Purdue University Winter Hydrology and Erosion Research
description
Transcript of Purdue University Winter Hydrology and Erosion Research
Purdue University Winter Hydrology and Erosion Research
Keith A Cherkauer, Dazhi Mao, Tushar SinhaAgricultural and Biological Engineering
Jeff EvansElectrical and Computer Engineering Technology
Outline
Field measurements Historical analysis Watershed scale simulations Basin scale simulations Land use change Climate change
Field Observations
Spring 2000, Vermillion River, Minn.
Spatial Variability
Time Series of Observations:Winter 1998-1999
5 cm Soil Thaw Dates:Winter 1998-1999
Last Day of Frozen Soil, 1999
Current Field Measurements
Self contained units 10 locations – 2 per
field type 10 and 20 cm
depths Temp and Moisture
Field surveys Wireless sensor
network
Sensor Network Deployment Diagram
Location: ACRE
Historic Analysis
Soil temperature observations from mid-1960’s
Early records must be digitized
Study Area
Pinney-Purdue Agricultural Center (PPAC) near Wanatah
Soil – Tracy sandy loam
Agronomy Center for Research and Education (ACRE) near West Lafayette
Soil – Russell silt loam
Southern Indiana Purdue Agricultural Center (SIPAC) near Dubois
Soil – Zanesville silt loam
Soil temperature data collecting station (since 1966)
*SIPAC average statistics estimated from 1985 - 2004
Meteorological Variables PPAC ACRE SIPAC
Snow (cm)* 107.8 53.9 23.2
SCI (cm-day)* 710.5 331.5 80.8
Days minimum Tair ≤ 0°C 137.4 131.3 108.0
Precipitation (cm) 94.9 95.1 119.3
Annual Average Statistics
Bare soil PPAC ACRE SIPAC
Soil freeze-thaw cycles
5 cm 29.3 19.5 9.1
10 cm 4.9 9.3 9.5
20 cm - 5.3 0.7
Soil frost days 5 cm 79.3 61.1 22.8
10 cm 24.5 48.8 22.4
20 cm - 33.2 3.1
Freeze-thaw cycles per soil frost days
5 cm 0.37 0.32 0.40
10 cm 0.20 0.19 0.42
20 cm - 0.16 0.23
Average statistics for selected soil frost variables.
PPAC – Annual snowfall (107.8 cm), Soil – Tracy sandy loamACRE – Annual snowfall (53.9 cm), Soil - Russell silt loamSIPAC – Annual snowfall (23.2 cm), Soil – Zanesville silt loam
PPAC ACRE SIPAC
Selected Surface Variables
PPAC ACRE SIPAC
Bare soil at 5 cm soil depth
Watershed Scale Simulations
Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model (DHSVM)
Physically based hydrologic model that represents the effects of Topography Soil Vegetation
Solves the energy and water balance at each grid cell at each timestep
1-D Vertical Water Balance
Surface/Subsurface FlowRedistribution to/from Neighboring Pixels
DHSVM Model Representation
Erosion and Sediment Transport Module
HILLSLOPE EROSION
Soil Moisture Content
CHANNEL ROUTINGPrecipitationLeaf Drip
Infiltration and Saturation Excess Runoff
DHSVM
Q
Qsed
Sediment
MASS WASTING
Erosion
Deposition
ROADEROSION
Sediment
Channel Flow
Yellowwood Lake Watershed
Current land holdings: 80% Yellowwood State
Forest
20% - 55 private owners
Legacy of intensive
agriculture “experiment” in
early 1900’s Highly eroded hill-sides
Large alluvium storage?
Legend
Water
Low Intensity Residential
High Intensity Residential
Commercial/Industrial/Transportation
Bare Rock/Sand/Clay
Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits
Transitional
Decidous Forest
Evergreen Forest
Mixed Forest
Shrubland
Grasslands/Herbaceous
Pasture/Hay
Row Crops
Small Grains
Urban/Recreational Grasses
Woody Wetlands
Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands
±Source: National Land Cover Data (NLCD) 2001
Cumulative Erosion
Ero
sio
n/D
epo
siti
on
(m
)
Basin Scale Simulations
Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Hydrology Model
Mosaic Type Land-use Variable Infiltration
Curve Arno Baseflow Curve Full surface energy
balance Full water balance
VIC Model Snow Algorithm
2 Layer Ground Snowpack
Full Energy Balance with Thin Surface Layer
Heat Exchange with Ground Surface
Canopy Interception Wind Profiles
From DHSVM
VIC Model Frozen Soil Algorithm
Heat and moisture fluxes solved independently
Bottom boundary Constant
Temperature Constant Flux
Permafrost capable
Cherkauer and Lettenmaier, 1999
Distributed Frozen SoilTemperature Distribution Ice Content Distribution
VIC-WEPP Coupled Model
- iterated process
30 arc-sec DEM
Soil loss
- original input data
- data processingIterated for sampled slopes
- data for WEPP-HE - intermediate data
Dailyclimate forcing
Hourlyprecipitation
30m DEM
Slope profile
Soil &vegetation
Adjusted erodibility, friction factors, & random roughness
WEPP-HE Code
WEPP model
ArcGIS
Precipitation& runoff output
VIC
Point Simulation: Rosemount, MNWinter 1993-1994
Upper Mississippi River:Average Annual Mean Frost Depth
Winter Spring
Upper Mississippi River:Annual Average Spring 10 cm Soil Moisture
Upper Mississippi RiverAnnual Average Spring Runoff Totals
St. Croix River: Flood of Record Spring 1960
West Lafayette – Bare Soil (10 cm)
Damping Depth = 10 m
No. of Nodes = 8
West Lafayette – Grass Site (10 cm)
Stelle – Grass Site (10 cm)
Land Use Change
Annual Average Differences
Climate Change Simulations
Three models Gfdl Hadcm3 Pcm
Two senarios A1fi – rich and poor equalize, intensive fossil fuel
use B1 – Disparity between rich and poor increases
Precipitation Change
Evapotranspiration Change
Runoff Change
Change in Number of Days with Snow Cover
Change in Number of Days with Soil Frost
Change in First Day with Soil Frost
Change in Last Day with Soil Frost
Soil Frost Simulation Profiles: Spring
Soil Frost Simulation Profiles: Winter
Upper Mississippi River:Winter Sensible Heat Flux
PPAC ACRE SIPAC
Bare soil at 10 cm soil depth