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Mid-Term Exam Practice Test

BASIC BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPALS

Section 1

#1What is a scientific theory?

Answer: A scientific theory is an explanation that has been tested and supported many times by scientific evidence.

Examples: Big Bang Theory, Cell Theory, Theory of Evolution

#2Suzy has 5 fish and wants to see if the size of

the fish affects how much food it can eat in 2 minutes. What is the independent variable in her experiment?

Answer: The size of the fish. Explanation: The independent variable is a

purposeful different between your experimental groups

#3Suzy has 5 fish and wants to see if the size of

the fish affects how much food it can eat in 2 minutes. What is the dependent variable in her experiment?

Answer: How much food it can eat in 2 minutes.

Explanation: The dependent variable is what you count, observe, or measure for your results.

#4Suzy has 5 fish and wants to see if the size of

the fish affects how much food it can eat in 2 minutes. Name 3 controls she should have in her experiment

Answer: The brand of food, the time of day she feeds the fish, the temperature of the water

Explanation: Controls are things that must stay the same so that it is a fair test among all of the experimental groups

#5Why is it important to only have one

difference between all of your experimental groups?

Answer: So that you can tell for sure that your independent variable is what is causing your results

#6Name the 8 characteristics of living things

Answer:DNACellsEvolutionHomeostasisReproductionResponse to the EnvironmentUses Materials and EnergyGrowth and Development

#7How many of the eight characteristics of

living things must something have in order to be considered living?

Answer: All 8Explanation: There are many things (clouds,

fire, etc) that have some but not all of them

#8What is the function of DNA?

Answer: DNA is a molecule that stores genetic information so that it can be passed down from parent to offspring

#9What is a hypothesis?

Answer: A testable prediction Explanation: It is NOT an educated guess

#10In a controlled experiment, how many

independent variables should you have?

Answer: 1Explanation: All other factors should be

identical among your experimental groups

#11What is homeostasis?

Answer: A living thing’s ability to keep the conditions on the inside of its body the same regardless of what is happening on the outside

Examples: sweating, shivering, controlling salt levels, etc.

#12Where do animals (such as humans) get the

energy they need to survive?

Answer: FoodExplanation: Not all organisms get their

energy from food… some things (like plants) get their energy from the sun.

#13What is the smallest unit of life?

Answer: A cellExplanation: The parts of a cell (organelles)

are not living themselves… so cells are the smallest unit of life

#14What is the difference between qualitative

and quantitative data?

Answer: Quantitative data generates numbers (length, mass, etc) and qualitative data doesn’t (color, texture, etc.)

Explanation: In our diaper lab, we were generating numbers (ml absorbed) so we were getting quantitative data

#15What are the three parts of the cell theory?

Answer:All living things are made of cells and their

productsNew cells come from existing cells that have

been copiedCells are the basic building units of life

#16What are the two types of cells?

Answer: Prokaryotes and EukaryotesExplanation: An organism is either made of

prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells- not both

#17Name 2 structures that prokaryotes and

eukaryotes have in common.

Answer: DNA and cell membraneExplanation: All cells have these things

#18Name 3 ways that prokaryotes and

eukaryotes are different.

Answer:Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus and

eukaryotes doProkaryotes are smaller than eukaryotesProkaryotes don’t have organelles like

eukaryotes do

#19Are these prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic

cells? How do you know?

Answer: EukaryoticExplanation: You can see the nucleus (the

dark spot in the middle of each cell)

#20Are these prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic

cells? How do you know?

Answer: ProkaryoticExplanation: These cells lack a nucleus

PROPERTIES OF WATER

Section 2

Draw a water molecule. Label the elements and the charges.

1

Draw a water molecule. Label the elements and the charges.

1

What is the chemical formula for water?

H2OTwo hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

2

Why is water considered a polar molecule?

Because parts of the molecule have either a positive (+) or negative (-) charge

The oxygen and hydrogen are bonded because they share electrons, but they do not share them equally. So, the oxygen becomes slightly negative and the hydrogen is slightly positive.

3

What is a hydrogen bond?

An attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of a separate water molecule.

Hydrogen bonds are like a magnetic attraction- they do not involve shared electrons

4

Which has stronger hydrogen bonds- water or alcohol? How do you know?

