School Year: 2009/2010

Presented by: Jacob KrögerSubmitted to: Lars SchülerDistribution date of topic:

03.02.2010Hand-In date of Term Paper:

17.03.2010

Page 1 of 20

Term Paper: “Push and Pull Factors regarding Migration flows

from Libya to Italy” Term Paper for:

“Travel and Migration” Halepaghen-Schule Buxtehude

Page 2 of 20

Table of Contents

1 Introduction...........................................................................................................3

2 Definition of Migration.........................................................................................4

3 Political Context....................................................................................................4

3.1 Libyan Politics and Migration........................................................................4

3.2 Italian Politics and Migration..........................................................................5

4 Push and Pull Factors............................................................................................7

4.1 Push Factors....................................................................................................7

4.1.1 Political Factors........................................................................................7

4.1.2 Economic factors......................................................................................8

4.1.3 Ecological factors......................................................................................9

4.1.4 Demographic factors...............................................................................10

4.2 Pull Factors...................................................................................................10

4.2.1 Political factors.......................................................................................10

4.2.2 Societal factors........................................................................................10

4.2.3 Economic factors.....................................................................................11

4.2.3 Ideal factors.............................................................................................11

4.2.4 Demographic factors...............................................................................12

5 Conclusion..........................................................................................................12

6 Appendix.............................................................................................................14

6.1 Figures...........................................................................................................14

7 Works cited.........................................................................................................16

7.1 Literature.......................................................................................................16

7.2 Internet..........................................................................................................16

7.3 Presentations/ Speeches................................................................................18

7.4 Figures...........................................................................................................18

8 Erklärungen.........................................................................................................19

8.1 Eigenständigkeitserlärung.............................................................................19

8.2 Einverständniserklärung...............................................................................20

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Page 3 of 20

1 Introduction

According to the Italian Ministry of Interior, 36,900 African boat people landed in Italy

in 2008, most of them on the (Italian) Island of Lampedusa.1 This number does not

include unrecorded migrants. Only about half of this number of boat people (20,500) had

arrived the year before, so this represented a major increase.2 Since 1988 at least 14,921

Immigrants died on their way to the European coast.3

For many years, the main emigration route of Africans to the EU had been through

Spain. But when Spain increased its border security, the route shifted and most migrants

entered from Libya into Italy.

Although arriving via Libya, these refugees are mainly from other politically unstable

countries in West Africa and from regions south of the Sahara. Libya and other Maghreb

countries (Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia) are merely used as transit

countries (see Appendix Figure 1).

As a result of the pattern described above, about 25 percent of Libya's population are

illegal immigrants without any rights, who are awaiting an opportunity to reach

Europe. These refugees risk a very long and dangerous journey.4

In this essay I will explore what role Libya plays in the African-European migration and

how Italy reacts to the incoming migrants. What are the “push and pull” factors that lead

so many Africans to risk such a dangerous move and what factors discourage them from

attempting to do so?

I chose this topic after being confronted with reports in various mass Medias. I thought

the destiny of migrants and the complex mingling of political, economical, social and

individual aspects could be fascinating.

The reference to the course topic is given due to the fact that the mass movements of

People from Africa to Europe always rely on push and pull factors. These factors are

explained in this term paper.

1 See Graf, Stefanie „Transitmigration- Anayse der Migrationsströme von westafrika in den maghreb und die EU (Mainz: GRIN Verlag) p.22 See Junge Welt, “keine Chance auf Asyl“ www.jungewelt.de//2009/01-05/045.php (accessed February 10, 2010)3 See Fortress Europe, “Immigrants dead at the Frontiers of Europe“ http://fortresseurope.blogspot.com/2006/02/immigrants-dead-at-frontiers-of-europe_16.html (accessed March 14, 2010)4 See Deutschland Radio, “Jenseits der Schengen Grenze“ http://www.dradio.de/download/113305/ (accessed March 14, 2010)

5

10

15

20

25

5

10

Page 4 of 20

2 Definition of Migration

Migrations are movements of human individuals or groups from one area into another for

more than short-term relocation. Migration can be divided into internal and international

migration (see Appendix Figure 2). Motives for migration are personal, and there are

often both tangible and intangible reasons (see Appendix Figure 3). In most cases, there

are multiple, overlapping reasons for migration.5

3 Political Context

3.1 Libyan Politics and Migration

During the 1990s, Libya's revolutionary leader and unofficial head of state Muammar al

Gaddafi opened the country's borders to all Africans. His publicly stated reason for this

action was to promote the unity of the African continent.

