PVD coating technology
Transcript of PVD coating technology
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PVD coating technologyPartner for the minting industry − Miba Facts & Figures
− Work safety advantages− Lifetime advantages− Other applications
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Miba Facts & FiguresGlobal company
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
312
437
593 607 610
Sales in EUR million
Europe 63%
NAFTA 19%
Asia 15%
Others 4%
By Market
Sinter Group38%
Bearing Group30%
Friction Group22%
New Technologies Group
8%
Coating Group2%
By Division
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
2,585
3,478
4,300 4,3864,670
Employees
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PVD coating technologyWorking safety aspects of the PVD coating vs. electroplating technology
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Dies coatingElectroplating versus PVD coatings
Electroplating:
- “wet” and dirty process- Hexavalent Chrome issue in platting process- High working security regulations- Difficult peripheral installation
Electroplating:
- “dry” and clean process- No Hexavalent Chrome in process- Big flexibility regarding coating
materials- Low working security regulations- Easy installation in existing
production area
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Hardchromium – Reach 2018New european regulation - ECHA
REACH:
• Registration of chemicals produced more than 1 ton/year
• Evaluation • Autorisation• Chemicals
Controlled by European agency ECHA based in Helsinky
REACH 2018 – Annex 17 / 18• Possibility of ban of Hexavalant Chromium of production in Europe
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Consortium existing to complain against REACH 2018 regul ation
CTAC…. Chromium Trioxid Authorization Consortium
- 0 Chrome producers within Europe- 10 Import companies, with Production sites outside Europe - 20 companies production of surface-treatment solutions
- > 2000 users in surface-treatment segment, also mints represented- > 1.0 articles of hardchromium and passivated articles
Hardchromium – Reach 2018Actual situation
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• Reacts a strong acid • Cr (VI) is absorbed by humans either through oral or dermatological
routes. • It is toxic and carcinogen due to its high oxidation potential and a
structural similarity of chromate with sulfate, allowing the chromate to penetrate sulfate channels in cell membranes.
Hexavalent ChromiumReasons for critical view of ECHA organisation
• The lethal oral dose is 50-60mg/kg body weight .
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Leather goods:
5. Leather articles coming into contact with the skin shall not be placed on the market where they contain chromium VI in concentrations equal to or greater than 3 mg/kg (0,0003 % by weight) of the total dry weight of the leather.
6. Articles containing leather parts coming into contact with the skin shall not be placed on the market where any of those leather parts contains chromium VI in concentrations equal to or greater than 3 mg/kg (0,0003 % by weight) of the total dry weight of that leather part.
Hexavalent ChromiumRegulations in other industries – Annex 17 EC 1907/2006 – 03.2014
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• Improving the result of the existing solution• Preventing employees of handling harmful substances• Facilitating the coating process• Better Lifetime of the minting dies• Improving the quality of the minted product• Avoiding legal issues
Hexavalent ChromiumReasons for alternative processes
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PVD coating technologyAdvantages of PVD Coatings − Hardness
− Friction coefficient− Lifetime− Coin quality
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PVD CoatingsHardness
• Hardness can be more thandouble depending of the coating
• Hardness can be adapted according the application
• Flexibility of Elements and parameters used for coating with direct effects on hardness
Hardness Comparison
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
Hardened ToolSteel
Cr Plating MagnetronSputter Coating
Average values
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PVD CoatingsFriction coefficient
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frictional C
oefficient (u)
Frictional C
oefficient (u)
Frictional C
oefficient (u)
Frictional C
oefficient (u)
Sliding Time (seconds)Sliding Time (seconds)Sliding Time (seconds)Sliding Time (seconds)
Frictional Coefficient of the Proof DiesFrictional Coefficient of the Proof DiesFrictional Coefficient of the Proof DiesFrictional Coefficient of the Proof Dies
load:100gfgfgfgf
CrCrCrCr----plated die (JPN)plated die (JPN)plated die (JPN)plated die (JPN) CrCrCrCr----plated die (BRM)plated die (BRM)plated die (BRM)plated die (BRM)
PVD coated die (RCM)PVD coated die (RCM)PVD coated die (RCM)PVD coated die (RCM)
Graph courtesy of:Toshi Murata of Japan Mint:Report of Joint project JapanMint, Royal Canadian Mint,Royal Mint UK, under MintDirectors Technical Committee,May 2008
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The shape of a scratch after 1,000 stampings
Length : 75Length : 75Length : 75Length : 75μμμμmmmm
Width : Width : Width : Width : 4444μμμμmmmm
Length : Length : Length : Length : 90909090μμμμmmmm
Width : Width : Width : Width : 5555μμμμmmmm
Length : Length : Length : Length : 84848484μμμμmmmm
Width : Width : Width : Width : 4444μμμμmmmm
Depth : 0.2Depth : 0.2Depth : 0.2Depth : 0.2μμμμmmmm
Depth : 0.6Depth : 0.6Depth : 0.6Depth : 0.6μμμμmmmm
Depth : 0.4Depth : 0.4Depth : 0.4Depth : 0.4μμμμmmmm
PVD (RCM)PVD (RCM)PVD (RCM)PVD (RCM)