Water has stronger hydrogen bondsMore drops of water fit on a penny, because

they are better able to “hold on” to each otherWater needs to be at a higher temperature to

boil because the hydrogen bonds are preventing the water molecules from increased movement

5

What is cohesion?

Cohesion is the attraction between two molecules that are the same (water to water)

Water is very cohesive because it has strong hydrogen bonds

6

What is heat capacity?

The ability to absorb heat energy without drastic changes in temperature.

7

What has a higher heat capacity- water or alcohol?

Water has a higher heat capacity.Alcohol boiled at a much lower temperature,

meaning it’s hydrogen bonds weren’t as strong

8

What is a solvent? Solute? Solution?

Solution: mixture of water and dissolved substances

Solute: the material that is being dissolved Solvent: the liquid that the solute is being

dissolved into

Solution: Salt water Solvent: Water Solute: Salt

9

What affect do dissolved solutes have on freezing temperature?

Dissolved solutes lower the freezing temperature of liquids

This is why salt water must be cooled to a much lower temperature in order to freeze that plain water

10

What is unique about water when it freezes?

It expands, causing ice to floatWater is the only liquid that does this

11

Why is the layer of ice on top of lakes important?

It provides insulation for the water below

12

What is the pH of pure water?

7

13

What is the pH of an acid?

0-6.9In other words, less than 7

14

What is the pH of a base?

7.1-14In other words, greater than 7

15

Name three acidic foods

Lemon juice, coffee, sour candyAcidic foods taste tart or sour

16

Name three items that are bases

Bleach, ammonia, cleaner

17

How do you find the average of a set of numbers?

Add everything up, and divide the sum by the number of numbers

Average of 6, 10, and 56 + 10 + 5 = 2121 / 3 = 7

18

What is the freezing point of pure water?

0°C

19

What is the boiling point of pure water?

100°C

20

BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

Section 3

1

Name the 4 macromolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

2

What kind of macromolecule is this?

CarbohydrateIt’s formula is C6H12O6 so it has the 1:2:1

ratio that carbohydrates always havePlus, it is in a ring-shape

3

What type of macromolecule is this?

LipidIt has 3 fatty acids and it is made of carbon,

hydrogen, and a little bit of oxygen

4

What type of macromolecule is this?

ProteinIt is made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and

nitrogen

5

What type of macromolecule is this?

Nucleic acidIt has a sugar, base, and phosphate group

6

How many bonds does carbon make with other atoms?

4It can make single bonds like C-HOr it can make double bonds like C=O

7

How can you tell if a molecule is organic or not?

Organic molecules have bonds between carbon atoms

The picture on the left is organic but the picture on the right isn’t

8

What is the chemical formula for this structure?

C5H10O5

To get that, count the number of each type of atom in the picture

9

What process is being used to join these two monomers?

Dehydration synthesisThis process joins monomers by removing

water molecules

10

What process is being used to split this polymer?

HydrolysisHydrolysis uses a water molecule to break

bonds

11

What macromolecule is made when many amino acids are joined together?

ProteinsProteins are sometimes called polypeptides

because the bonds between amino acids are called peptide bonds

12

What types of macromolecules are represented by these formulas?

A. C15H25O3 B. C5H10O5 C. C6H12O3N2 D. C5H18O6N4P2

A: Lipid◦ Lipids have C, H, and only a little bit of O

B: Carbohydrate (or sugar/saccharide)◦ Carbohydrates have C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

C: Protein (or polypeptide)◦ Proteins include nitrogen

D: Nucleic acid◦ Nucleic acids include both nitrogen and phosphorus

13

What macromolecule is the primary energy source for all living things?

CarbohydratesLipids can also store energy, but

carbohydrates are used most frequently

14

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

15

The iodine test is a test for _____. When it is negative it is ____ (color) and when it is positive it is ____ (color)

StarchBrown (negative color)Purple (positive color)

16

The Benedict test is a test for _____. When it is negative it is ____ (color) and when it is positive it is ____ (color)

Sugar (or monosaccharides)Blue (negative color)Yellow/Orange/Green (positive color)

17

The Biuret test is a test for _____. When it is negative it is ____ (color) and when it is positive it is ____ (color)

Protein (or polypeptide)Blue (negative color)Purple (positive color)

18

The Brown paper bag test is a test for _____. When it is negative it is ____ (color) and when it is positive it is ____ (color)

LipidsNormal looking paper (negative)See through spot (positive)

19

What is the monomer, function, and test for carbohydrates?

