Napoli - April 5th 2018

PV Revamping/Repowering and New Build

Technical Rules and Best Practice

Moroni & Partners is a consultant engineering company specialized in the renewable energy market, headquarters in Ancona, established in 2007 by Mauro Moroni, PhD in Energetics at Politecnico delle Marche. We provide engineering services consultancy to Investors, Banks, Lenders, Industrial customers and EPC Contractors in the field of Renewable Energies. A few numbers about us: - More than 50 professionals - 90% of staff graduated in Engineering - More than 4 GW of experience in Renewable Energies

M&P at a glance

ABOUT US

Membership:

Awards:

Engineering

•Environmental impact assessment and authorisations

•Design, engineering, urban and structural planning

•Detailed Engineering

•Works Management

•Health & Safety

•Energy Efficiency for Industrial & Real Estate applications

•Re-Engineering

Technical Advisory

• Preliminary evaluation and business plan • Technical and Administrative Due Diligence • Testing during and after construction • Instrumental verifications • Insurance appraisal • Final & Provisional Acceptance Tests (FAC/PAC)

Asset Management

•Service supply management

•Validation of Maintenance activities

•Remote monitoring of key performance parameters

•Assistance for administrative and accounting requirements

•Assistance in the relationship with Tax Authority (UTF) and GSE

•O&M supervision

M&P at a glance

OUR DIVISIONS

M&P at a glance

COMPANIES THAT HAVE CHOSEN US

REVAMPING AND REPOWERING

GSE rules

INTERVENTIONS ALLOWED BY GSE

PV Plant Relocation

Components Relocation

Components Replacement

PV Modules Removal

Intervention on building

Electrical configuration variation

Storage systems installation

Not subsidized Repowering

Modules Replacement

ISSUES RELATED TO PV MODULES

PV modules are often affected by different failures according to their life period

EVA yellowing on cracked cells

Backsheet deep cracking

Shunt damage on backsheet

Backsheet delamination

Backsheet air side yellowing

Glass antireflective coating delamination

Modules Replacement

ISSUES RELATED TO PV MODULES

• Material Sciences - for PV panel / cells fabrication Tedlar® / Backsheet Solamet® / PV cell metallization

• Panel & Materials reliability testing • Global presence in the PV value chain

• General Technical Consulting expertise • Instrumental tests expertise • Revamping expertise • Broad contact base / Primary and

Secondary Markets

WORLDWIDE PARTNERSHIP FOR PV SYSTEMS (ON GOING)

TARGETS: • Define an on-site procedure (site visit and instrumental tests) to be performed in order to

detect and analyze the issues on the plants, with particular focus on panels and back-sheet;

• Risk assessment for the most common degradation impacting photovoltaic modules, e.g. back-sheet;

• Mitigance proposal; • Development of technical best practices reducing risk of premature system degradation,

e.g. appropriate BoM selection and O&M protocols; • Assistance to the Operators in developing reliable and durable PV systems for the most

competitive LCOE.

Modules Replacement

THE PARTNERSHIP WITH DUPONT

Modules Replacement

THE BENEFITS OF THE NEW MODULES

IMPROVED ENERGY PRODUCTION

IMPROVED RELIABILITY

IMPROVED TEST PROCEDURE AND CERTIFICATIONS

LOWER PRICE FOR WATTs

IMPROVED Pmax TOLERANCE

Modules Replacement

THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE NEW MODULES

NEW COMPONENTS

AT LEAST 10 YEARS PRODUCT

WARRANTY

The manufacturer must be member of a EU consortium for end-of-life collection

and recycling

ISO 9001:2008

OHSAS 18001

ISO 14001

Factory Inspection Certificate

(Made in EU Where necessary)

PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS

IEC 61215 (61646) IEC 61730

MANUFACTURER REQUIREMENTS

GSE rules for PV Revamping

INVERTER REPLACEMENT BENEFITS

MAIN DETECTED CRITICALITIES

LOW DC/AC CONVERSION EFFICIENCY

WRONG INSTALLATION

(DERATING)