In reality he was motivated by a UN embargo, which lasted from 1992 till 2004. During

this time, Libya was subjected to sanctions from the UN and was largely cut off from

Europe.6 The sanctions were the results of Libyan attacks on passenger flights, which

crashed over Lockerbie (Scotland) and Niger in 1988 and 1989. Germany also demanded

compensation from Libya for the victims of the attack on the Berlin discotheque "La

Belle" in 1986. When Libya accepted responsibility for these attacks in 2004, and paid

compensation, the embargo was repealed.7

Libya is one of the richest countries in Africa. The flourishing oil industries provide

financial resources to develop and cultivate the southern Libyan outback. When the UN

sanctions took effect in 1992, Libya experienced a tremendous demand for labor in the

oil sector, fishing industries and agricultural sector. With open borders, this demand for

labor was met by migrants from neighboring African countries.8

Because of its proximity to the Italian coast, Libya is geographically well situated as a

“highway” into Europe. Illegal Immigrants from six neighboring African states have

entered Libya in their quest to reach Europe. Today, one third of the Libyan population is

foreign, and half of the foreigners are in the country illegally.

5 See “A Definition of Migration” http://www.ghs-mh.de/migration/projects/define/define.htm (accessed March 14, 2010)6 See BBC “Timeline: Libya Sanctions” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3336423.stm (accessed March 14)7 See Handelsblatt “EU-Embargo gegen Libyen beendet“ http://www.handelsblatt.com/archiv/eu-embargo-gegen-libyen-beendet;802413 (accessed March 14, 2010)8 See U.S. Department of State “2009 Investment Climate Statement” http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2009/117843.htm (accessed March 14)

5

10

15

20

25

5

10

Page 5 of 20

During the Embargo, it was in Gaddafi`s interest to open his borders to other Africans.

After the embargo, however, his goal shifted. Today he seeks to build lucrative business

connections with the United States and Europe. Gaddafi knows that his country is one of

the most attractive destinations for investment in the Arab and African regions due to its

rich oil and natural gas resources. As a result Gaddafi has closed his country's borders to

other Africans, hoping to please Europe as that continent struggles with the problem of

illegal immigration.

Illegal immigrants convicted in Libya are most likely to be transmitted to detention

centers. Three of these detention centers were funded by Italy. As the main destination

country for migrants, Italy is more committed to assisting Libya with illegal immigrants

than other EU states. Currently, about 60,000 refugees are interned in Libyan prisons

under appalling conditions. Those, who cannot prove they have work, must return to

their home country or (if appropriate) move to Europe. More than 50,000 migrants were

deported from the country in 2006. This deportation is possible because Libya has no

asylum law and does not recognize the Geneva Conventions, which would require Libya

to differentiate between political and economic migrants and to accept some of the

immigrants as asylum seekers.9

Since 2003 Libya's immigration policies have changed to deal with such huge number of

illegal immigrants. With the help of the EU, the number of border guards has increased.

Even with more border guards it is almost impossible to control and prevent all the

immigration to Europe.

3.2 Italian Politics and Migration

In contrast to Germany, France and Great Britain, Italy has little experience with

immigration. Until the 1970s Italy had more emigrants than immigrants. It was not until

the late 1980s, when immigration became a social phenomenon, that an immigration law

was needed. Since the Immigration Act of 1990, Italy offers a right to asylum. However,

Italy is the only country in the European Union without an asylum law of its own. The

center-right government of Silvio Berlusconi ended the years of demand for a reform of

the asylum law with the “Bossi-Finni law”. The goal of this law was to limit legal

immigration and fight illegal immigration more effectively. Some People are of the

9 See Fortress Europe “October 2007“ http://fortresseurope.blogspot.com/2006/01/october-2007.html (accessed March 14)

5

10

15

20

25

30

Page 6 of 20

opinion, that this law is partly illegal, because it violates article 3 of the Italian