Monomer: Sugar (if making starch or another polysaccharide)

Function: Energy source, plant structuresTest:

◦ Sugar = Benedict’s test◦ Starch = Iodine

20

What is the monomer, function, and test for lipids?

Monomer: Fatty acidsFunction: Makes up membranesTest: Brown Paper Bag

21

What is the monomer, function, and test for proteins?

Monomer: Amino acidsFunction: Controls cell processesTest: Biuret

22

What is the monomer, function, and test for nucleic acids?

Monomer: nucleotidesFunction: stores genetic informationTest: no test

23

Name an example of a simple sugar (also known as a monosaccharide, which is a type of carbohydrate)

Glucose, fructose, galactose

24

Name an example of a lipid

Fats, oils, waxes

25

Name an example of a nucleic acid

DNA

26

Name a food high in monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Candy, sugar, soda

27

Name a food high in starch.

Bread, pasta, cornstarch, potatoes

28

Name a food high in lipids

Butter, egg yolks, oil

29

Name a food high in proteins

Egg whites, meat

30

What two tests would a greasy hamburger test positive for?

Biuret (because it has meat and therefore is high in protein) and Brown Bag (because it is greasy and therefore has lipids)

It would not test positive for iodine because it doesn’t have starch

It would not test positive for Benedict’s because it doesn’t have sugars

ENZYMES

Section 4

1

Enzymes are what type of macromolecule?

Protein

Question… do you know all four types of macromolecules?

Protein, lipid, nucleic acid, and carbohydrate

2

Starch and sugar (monosaccharides) are both examples of what type of macromolecule?

Carbohydrate

3

How do we test for starch? What do the negative and positive results look like?

We use iodine to test for starchNegative = brownPositive = purple

4

How do we test for sugars? What do the negative and positive results look like?

We use Benedict’s Solution to test for starch

Negative = clear bluePositive = cloudy and a color change

5

What monomers is a starch molecule made of?

Starch is made of many glucose molecules bonded together in a long chain

6

What does the enzyme amylase do?

Amylase breaks a starch molecule up into the individual glucose monomers

See the next slide for a visual representation of this process

7

If you were to leave starch in your mouth and mix with the amylase in your saliva, how would the food taste after 5 minutes? Why?

The food would taste sweetThe amylase broke the bonds in the starch

molecules, so after a few minutes all you’d be left with is glucose, which is a sugar

If this is totally blowing your mind, go back to the previous slide and think about it. Or try doing it yourself and see how it goes

8

If you were to put catalase into a beaker of starch solution, what would happen? WHY?

Nothing would happen!Enzymes are specific. Like a lock and a

key, they only work on the reaction that includes substrates that fit their specific shape.

Catalase is only able to react with hydrogen peroxide- it has the wrong shape for starch

So, catalase is not able to break down starch molecuels

9

What is a catalyst?

A catalyst is anything that speeds up a reaction

Enzymes are a type of catalystIf something is said to be catalyzed, it

means the reaction was sped up by something

For example, the hydrolysis of starch is catalyzed by the enzyme called amylase

10

Write the chemical formula for the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catalase. Do it in words AND in chemical formulas

Hydrogen Peroxide Water + OxygenH2O2 H2O + O2

11

In a chemical reaction, what are the reactants?

Reactants are the things you start with in a chemical reaction

H2O2 H2O + O2

12

In a chemical reaction, what are the products?

Reactants are the things you end up with in a chemical reaction

H2O2 H2O + O2

13

In enzyme catalyzed reactions, reactants have a special name. What is the special name?

Substrates

In enzyme-catalyzed reactions, the word reactant and substrate means the same thing

H2O2 H2O + O2 In this case, the hydrogen peroxide can be called a substrate

14

When a potato is dropped into hydrogen peroxide, bubbles start to form. What are those bubbles?

