, U. Sarkar,
M. Hou, LMPGM Villeneuve d´Ascq, EDF M. Hou, LMPGM Villeneuve d´Ascq, EDF Moret sur Loing, Université Libre de Moret sur Loing, Université Libre de BruxellesBruxelles
DFT Calculations: He & Vacancies near DFT Calculations: He & Vacancies near Surfaces (SIESTA)Surfaces (SIESTA) C.-C. Fu, CEAC.-C. Fu, CEA
Ab InitioAb Initio Dislocation Modeling Dislocation Modeling L. Ventelon, F. Willaime, M.-C. Marinica, L. Ventelon, F. Willaime, M.-C. Marinica,
CEACEA L. Romaner, ÖAWL. Romaner, ÖAW
MicromechanicsMicromechanics R. Pippan, ÖAWR. Pippan, ÖAW
10 µm10 µm
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)23
of 26 slides
MAT-SiC/SiCMAT-SiC/SiC SiCf/SiC Composite for SiCf/SiC Composite for
Structural Application in Fusion Structural Application in Fusion ReactorReactor
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)24
of 26 slides
SiCSiC/SiC /SiC CompositesComposites for structural application for structural application
High residual porosity for the most developed processing route (CVI)
SiC fibres sensitive at high T processing
Sintering additive are needed for densification
Porosity and oxide impurities lower the
-SiC transforms to -SiC at high temperatures
ISSUES MAIN REQUIREMENTS
Non-porous (gas impermeability) …………….
High mechanical strength and reliability……
Low netron activation ……………………..
High thermal conductivity ……………………….
No (low) swelling …………………………………..
Elimination / lowering porosity alternative processing technique
Increase in thermal conductivity lower porosity + incorporation of
materials with higher e.g. metal)
OBJECTIVES
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)25
of 26 slides
Processing techniques for manufacturing SiCf/SiC
CVI - Chemical vapor infiltration open porosity, ..
PIP - Preceramic polymer infiltration and pyrolysis open porosity, ..
NITE - Nano-powder infiltration and transient eutectoide Ceramic processing: SiO2-Al2O3-Y2O3 high sintering T & p, Al, ..?.
SiTE* - Slip-Infiltration (EPI) + Transient Eutectoide
Hybrid SITE# - Slip infiltration (EPI) + PIP
1. E-field driven powder infiltration
2. Vacuum infiltration with precursor* SiO2-MeO-P2O5 (Me=Al, Mg) /# preceramic polymer
3. *Sintering at T< 1500 °C / #pyrolysis+crystallisationIncrease in thermal conductivity
Porosity reduction: electrophoretic infiltration to increase “green” density
W-wires incorporation: feasibility study reactivity?!
CNT-coating on SiC-fibres: feasibility study W-wire
SiC-matrix (SITE)
?
PWI meeting, 4-6 Nov. Warsaw (Poland)26
of 26 slides
CNT-interphase layer on SiC CNT-interphase layer on SiC fibersfibers
Proposed effects of CNT interphase layer on SiC fibers:
• increase in toughness and reliability
by crack deflection (energy dissipation)
• Increase in thermal conductivity
(CNT-SiC)f/SiCCNT = > 2000 W/mK
K. König, S. Novak, et al, Fabrication of CNT-SiC/SiC composites by electrophoretic deposition, JECS, xxx (2009)
Tyrano SA
CNT
CNT-coated SiC-fiberCNT-coated SiC-fiber
Increase in thermal conductivity
(W,SiC)f/SiCW-wire
SiC-matrix (SITE)
?w ~ 170 W/mK