FAULT MANUFACTURER

LACK OF TECHNICAL SERVICE

LOW INVERTER AVAILABILITY

GSE rules for PV Revamping CONFIGURATION VARIATIONS – POWER OPTIMIZERS

STRING OPERATION

WITHOUT SHADOW

OPERATION WITH SHADOWS

OPERATION WITH SHADOW

AND POWER OPTIMIZER

SHADY AREA UNSHADED

UNSHADED SHADY AREA

GSE rules for PV Revamping

CONFIGURATION VARIATIONS – PID RECOVERY

PROBLEM DETECTION PID BOXES INSTALLATION

PID RECOVERY TREND

REVAMPING INTERVENTION BUSINESS CASES

Business Cases

SERVICES PERFORMED BY M&P

• Instrumental Tests • Historical Data Analysis • Reverse Engineering

• Intervention evaluation

• Authorization update • Grid connection

update • Final Design drafting

• Electrical works • Mechanical works • Structural topics

• Civil works • Monitoring • Security

Work Supervision Health & Safety Commissioning

OPTIMIZATION STUDY

PERMITTING DETAIL

ENGINEERING WORKS

EXECUTION

SOLAR TRACKERS – IRRADIATION SENSORS

Business Cases

INSTRUMENTAL TESTS

TERMOGRAPHY

FUNCTIONAL TESTS - I-V CURVE

INVERTER EFFICIENCY - POWER QUALITY

OUTDOOR ELECTRO-LUMINESCENCE GALVANIZATION TESTS

51I-V@STC 51I-V Nominale 51Pot@STC 51Pot Nominale

Tensione [V]

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ON PV MODULES ON BALANCE OF SYSTEM

Business Cases

HISTORICAL DATA ANALYSIS

PV energy production at GSE meter [kWh] and

energy exported to the grid at

ENEL meter [kWh]

Performance Assessment considering specif events

O&M Reports including

extraordinary manteinance interventions

Monthly solar irradiation GTI

[kWh/m2], measured on site

(POA)

Monthly total availability values

of PV plants, AV [%] and internal availability INT.AV [%].

SOLARGIS Historical

data

Solar Resource Assessment

FEASIBILITY STUDY - BUSINESS PLAN

Business Cases

REVERSE ENGINEERING

Technical Analisys including:

• DESIGN REVIEW • INSTRUMENTAL

TESTS • HISTORICAL DATA

EVALUATION

Identification of critical design

solutions/technology

Dynamic simulation of upgraded plant performances

Identification and engineering of the upgrades

Upgrades CAPEX estimation

BENEFITS COSTS

Dynamic simulation of current plant performances

Business Cases

FOCUS ON PERMITTING

Irregular historical framework for ground mounted PV

(AU, DIA, PdC, PAS…)

Preliminary Q&A with local authorities to detect the proper

procedure for the substantial/not substantial modification of:

In many cases the As-Built Status is not compliant with

the authorized

A permitting compliance check is suggested before the beginning of the procedure.

(“Accertamento di conformità” procedure if necessary)

Modification of the current AU

Screening VIA in case P>1 MWp (Repowering)

PAS - Procedura Abilitativa Semplificata

Rated Power

Plant Layout

Revamping/Repowering permitting suitable

procedures

PV Modules number (GSE) 4.278

PV Modules Power [Wp] 230

GSE Plant Rated Power [kWp] 983,94

Power up to 1% DTR Limit [kWp] 993,78

Module Rated Efficiency 14%

Modules per string 23

Strings number 186

Inverter 3

GSE FIT (2°Conto Energia) [€/kWh] 0,314

Grid Connection 2011

FIT Period End 2031

AS BUILT – TECHNICAL FEATURES

MODULES STRONGLY AFFECTED BY SAFETY AND PERFORMANCE

DEFECTS

ABOUT 68% TO BE URGENTLY

REPLACED

Business Cases

MODULES REPLACEMENT

Business Cases

MODULES REPLACEMENT

OLD PV MODULES

NEW PV MODULES

MOUNTING RACKS

INVERTER - BOS

RATED POWER

AUTHORIZATION

230Wp - 60 poly-c cells - 14% efficiency – 1.64 m2

Manufacturer not active

270Wp - 60 poly-c cells – 16.5% efficiency – 1.64 m2

Tier 1 Manufacturer

100% Preservation, including layout

- 100% Inverter preservation - Strings configuration and string boxes preservation

-Installation works optimization - Additional inverter in case of repowering

- Up to 1% more than GSE capacity: SUBSIDIZED - Any repowering capacity: GRID PARITY

- AU update necessary (PAS) -Grid Connection procedure in case of repowering

- Screening VIA in case of repowering (P>1MW)