O2 or oxygen gas

15

When a potato is dropped into hydrogen peroxide, bubbles start to form. What liquid would be leftover in the beaker if this reaction were to go to completion?

Water

16

What does excessive heat do to an enzyme?

Since enzymes are proteins, high temperatures cause the shape to change

When the shape changes, the enzyme doesn’t function correctly anymore

17

What is activation energy?

Activation energy is the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

18

How are enzymes able to speed up reactions?

Enzymes lower the amount of activation energy needed to start a reaction

Don’t be fooled! Enzymes don’t provide energy or raw materials, they just provide a way for the reaction to take place that needs less activation energy.

19

After an enzyme releases the products of the reaction, what happens to the enzyme?

Nothing! Enzymes are like car keys- they can be

used over and over again (for the same car) as long as they aren’t damaged

The enzyme keeps it same shape and doesn’t get used up, so it’s able to keep catalyzing the reaction

20

How would the starch and water solution perform on these tests? Why?

It would test positive for starch and negative for sugars

Starch reacts with iodine so it tests positive for starch. But, the Benedict’s test doesn’t react to the glucose molecules because in starch, they’re all stuck togetherSolution Positive (+) or Negative (-)

for StarchPositive (+) or Negative (-)

for Simple Sugars

Starch and Water

21

How would a solution of starch, water, and amylase perform on these tests? Why?

It would test negative for starch and positive for sugars

The amylase breaks the bonds in the starch molecule, leaving only sugars. Therefore, it will no longer test positive for starch but the Benedict’s test will test positive for the sugars

Solution Positive (+) or Negative (-) for Starch

Positive (+) or Negative (-) for Simple Sugars

Starch Water and Amylase

22

What molecule is this?

This is a starch moleculeIt is made up of many glucose

molecules bonded togetherI know those are glucose molecules

because glucose has six carbons, and therefore it has six sides (hexagon)

23

When a student drops a piece of potato into a beaker of hydrogen peroxide, bubbles start to form. What was in the potato that made this happen?

The potato cells contain an enzyme called catalase.

23

Is this graph indicative of how enzymes react to different pH levels or concentration levels? How do you know?

This is what happens in different pH levels.

Low and high pH levels cause the shape of the enzyme to change, therefore it doesn’t work correctly anymore and the activity level goes down.

24

Is this graph indicative of how enzymes react to different temperatures or concentration levels? How do you know?

Different concentration levelsIncreasing the concentration causes the

activity to go up at first. But once you reach a certain point, there are already enough helpers (enzyme molecules) to handle the substrates that are there

25

Is this graph indicative of how enzymes react to different temperatures or concentration levels? How do you know?

This is what happens in at different temperatures High temperatures cause the shape of the

enzyme to change, therefore it doesn’t work correctly anymore and the activity level goes down.

Low temperatures cause reactions to take place more slowly, whether there is an enzyme present or not

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Section 5

1Write the overall equation for photosynthesis

in words.

Water + Carbon dioxide Glucose + Oxygen

2Write the overall reaction for photosynthesis

in symbols

H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2

3What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide and water

4What are the products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen and Glucose

5In what part of a cell does photosynthesis

take place?

Chloroplast

6What color are chloroplasts? Why?

Chloroplasts are green because they contain lots of the pigment chlorophyll (which is green)

7. In what structure does the light-dependent

reaction occur?

Thylakoid

8. Besides light, what enters the chloroplast

during the light-dependent reaction?

Water

9. What exits the chloroplast during the light-

dependent reaction?

Oxygen

10During the light-dependent reaction, what

type of energy transformation is taking place? Light to chemical (in the ATP bonds)

11In the light-dependent reaction, the energy

from the light is used for two things. What are they?

Splitting the water moleculeCharging up ATP by connecting a phosphate

group back onto ADP

12In what structure does the light-independent

reaction occur?

Stroma

13what enters the chloroplast during the light-

independent reaction?

Carbon dioxide

14What exits the chloroplast during the light-

independent reaction?

Glucose (sugar)

15During the light-independent reaction, what

type of energy transformation is taking place? Chemical (ATP bonds) to chemical (Glucose

bonds)

16What is the chemical formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

17What reactant of photosynthesis provides the

carbon atoms in glucose?