Constitution. They say, that it “discriminates migrants citizens.”10

In 2008, the year of peak illegal immigration described at the start of this paper, Italy and

Libya signed a treaty of friendship, containing a special agreement on the deportation of

illegal refugees. Even before a foot is placed on Italian territory and a legal application

can be made, refugees are deported back to Libya and are placed in camps there or are

moved into dangerous areas such as Sudan or Nigeria.11

This treaty with Libya was signed in spite of the fact, that Italy has signed the Geneva

Convention on Refugees, which states explicitly that refugees should not be arbitrarily

expelled to their countries of origin, and certainly not if they then face persecution,

torture or death.

The small island of Lampedusa, located about 200km south of Sicily, is a key entry point

for boat people from Africa. In the past, 85 percent of African refugees arrived there and

lived under deplorable conditions. Italian Prime Minister Berlusconi compared the

situation in the reception camps with those in the Nazi concentration camps, trying to

justify his deportation.

"I think it is much easier (...) to examine individual situations in the country of origin, otherwise

they come here and go to a camp which, I should not be saying this, is very similar to a

concentration camp,"12

In 2009, fewer than 500 refugees have officially requested asylum in Italy or the EU.13

10 See Melting pot “Explosions and the new Bossi-Finni law“ http://www.meltingpot.org/articolo162.html (accessed March 14)11 See State watch “Special and privileged- bilateral relationship treaty” http://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/nov/01italy-libya-treaty.htm (accessed March 14)12

Reuters “Italy PM: migrant centers like concentration camps” http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-39736920090519 (accessed March 14, 2010)13 See Presentation from Karl Kopp organized by the “Nord-Süd Forum” on September 7, 2009, in Bremerhaven

5

10

15

20

25

5

10

Page 7 of 20

4 Push and Pull Factors

What motivates a person to leave his or her homeland and start a dangerous trip into the

unknown, only to reach a destination where he or she is not wanted and where he or she

is likely to work for very low wages and will be forced to living in hiding? The reasons

for migration are manifold. To illustrate these issues more clearly, we distinguish

between push and pull factors.

4.1 Push Factors

The major push factors for migrants leaving West Africa are political, economic-,

ecological, and demographic. 14

4.1.1 Political Factors

Political factors play a particularly important role in West African immigration. This type

of migration is usually involuntary, because no reasonable alternative exists but to flee.

Political Situations that can lead to such involuntary migration include:

• The systematic persecution of individuals and groups due to political, religious,

• ethnic or economic factors,

• systematic suppression of the population,

• human rights violations,

• lack of rule of law, and

• military conflicts, including civil war.

The areas currently most affected by these types of crises are Sudan, Somalia, Niger,

Eritrea, Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Ethiopia and Liberia.

Political factors do not play as a large role in Libya. The political conditions in Libya are

clearly defined and stable. Most residents are doing well economically. The problem is

however, that Libya is a transit country for migrants from many of those politically

unstable countries.

Until stable political and economic environments are created in the countries of origin,

involuntary political migration will continue to occur throughout the region.

14 See National Geographic „What is human migration?“ http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g68/migrationguidestudent.pdf (accessed March 14)

5

10

15

20

25

30

5

Page 8 of 20

4.1.2 Economic factors

Economically motivated migration in Africa can be divided into three forms:

• the internal migration from countryside to city.

• the international migration within the African continent.

• the transcontinental migration.

Factors such as hunger, unemployment, low income and bad income expectations for the

future trigger economic immigration.

These factors do not exist in Libya. The country's real economic growth of 5 percent

clearly signals economic stability. Likewise, Italy, the most important foreign trade

partner of Libya (40 percent of Libya`s trade with Italy) has a secure economic base and

jobs.

The problem again is one of other African countries.

A large proportion of immigrants from Africa, according to one study15, are well

educated, but have no job prospects. A survey of 2000 migrants from sub-Sahara

conducted in 2005 shows that “over 20 percent were university graduates and another 46

percent had reasonable educational level.”16 Often the whole family had saved money to

allow the most ambitious among them to travel abroad. This phenomenon is referred to

as “brain drain”. It describes, in a figurative sense, a numerically large “flow of

intelligence and mind”. The highly-skilled migrants benefit from their relocation. Their

home country, however, looses the potential for its economy and its international

competitiveness. The arising vicious circle of “brain drain” becomes another push factor.