DEFECTIVE DETECTED MODULES AND STRINGS OVER PV PLANT LAYOUT

PERFORMED: DETAILED VISUAL INSPECTIONS

AND INSTRUMENTAL TESTS

- PRODUCT ISSUES - SAFETY ISSUES (INSULATION) - PERFORMANCE ISSUES

2.898 (68%) DEFECTIVE

PV MODULES

Business Cases

MODULES REPLACEMENT

SCENARIO 1 SCENARIO 2 SCENARIO 3

DEFECTIVE MODULES REPLACEMENT

UP TO GSE RATED POWER

100% MODULES REPLACEMENT

UP TO GSE RATED POWER

100% MODULES REPLACEMENT

WITH REPOWERING

N°3 REVAMPING/REPOWERING SCENARIOS TO BE EVALUATED

Modules Number: 3.887 Rated Power: 989,7 kWp

Energy Yield: 1.315,3 kWh/kWp

Modules Number: 3.680 Rated Power: 993,6 kWp

Energy Yield: 1.360 kWh/kWp

Modules Number: 4.278 Rated Power: 1.155,1 kWp

Energy Yield: 1.360 kWh/kWp

Business Cases

MODULES REPLACEMENT

SCENARIO 1

DEFECTIVE MODULES REPLACEMENT

UP TO GSE RATED POWER

Minimum CAPEX to restore

Plant Performance And Eectrical Safety

Residual degradation risk

for the remaining old modules in the

future

Limited recabling works

Electrical design for minimization of

mismatching impact (MPPT)

Simplified Authorization Path (PAS)

Modules Number: 3.887 Rated Power: 989,7 kWp

Energy Yield: 1.315,3 kWh/kWp

Business Cases

MODULES REPLACEMENT

SCENARIO 2

100% MODULES REPLACEMENT

UP TO GSE RATED POWER

Modules Number: 3.680 Rated Power: 993,6 kWp

Energy Yield: 1.360 kWh/kWp

Optimal CAPEX to restore

Plant Performance And Eectrical Safety

NO Residual degradation risk

for the remaining old modules in the

future

Limited recabling works

Minimization of mismatching impact

(MPPT) Simplified Authorization

Path (PAS)

Business Cases

MODULES REPLACEMENT

SCENARIO 3

100% MODULES REPLACEMENT

WITH REPOWERING

Modules Number: 4.278 Rated Power: 1.155,1 kWp

Energy Yield: 1.360 kWh/kWp

Higher CAPEX Due to repowering

NO Residual degradation risk

for the remaining old modules in the

future

Electrical design

considering a new plant section not

subsidized

Authorization Path According to the authority

(Screening VIA P>1MW + PAS) Grid Connection update

Business Cases

MODULES REPLACEMENT - REPOWERING

The additional portion of the system must be equipped with its own dedicated meter (and inverter…) The intervention must be duly authorized in accordance with the urban planning regulations in force. Request for upgrade of the connection for additional power, according to TICA. Registration in Gaudì of the plant upgrade as a new section or creation of new production unit related to the new section inserted (different commercial contracts).

ELECTRICAL GRID

NOT SUBSIDIZED PV 161.4 kWp

SUBSIDIZED PV 993.6 kWp

ADDITIONAL METER

LOADS

Business Cases

MODULES REPLACEMENT - REPOWERING

SCENARIO 1 2 3

CAPEX € 307.086 € 447.184 € 553.226

IRR 8,23% 9,30% 8,76%

NPV € 133.302 € 240.938 € 291.808

Payback Time 9 years 9 years 9 years

Works related to the SCENARIO 2

are currently under execution

Business Cases

MODULES REPLACEMENT

Business Cases

PROCEDURE RECAP

DETAILED DESIGN:

-PV Layout - Electrical Diagram

- Cable routes - Reports

- BOQ

Preliminary discussion with

local authority in order to check

the correct permitting procedure

Permitting procedure for manteinance works

(PAS according to Dlgs

28/2011 or AU according to Dlgs 387/2003)

Grid connection procedure review and

upgrade

(Adjustment of existing connection according to

TICA - Del. ARG/elt 99/08 )

Upgrade of Custom Agency

procedure, GAUDI and

cadastral data

GSE Documents collection:

-Intervention report

-PV modules list - Disposal documents

- Updated layout - Updated electrical

diagrams

WORKS EXECUTION AND

FINAL TEST

PV Modules disposal

INVERTER REPLACEMENT EVALUATION ACCORDING TO AVAILABILITY AND CONVERSION EFFICIENCY INCREASE.