Carbon dioxide

18What reactant of photosynthesis provides the

hydrogen atoms in glucose?

Water

19The energy required to build the bonds in

glucose has to come from somewhere. Where does this energy come from?

ATP

20What is an autotroph?

An organism that makes it’s own food using energy from the sun

Examples include plants and algae

21What is a heterotroph?

An organism that gets energy by eating other organisms.

Examples include fungi (like mushrooms) and animals

22In cells, what is the primary chemical

compound used for energy storage and use?

ATP

23How is the energy in ATP released?

By breaking the bonds between the last phosphate group

When this happens, it turns into ATP

24Which is bigger, a thylakoid or a chloroplast?

ChloroplastMany thylakoids fit inside a chloroplastMany chloroplasts would then fit inside a cell

25Is it true that plants gain mass (get heavier)

from absorbing nutrients from the soil?

NoThey gain mass due to the production of

sugar, and the raw materials come from water and carbon dioxide

26What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?

NADP+ picks up a hydrogen (becoming NADPH) and carries it to the stroma

27What types of cells have chloroplasts?

Plant cellsChloroplasts are used for photosynthesis, so

things like animal cells wouldn’t have them.

28What pigment do plants have to have in order

to undergo photosynthesis?

ChlorophyllAny plant that contains chlorophyll

undergoes photosynthesis

29Why is the light-independent reaction

sometimes called the dark reaction?

Because it doesn’t need any lightThe energy needed for this part of the

reaction comes from ATP

30How is energy transformed throughout

photosynthesis?

The energy starts out as light energy from the sun

The light energy is turned to chemical energy in the form of ATP

The chemical energy in ATP is then transformed into chemical energy in the glucose bonds

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Section 6

1.

Write the equation for cellular respiration in words and in symbols.

WordsGlucose + oxygen carbon dioxide +water

SymbolsC6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2.

Write the equation for photosynthesis in words and in symbols.

WordsWater + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen

SymbolsCO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

3.

In what part of the cell does photosynthesis take place?

In a structure called a chloroplastOnly plants (and other autotrophs) have

chloroplasts)

4.

In what part of the cell does cellular respiration take place?

Cellular respiration starts just outside of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the cell

However, most of cellular respiration takes place inside of the mitochondria

5.

What does the term aerobic mean?

Aerobic means a part of the process that requires oxygen

6.

Which produces more ATP: glycolysis (which is anaerobic) or aerobic cellular respiration?

Aerobic cellular respiration Aerobic produces 36 ATP, while glycolysis

only produces 2

7.

What type of energy transformation takes place in photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis ultimately transforms light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in the bonds of glucose

8.

What type of energy transformation takes place during cellular respiration?

During cellular respiration, chemical energy in the bonds of glucose is transformed into chemical energy in the bonds of ATP

9.

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is used to transform the energy in glucose into the energy of ATP, which is the form of energy that your cells can actually use.

10.

Do all organisms use chloroplasts?

No, only organisms that capture light energy need chloroplasts

11.

Do all organisms use photosynthesis?

No, only organisms that capture light energy to make their own food use photosynthesis

12.

Do all organisms use cellular respiration?

Yes. Even plants that make their own food (glucose) have to use cellular respiration to turn the energy in the food they make into ATP that their cells can use

Of course, heterotrophs like animals and fungi use cellular respiration also

13.

Do all organisms have mitochondria?

All Eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, etc) have mitochondria because they use the process of cellular respiration

Prokaryotes (like bacteria) don’t have organelles like mitochondria, so they use a different process for energy transformation

14.

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

C6H12O6

15.

Glucose is an example of what type of macromolecule?

CarbohydrateGlucose is often called a sugar (or

monosaccharide), which is a type of carbohydrate

16.

Which produces the most ATP molecules for the cell to use: Photosynthesis, Glycolysis, or Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

Aerobic Cellular Respiration produces 36 ATPGlycolysis produces 2 ATPPhotosynthesis produces 0 ATP because all of

the ATP it makes during the light-dependent reaction are used to produce the bonds in glucose during the light-independent reaction

17.

Does cellular respiration create energy?