In recent years the international development community has been trying to turn “brain

drain” into “brain gain“. They try to create a pattern that will bring benefits to all

stakeholders.17

A good example is a recent repatriation agreement between the United States of America

and India. In this agreement, IT professionals return to India after years of working in the

United States. Financial support is given from the United States of America. In India,

these returning professional build start-up companies that often flourish.

The widespread poverty in most West African countries is to a large extent caused by

unfair trade policies. European Union (EU) agricultural subsidies for resident farmers

15 See Baldawin-Edwards, Martin (2006). “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: North Africa as a region of emigration, immigration and transit migration”. Retrieved from: Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 33 Issue 108 (June 2006) p.5 Available online: http://aei.pitt.edu/6365/01/Between_a_rock_FINAL.pdf (accessed March 14)16 Ibid. p. 10 17 See Österreichischer Integrationsfond “Migration aus Nordafrika, sowie dem nahen und mittleren Osten“ http://www.integrationsfonds.at/wissen/publikationen/oeif_dossiers/oeif_dossier_n6/ (accessed March 14)

5

10

15

20

25

30

5

Page 9 of 20

give them a huge advantage in both European and African markets. This is especially

true for farmers from the former colonial powers of France and Britain who currently

have the highest market shares in Africa. The African countries cannot compete with the

low European prices. Since the economies of most West African countries are based on

agriculture, the impact of the EU subsidies is enormous. At the same time, the EU prides

itself with the Cotonou Agreement. This agreement envisages the establishment of free

trade areas between regions of Africa and the EU.

Fishing plays an enormous economic role for the West African coastal countries. The EU

buys fishing rights from these countries. Due to overfishing, however, West African

states have suffered losses and can no longer rely on fishing as a stable area of income.

While fishing rights contracts and agricultural subsidies may benefit Europeans in the

short run, the impact of these policies on long-term African economic stability must be a

factor going forward.18

4.1.3 Ecological factors

Going forward, the ecological factors may well be a growing push factor in immigration

due to global warming. Although climate change is caused mainly by industrialized

nations, African nations will feel its affects quite severely in the forms of increasing

water scarcity, drought, and the weakening of the agricultural potential.

Perhaps with such immigration factors in mind, Europe should commit to countering the

affects of global warming by building sewage and water filtration systems in Africa.

Such global thinking is extremely important.

However, the climate conference in Copenhagen in late 2009 has shown how difficult

this is: No concrete targets have been adopted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

4.1.4 Demographic factors

Population growth has a large Influence on migration as well. African countries have the

highest growth in birth rates in the entire world (3 percent), while their death rate falls

only slowly (1.7 percent).19

18 See Kohnert, Dirk (2006). “Afrikanische Migranten vor der Festung Europas”. (Hamburg: GIGA Focus, Number 12/2006) Available online: http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/gf_afrika_0612.pdf (accessed March 14)19 See Lahlou, Mehdi (2006). “The current State and Recent Trends in Migration between Maghreb States and the European Union(Retrieved from: Nyberg Sørensen; Nina (Hrg.): Mediterranean Transit Migration, (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, p. 111)

5

10

15

20

25

5

Page 10 of 20

A forecast by the UN predicts an increase in world population from 6 to 9.4 billion

people by 2050.20 Ninety-five percent of this growth will occur in developing countries.

This rapid growth will accelerate internal and external migration, especially in Africa.

Many African countries with a “youth bulge” will strive to send a portion of these young

workers to industrialized countries for jobs and income, but also to prevent internal

conflicts, that arise from a larger number of disaffected youth. In many industrial

countries, however, the populations will be aging and shrinking and the need of labor

will increase. In this context, the need to manage and control immigration will increase

(See Appendix Figure 4).

4.2 Pull Factors

In addition to push factors, there are many pull factors that attract refugees to the EU.