Cr (BRM)Cr (BRM)Cr (BRM)Cr (BRM)
Cr (JPN)Cr (JPN)Cr (JPN)Cr (JPN)
Graph courtesy of:Toshi Murata of Japan Mint:Report of Joint project JapanMint, Royal Canadian Mint, RoyalMint UK, under Mint DirectorsTechnical Committee, May 2008
PVD CoatingsScratch and wear tests
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PVD CoatingsLifetime on RCM Mint circulation coins
Circulation Coin Production
• Die Life of Die Used for Small Circulation Nickel Plated Coins:• 280,000 for Obverse; 340,000 for Reverse
• Die Life of Die Used for Larger Nickel Plated Coins• 614,000 Obverse; 475,000 for Reverse
• This is a 20% increase in die life compared with arc
Die Life Comparison between Cr plated dies and Sput ter Coated Dies
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Cr p
late
d
Coin
A O
BV
REV
Coin
BO
BV
REV
Coin
C O
BV
REV
Coin
D O
BV
REV
Die life (x1
000)
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PVD CoatingsLifetime on Morocco Mint circulation coins
Circulation Coin Production
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Die
life
(x1
000)
• Die Life of Die used for Circulation Nickel Plated Coins:• 140,000 for Obverse; 800,000 for Reverse
• Some of the reverse dies even performed up to 3,000,000 coins
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PVD CoatingsQuality / handling amelioration Morocco Mint
• Lifetime• Surface quality / shininess• Higher machine availability / uptime• No environmental concerns• Working safety massively ameliorated
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PVD CoatingsExample of a Coating Sequence
Coating sequence
• Substrate (AISI M42 grade HSS,1200 grit finish)
• 0.2 µm Cr bonding layer
• 0.3 µm CrTiN graded layer
• 4 µm nanoscale CrTiN multilayer,10nm< ΛΛΛΛ<15nm,individual CrN layers ~ 6.0nm
Substrate
Cr bond layer
Graded layer
Nano-Layers
25nm
CrN
CrTiN
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PVD CoatingsSmooth coating
Micrograph courtesy of:Prof. Derek Arnell and Dr. Robin Bates (Salford University)
Dr. Chris Smith and Dr. Kevin Baldwin (QinetiQ)
Coating Surface
Substrate Surface4µm
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PVD CoatingsSmooth coating - examples
Comparison – Die without coating – Chrome coating – PVD coating
=> PVD coating follows 1:1 the relief of the die (no filling up, even of defects)
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PVD CoatingsMinting results on Silver proof coin 999 – 3 strikes – 33 mm
- Starbust is starting at 1500 coins*
- Brightness excellent- No bad spots
* Result with conventional technique was here 100 coins
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PVD CoatingsBenefits
• Coin quality is improved
• Extremely decreased the problemacy of star bust
• Overall average die life increase of 3 times
• Elimination of all Hexavalent Chromium from die production facility
Coated die after 1000 stamping – no star bust Struck Silver coin after 1000 stamping – no star bust
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PCD CoatingsBenefits
• Finishing of coated die is smoother, no post-coating polishing needed
• The coating can be stripped for rework when required
• Hardness of die nearly tripled
• Low temperature deposition (lower than 150°C) opens up numerous options in the choice of die material.
Coin produced using CrTiN coated die, > 7000 stampings with no scratches or defects & still in
operation
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PVD coating technologyOther applications − Colour coatings
− Precious metal coatings
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PVD CoatingsRange of elements which can be sputtered
1
H 1.0079
2
He 4.0026
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.811
6
C 12.011
7
N 14.007
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.179
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.30
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.974
16
S 32.06
17
Cl 35.453
18
Ar 39.948
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.90
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.938
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.59
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.91
46
Pd 106.42
47
Ag 107.87
48
Cd 112.41
49
In 114.82
50
Sn 118.71
51
Sb 121.75
52
Te 127.60
53
I 126.91
54
Xe 131.29
55
Cs 132.91
56
Ba 137.33
57 *La
138.91
72
Hf 178.49
73
Ta 180.95
74
W 183.85
75
Re 186.21
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.08
79
Au 196.97
80
Hg 200.59
81
Tl 204.38
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 208.98
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
As a major constituent
As a minor component
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PVD CoatingsPrecious metal coatings - Numismatic applications
• Gold / Silver / Platinum / Palladium…• Loading capacity for 40 mm coins:
280 pieces• Material consumption for 1 micron coating thickness:
~ 6 gramm / 1 micron• Adhesion layer CrN or TiN• No environmental concerns
• Dry process
Example loading configuration
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PVD CoatingsColoured coatings – Numismatic applications
• Blue, Green, Red, Yellow• Standard coatings TiN, ZrN• Colour can be adapted due to:
• Materials sputtered• Gas concentration• Other parameters
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We are long-term Partner of our CustomersClose to our Customers
Main Brands automotive
Minting Industry
Royal Canadian Mint, Royal Mint UK, Royal Australian Mint, Perth Mint, South
African Mint, US Mint, Shenyang Mint, Shenzhen Mint, Pamp (CH),
Bank al Maghrib (Ma), Münz-Prägstatt – Munich (DE)
In total 16 systems WW installed in the minting industry