NoEnergy is not created or destroyedThe amount of energy stays the same, it is

just transformed from the chemical bonds of glucose to the chemical bonds of ATP

18.

Why are the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered to be directly related?

The products of one reaction are used as the reactants of the other reaction

In other words, the things made by photosynthesis are used for cellular respiration, and the things made by cellular respiration are used for photosynthesis

19.

Why is photosynthesis considered to be a method for energy capture and storage?

Light energy is captured by the chloroplasts and then eventually stored in the bonds of the glucose

20.

Why is cellular respiration considered to be a form of energy release?

It releases the energy in the glucose bonds and turns it into energy in the form of ATP for the cells to actually use

21.

When Bromothymol Blue turns from blue to green/yellow, what product of photosynthesis is present?

Bromothymol Blue turns from blue to green/yellow when in the presence of carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is released by cellular respiration due to the break down of glucose

22.

How did we measure the amount of carbon dioxide present in the Bromothymol Blue?

We counted the number of drops of NaOH needed to turn the Bromothymol Blue back to its orignial color

The more drops needed, the more carbon dioxide present

The more carbon dioxide present, the more glucose that was burned (meaning the rate of cellular respiration was high)

23.

What was the relationship between heart rate and carbon dioxide production?

Exercise made the heart rate increase and required a lot of energy

The energy came from cellular respiration (the breakdown of glucose)

The higher the heart rate, the more carbon dioxide that was being produced

24.

Do plants produce carbon dioxide?

They consume carbon dioxideThis means the levels of carbon dioxide

would be lower in water that had plants in it

They produce small amounts of carbon dioxide in the dark when they are using the process of cellular respiration to break down the glucose they made during photosynthesis

25.

Do animals produce carbon dioxide?

Yes, they produce carbon dioxide when they are breaking down glucose using the process of cellular respiration

That means water with animals in it will have increased levels of carbon dioxide (as long as they have glucose to break down)

CELL TRANSPORT

Section 7

1.

What is a solute?

A solute is a material dissolved into another material.

For example, in a glass of saltwater, salt is the solute and saltwater is the solution

2.

What are the two differences between active and passive transport?

1. Passive transport involves molecules moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration, while active transport involves molecules moving from areas of low concentration to high concentration.

2. Active transport requires energy and passive transport doesn’t.

3.

During passive transport, what determines the direction of movement?

The concentration gradientMolecules will move from areas of high

concentration to low concentration

4.

Name the three types of passive transport

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

5.

During passive transport, do molecules move up or down the concentration gradient?

DownThis means they are moving from areas of

high concentration to areas of low concentration

6.

When will diffusion stop?

Diffusion stops when equilibrium is reachedThis means that the concentrations are

equal

7.

What is the major component of the cell membrane?

Lipids

8.

Describe the head and the tail of the lipid in terms of their attraction to water.

The head is hydrophilic, meaning it is attracted to water

The tail is hydrophobic, meaning it is repelled by water

9.

Why is the membrane called the lipid bilayer?

Because it is made of two layers of lipids.

10.

Why is the membrane called selectively permeable?

Because it allows some things to pass in/out of the cell but not others

11.

What is osmosis?

Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane

12.

When does osmosis occur?

Osmosis occurs when there is a difference in concentration on both sides of the membrane and the solute cannot diffuse into/out of the cell

12.

What is an isotonic solution, and how does this affect the movement of water?

An isotonic solution has an equal concentration to that of the cell

Water will not move into or out of the cell

13.

What is a hypotonic solution, and how does this affect the movement of water?

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell

Water will move into the cell to try to lower the concentration inside the cell to match the concentration of the solution outside of the cell

14.

What is a hypertonic solution, and how does this affect the movement of water?

A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell

Water will move out of the cell to try to lower the concentration outside the cell to match the concentration of the solution inside of the cell

15.

Name two structural differences between plant and animal cells.

Plant cells have chloroplasts (which are used for photosynthesis) and they also have cell walls

Animal cells don’t have either of these- their membrane is their outermost covering

16.

What happens if you leave a plant cell in a hypertonic solution? What about an animal cell?

Both the plant cell and animal cell would lose water and shrivel up because the water exits the cell to try to lower the high concentration of the solution on the outside

17.