Like push factors, pull factors can be political, social, economical and demographic in

nature.21

4.2.1 Political factors

The major pull factor for political immigrants is the hope of finding protection and safety

from persecution in another country. In addition political immigrants turn to Europe to

find the rule of law and tolerance of race and religion.

4.2.2 Societal factors

Societal factors also influence migration from Libya. In many cases, young people from

rural regions of a country flee to urban areas. They do so, not only due to prevailing

poverty and unemployment in rural areas, but also because of social structures and

lifestyles that are perceived as restrictive and outdated. In cities young people hope to

find work but also better living conditions. If they do not find work in their new urban

home, they are likely to emigrate.

4.2.3 Economic factors

Economic factors are also important pull factors. There are differences in wages between

developing and developed countries. With the income a refugee earns in Europe, he or

she supports his family in Africa. More economic Pull factors include job availability,

20 United Nations “World Population prospects” http://esa.un.org/unpp/ (accessed March 14)21 See National Geographic “What is human migration?“ http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g68/migrationguidestudent.pdf (accessed March 14)

5

10

15

20

25

5

Page 11 of 20

better working conditions and career opportunities in the destination country and the

desire for better education and training.

The Action Plan of Rabat in 2006 facilitates legal immigration for highly qualified

Africans in the EU. As a counterpart to the American “green card”, the “blue card” was

introduced in Europe. This, however, has much higher requirements than its American

counterpart. A candidate for the blue card has to show a recognized university degree and

three years of professional experience within the EU. Furthermore he or she has to

present a contract, in which he or she earns one and a half times as much as the average

person living in the corresponding target country. Since these requirements are hardly

feasible for many Africans, the promise of a European “blue card” will most likely not

provide a strong “pull” factor for most African emigrants. A better solution will need to

be found if the EU wishes to meet its demand for labor.22

Just like the EU, Libya has a demand for low-income laborers. In particular companies in

the construction and agriculture business often seek for people without legal status whom

they can pay lower wages and ignore any legal claims.

4.2.3 Ideal factors

Media images of an idealized Europe also provide a pull factor for African migrants.

Success stories of former migrants make their way back to the towns and cities of origin

furthering the lure of Europe. Likewise, West Africans living successfully in Europe form

networks for future migrants, which then becomes another pull factor.

4.2.4 Demographic factors

Population declines in Italy, Spain and Germany are higher than the EU average. Italy

already benefits from immigrant births and is slightly better off than Germany.23 Still,

since Italy records a long-term population decline, the demographic trends can be seen as

a pull factor. The decline would invariably lead to a shortage of laborers. Even with

advances in technology, manual labor will still be in demand and immigrants will be

needed to fill these positions in order for Italy`s economic system to persist.

22“Differences between EU Blue Card and U.S. Green Card” http://www.europeanunionbluecard.com/?p=14 (accessed March 14)23 Bundesamt für politische Bildung “zur aktuellen Lage der Bevölkerung“ http://www1.bpb.de/publikationen/7OZ856,3,0,Zur_aktuellen_Lage_der_Weltbev%F6lkerung.html#art3(accessed March 14)

5

10

15

20

25

5

Page 12 of 20

5 Conclusion

Although the EU is working to create a common migration policy, these attempts are

somewhat undermined by Italy and Spain, the two countries most affected by

immigration. The increased surveillance in border regions of Spain and Morocco has led

to a shift in immigration patterns from Africa and an increase in arrivals through Libya to

Italy. Italy`s readmission agreement with Libya shifts the problem from Europe to Libya

where there is no right of asylum protection. By placing illegal immigrants in Libya,

Europe retains its “clean slate”.

European policies contribute to the problem of illegal immigration in more than one way.

For Africans, it has become virtually impossible to legally enter the EU. According to the

Schengen Agreement, the main criterion for obtaining a visa to the EU is to have a low

risk of emigration. Thus illegal immigration is the only possibility, unless one belongs to

an elite group of highly skilled workers. Despite the need for low-wage workers in the

EU, there is no way for immigrants to enter legally to obtain these jobs.

The EU also contributes to the problem of illegal immigration through their unfair trade

and subsidy policies. Scaling up aid to Africa is of little use, if on the other hand, the

market opportunities for African products are undermined through subsidies to European

farmers and companies.