Plant Rated Power: 852 kWp Inverter type: Central

Inverter AC Power: 100 kW Inverter Number: 9

CURRENT EURO EFFICIENCY: 96,2% VS DECLARED 96,4%

HISTORICAL INVERTER AVAILABILITY: 96,8%

CURRENT ENERGY YIELD: 1.729 kWh/kWp

Business Cases

INVERTER REPLACEMENT

INVERTER REVAMPING

TARGETS

EURO EFFICIENCY: FROM 96,2% TO 97,5%

AVAILABILITY: FROM 96,8% TO 98,5%

ENERGY YIELD: FROM 1.729 to 1.769 kWh/kWp +2,3%

Brand Model Max

Efficiency Euro

Efficiency Efficiency Increase

BRAND 1 MODEL 1 (ACTUAL) 97.0% 96,4% -

BRAND 2 MODEL 2 98,0% 97,7% 1,35%

BRAND 2 MODEL 3 98,7% 98,2% 1,87%

BRAND 3 MODEL 4 98,6% 98,5% 2,18%

BRAND 4 MODEL 5 98,7% 98,5% 2,18%

INTERVENTION CAPEX 90-100.000 €/MW

Including transportation, reconfiguration and installation

CAPEX 100.000 €/MW 95.000 €/MW 90.000 €/MW

IRR 13,9% 14,8% 15,8%

NPV € 94.382 € 98.642 € 102.902

PBT 6 6 5

INVESTMENT PROFITABILITY

Business Cases

INVERTER REPLACEMENT

UTILITY SCALE PV IN NEW BUILD MARKET

RES Italian Market

SEN 2017 – SOLAR TARGETS

SOLAR GENERATION x3 by 2030

Additional 40 GW to be installed

(more than 3GW/year)

2018-2020

Competitive auctions organised by the

Government

2020 ---> ?

Regulated PPA to support market transition

Final Stage

MARKET PARITY

Source: 2017 Italy’s National Energy Strategy (SEN=“Strategia Energetica Nazionale”), document published on November 10th, 2017

New Utility Scale PV

SERVICES PERFORMED BY M&P

• Site assessment • Technology selection • Preliminary design

• Performance estimation

• Feasibility recap

• Authorization procedure

(AU and EIA/Screening)

• Grid connection • Design for permitting

drafting

• Electrical works • Mechanical works • Structural topics

• Civil works • Monitoring • Security

• Work Supervision • Tests for components

acceptance • Health & Safety • Commissioning

FEASIBILITY EVALUATION

PERMITTING DETAIL

ENGINEERING WORKS

EXECUTION

New Utility Scale PV

DEVELOPMENT KEY FACTORS

PLANNED PLANT LIFETIME AT LEAST 30 YEARS ACCORDING TECHNOLOGY MATURITY

LAND RIGHTS RoS OR PURCHASE ACCORDING LIFETIME AND COSTS

PERMITTING REDUCING TIME AND COST WITHOUT SITE CONSTRAINT

ENERGY SELL AREA SELECTION ACCORDING THE BEST ZONE PRICE

GRID CONNECTION AREA SELECTION ACCORDING GRID STABILITY AND

EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE (MV-HV)

PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION

DYNAMIC SIMULATION ACCORDING UPDATED IRRADIATION DATA AND DETAILED SITE MODELING

PERFORMANCE RATIO INCREASE

85% TARGET

Utility Scale PV

ACHIEVABLE YIELD OPTIMIZATION

• FAR AND NEAR SHADING • SOILING

• MODULES QUALITY AND DEGRADATION • MODULES MISMATCH

• OHMIC LOSSES • INVERTER PERFORMANCE

KEY LOSSES TO BE MINIMIZED

DURING DESIGN, PROCUREMENT, COMMISSIONING AND

OPERATION PHASES

SOLAR IRRADIATION

INCREASE SOLAR TRACKERS INSTALLATION

AVAILABILITY INCREASE

99% TARGET

• MONITORING •INVERTER MAINTENANCE • INTERVENTION TIME

• SPARE PARTS MANAGEMENT

AVAILABLE AREA OPTIMIZATION

MODULES EFFICIENCY AND RATED POWER INCREASE