What happens if you leave a plant cell in a hypotonic solution? What about an animal cell?

Water will enter the plant cell, but that will eventually stop because the cell wall prevents too much water from entering the cell

Water will enter the animal cell. If too much water enters the cell, the cell will eventually burst.

18.

During active transport, are molecules moving up or down the concentration gradient?

UpThey are moving from areas of low

concentration to high concentration.

19.

Does active transport require energy?

YesThe energy comes from ATPThe bond in the last phosphate group is

broken (which turns it into ADP) and energy is released for the cell to use.

20.

Do cells gain mass or loose mass in a hypertonic solution?

Cells loose mass because water exits the cell.

Water exits the cell because the concentration of solutes is higher on the outside and the water leaves the cell to try to even out the concentration

CELL ORGANELLES

Section 8

1.

Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?

a. The cell lacks cytoplasm. b. The cell lacks a nucleus.c. The cell lacks a cell membrane.d. The cell lacks genetic material.

B

2

Which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful?

a. Golgi apparatus b. endoplasmic reticulumc. lysosomed. mitochondrion

C

3

Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into useable energy?

a. chloroplast b. endoplasmic reticulumc. Golgi apparatus d. mitochondrion

D

4

Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?

a. breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foods

b. stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates

c. keeps the cell wall in placed. regulates the movement of materials into

and out of the cell

D

5

Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level?

a. cell, tissue, organ system, organb. organ system, organ, tissue, cellc. tissue, organ, organ system, celld. cell, tissue, organ, organ system

D

6

In plants, capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.

A. mitochondriaB. chloroplastsC. vacuolesD. centrioles

B

7.

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?

a. Cells are the basic units of life.b. All living things are made of cells.c. Very few cells are able to reproduce.d. All cells are produced from existing cells.

C

8.

Which of the following enclose their DNA in a nucleus?

a. prokaryotesb. eukaryotesc. bacteriad. viruses

B

9

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

a. helps a cell keep its shapeb. surrounds the cellc. contains DNAd. helps make proteins

A

10.

Which structure makes proteins?a. Golgi apparatusb. vacuolec. mitochondriond. ribosome

D

11.

Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?

a. mitochondrionb. chloroplastc. ribosomed. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B

12.

What is the outermost covering of a plant cell?

A. chloroplastB. nucleusC. cell wallD. cell membrane

C

13.

Which statement about prokaryotes is not true?

A. They have organellesB. They are smaller that eukaryotesC. They are simpler than eukaryotesD. They all have cell walls

A

14.

What cell feature allows things to move in and out of the nucleus

A. NucleolisB. Nuclear poreC. DNAD. Endoplasmic reticulum

B

15

What is the function of the vacuole? A. Release enzymes to break things downB. Store extra water and materialsC. Transport proteins throughout the cellD. Protect the cell

B

16.

Which of the following is only found in animal cells?

A. cell wallB. mitochondriaC. golgiD. centriole

D

17

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A. store materialsB. transport lipids and proteins throughout

the cellC. regulate what passes in and out of the cellD. package proteins to be shipped out of the

cell

B

18.

Which structure is found in plant cells but not animal cells?

A. vacuoleB. cell wallC. ribosomesD. cell membrane

B

HOMEOSTASIS

Section 9

1.

What is homeostasis?

The ability to regulate conditions and maintain a stable internal environment

2.

What is thermoregulation, and how do organisms do it?

Thermoregulation is the ability to control temperature.

Organisms can increase temperature by increasing the rate of cellular respiration (which releases heat) through moving muscles, or (in the case of cold blooded animals), move into the sun

Organisms can lower temperature by sweating and decreasing the rate of cellular respiration, or (in the case of cold blooded animals) move into the shade.

3.

What is water regulation and how do organisms do it?

Water regulation is also known as osmotic regulation and the goal is to keep body fluids (blood plasma) isotonic to cells.

The kidneys filter out extra water and solutes to do this

4.

What is oxygen regulation and how do organisms do it?

Oxygen regulation causes oxygen to diffuse into the blood cells and carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the blood cells

This is done by breathing when the body senses that excess carbon dioxide is present in the blood stream