Considering the small number of immigrants, I am also wary of the anger which

Europeans direct toward illegal immigrants. Why are objections to immigration so high

when there is clearly a need for low-wage workers due to the aging populations in

Germany and other EU states?

As long as there is an economic gap between the EU and Africa, people will try to find a

better life in Europe through both legal and illegal means.

The problems associated with migration can only be resolved through a combination of

development policies and migration policies both in the EU and in the Maghreb

countries. Many of the existing solutions, designed primarily for an EU perspective, have

led to an increase in internal problems in the African countries. Both push and pull

factors in immigration must be addressed. The dismantling of agricultural subsidies to

European farmers is just as important as the establishment of legal entry and work

opportunities within the EU, not only for the highly skilled.

In a study of the potential migration from Africa the German Interior Minister Thomas de

Maizière expressed the following words:

5

10

15

20

25

30

Page 13 of 20

“Die europäischen Staaten müssen gegenüber afrikanischen Herkunfts- und

Transitstaaten noch mehr Verantwortung übernehmen. Wir sollten die betroffenen

Staaten noch stärker bei der Beseitigung von Migrationsursachen unterstützen.

Dies betrifft insbesondere deren Fähigkeit, die durch den Klimawandel bedingten

Herausforderungen zu bewältigen und die innerafrikanische Migration zu

steuern. Unser Ziel muss dabei eine wirksame Verknüpfung von Migrations- und

Entwicklungspolitik wie auch eine Verbesserung der operativen Zusammenarbeit

in den Bereichen Immigration, Asyl und Grenzschutz sein. Nur durch eine

umfassende Kooperation und Partnerschaften zwischen Herkunftsstaaten und

Zielstaaten ist heutzutage eine erfolgreiche Steuerung von Migration möglich.”24

If the EU could build on this, the prospect for both continents would be recognizable.

24 BMI Pressemitteilung “Vor den Toren Europas“ http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2010/mitMarginalspalte/01/afrika_studie_%20bamf.html (accessed March 14, 2010)

5

10

5

Page 14 of 20

6 Appendix

6.1 Figures

1) Key Migrant Routes from Africa to Europe.25

2) Differentiation of Migration

25 „Key Migrant Routes“ http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42481000/gif/_42481600_africa_migration416x355.gif (accessed March 14)

Migration

Internal Migration

Intraregional Migration

Interregional Migration

International Migration

5

10

5

Page 15 of 20

3) Reasons for Migration

4) Population- and migrational development.26

26 “Chart of the Population development“ http://www.integrationsfonds.at/fileadmin/Integrationsfond/5_wissen/dossier2/Dossier6/20090909_Dossier6_Walter_Seite_41.jpg (accessed March 14)

Reason for Migration

personal Motive:

Work, Marriage

tangible Motive:

political conditions, language or religious

reasons intangible Motive:

Better training-, working- and living

conditions

5

10

5

Page 16 of 20

7 Works cited

7.1 Literature

Baldawin-Edwards, Martin. Between a Rock and a Hard Place: North Africa as a region of emigration, immigration and transit migration. Available online: http://aei.pitt.edu/6365/01/Between_a_rock_FINAL.pdf, 2006.

Costanzo, Simona. Migration aus dem Maghreb nach Italien- soziale und räumlich Aspekte der Handlunsstrategien maghrebischer Migranten und Migrantinnen in Kampanien, Süditalien. Passau: L.I.S. Verlag, 1999.

Finotelli, Claudia. Illegale Einwanderung, Flüchtlingsmigration und das Ende des Nord-Süd-Mythos- zur funktionalen Äquivalenz des deutschen und italienischen Auswanderungsgesetzes. Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2007.

Del Grande, Gabrielle. Mamadous Fahrt in den tod- die Tragödie der irregulären Migranten im Mittelmeer. Karlsruhe: Loeper Verlag, 2008

Graf, Stefanie. Transitmigration: Analyse der Migrationsströme von Westafrika in den Maghreb und die EU. Mainz: GRIN Verlag, 2009.

Kohnert, Dirk. Afrikanische Migranten vor der Festung Europas. Hamburg: GIGA Focus, 2006.

Lahlou, Mehdi. The current State and Recent Trends in Migration between Maghreb States and the European Union. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for international studies, 2006.

Klepp, Silja. Ankunft und Aufnahme von Flüchtlingen in italien- eine ethnographische Reise an die Grenzen Europas. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag, 2007.

7.2 Internet

“A Definition of Migration” http://www.ghs-mh.de/migration/projects/define/define.htm (accessed March 14, 2010)

BBC “Timeline: Libya Sanctions” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3336423.stm (accessed March 14)

BMI Pressemitteilung “Vor den Toren Europas“ http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2010/mitMarginalspalte/01/afrika_studie_%20bamf.html (accessed March 14, 2010)

Bundesamt für politische Bildung “zur aktuellen Lage der Bevölkerung“ http://www1.bpb.de/publikationen/7OZ856,3,0,Zur_aktuellen_Lage_der_Weltbev%F6lkerung.html#art3 (accessed March 14)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Page 17 of 20

Deutschland Radio, “Jenseits der Schengen Grenze“ http://www.dradio.de/download/113305/ (accessed March 14, 2010)

“Differences between EU Blue Card and U.S. Green Card” http://www.europeanunionbluecard.com/?p=14 (accessed March 14)

Fortress Europe, “Immigrants dead at the Frontiers of Europe“ http://fortresseurope.blogspot.com/2006/02/immigrants-dead-at-frontiers-of-europe_16.html (accessed March 14, 2010)

Fortress Europe “October 2007“ http://fortresseurope.blogspot.com/2006/01/october-2007.html (accessed March 14)

Handelsblatt “EU-Embargo gegen Libyen beendet“ http://www.handelsblatt.com/archiv/eu-embargo-gegen-libyen-beendet;802413 (accessed March 14, 2010)

Junge Welt, “keine Chance auf Asyl“ www.jungewelt.de//2009/01-05/045.php (accessed February 10, 2010)

Melting pot “Explosions and the new Bossi-Finni law“ http://www.meltingpot.org/articolo162.html (accessed March 14)

National Geographic „What is human migration?“ http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/lessons/09/g68/migrationguidestudent.pdf (accessed March 14)

Österreichischer Integrationsfond “Migration aus Nordafrika, sowie dem nahen und mittleren Osten“ http://www.integrationsfonds.at/wissen/publikationen/oeif_dossiers/oeif_dossier_n6/ (accessed March 14)

Reuters “Italy PM: migrant centers like concentration camps” http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-39736920090519 (accessed March 14, 2010)

State watch “Special and privileged- bilateral relationship treaty” http://www.statewatch.org/news/2008/nov/01italy-libya-treaty.htm (accessed March 14)

United Nations “World Population prospects” http://esa.un.org/unpp/ (accessed March 14)

U.S. Department of State “2009 Investment Climate Statement” http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2009/117843.htm (accessed March 14)

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Page 18 of 20

7.3 Presentations/ Speeches

Presentation organized from the Nord-Süd Forum on September 7, 2009, in Bremerhaven Speakers: Stefan Schmidt

Karl KoppGiesela WiegelGünter Hilliges

7.4 Figures

“Chart of the Population development“ http://www.integrationsfonds.at/fileadmin/Integrationsfond/5_wissen/dossier2/Dossier6/20090909_Dossier6_Walter_Seite_41.jpg^

“Key Migrant Routes“ http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42481000/gif/_42481600_africa_migration416x355.gif

Picture from the front Page:http://resources.vol.at/FastResource.aspx?ResourceID=news-20090312-11081831-1218801509

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Page 19 of 20

8 Erklärungen

8.1 Eigenständigkeitserlärung

Erklärung

Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Facharbeit selbstständig angefertigt, keine

anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel benutzt und die Stellen der Facharbeit, die im

Wortlaut oder im wesentlichen Inhalt aus anderen Werken entnommen wurden, mit

genauer Quellenangabe kenntlich gemacht habe.

........................................

Unterschrift, Ort, Datum

5

10

Page 20 of 20

8.2 Einverständniserklärung

Einverständniserklärung

Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich damit einverstanden bin, wenn die von mir verfasste

Facharbeit der schulinternen Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht wird.

........................................

Unterschrift, Ort, Datum

5

10