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Purchase lab manual in lab this week
Homework 1 due in lab this week
Homework 2 due in lab next week
Read Mt. Saint Helens disaster paper
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Mineral -Naturally formed-Solid-Formed by inorganic processes-Specific chemical composition-Characteristic crystal structure
Earth Materials continued
Rock – a coherent, naturally occurring solid, consisting of an aggregate of one or
more minerals, or a mass of natural glass or organic matter.
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Basic Rock Classifications
•Igneous
•Sedimentary
•Metamorphic
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Rock Cycle
SedimentaryRocks
IgneousRocks
MetamorphicRocks
Magma
Sediment
Pressure And Cementation
Erosion/ Weathering
Erosion/ W
eathering
Heat and Pressure
CoolingHeat
Heat
Pressure E
rosi
on
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Define - Freeze
?
?
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Igneous Rocks
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Igneous Rocks
-a rock that forms when hot molten rock (magma or lava) cools and freezes solid
Two types of igneous rocks• Plutonic – cools underground• Volcanic – cools above ground
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Factors controlling Melting
1. Temperature:
Melt at [800oC and 1200oC]
Source of heat [radioactive decay]
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Geothermal Gradient – the rate at which temperature increases with depth in the Earth
30OC/km
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Bowen’s Reaction SeriesThe order of crystallization of the common silicate minerals from a magma
Liquid
Solid
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Iron and Magnesium rich
Al, Ca, and Sodium rich
Dark colored minerals
Light colored minerals
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Factors controlling Melting2. Pressure:• as pressure increases, melting temperature
increases• as pressure decreases, melting temperature
decreases
Lowering pressure causes melting in divergent margins.
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Relationship between P, T, and Melt
Less Pressure
More Pressure
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Divergent Plate Boundary
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Factors controlling Melting3. Water content:
As water content increases, melting temperature decreases
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Caramel is melted sugar
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Water increases melting at convergent plate boundaries
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Where do igneous rocks occur?
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Types of Molten Material
1. Magma – molten material below the Earth's surface
2. Lava – molten material above the Earth's surface
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Magma Composition Changes
•Partial melting
•Assimilation
•Magma Mixing
•Fractional Crystallization
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Partial Melting
some minerals melt at a lower temperature than others.
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Magma Viscosity
Viscosity – resistance to flowhoney – high viscositywater – low viscosity
Viscosity increases as silica content increases.
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Magma Chemistry
Molten material can consist of liquid rock, mineral grains and gases (H2O, CO2, SO2).
Silicon and oxygen (SiO2) make up the majority of magma
45% SiO2 - "low" silica content
75% SiO2 - "high" silica content
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Endmember Magma Chemistry
Mafic – low SiO2 / high iron, magnesium
Felsic/Silicic – high SiO2 / high aluminum, calcium, sodium
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Igneous Rock Types
Intrusive (plutonic) rock – cools and solidifies below the Earth's surface.
Extrusive (volcanic) rock – cools and solidifies above the Earth's surface.
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Texture – overall appearance, related to size, shape, and arrangement of minerals.
Texture is related to cooling history of an igneous rock, not its chemistry.
Textures of Igneous Rocks
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Textures of Igneous Rocks
Phaneritic (course grained)
Aphanitic (fine grained)1.
2. Magma
LavaEarth’s surface
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Aphanitic Texture – Rapid Cooling Small Crystals
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Phaneritic Texture – Slow Cooling Large Crystals
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Phaneritic Texture –Slow Cooling
Large Crystals
Aphanitic Texture –Rapid CoolingSmall Crystals
Silicic Chemical Composition
Granite Rhyolite
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Phaneritic Texture –Slow Cooling
Large Crystals
Aphanitic Texture –Rapid CoolingSmall Crystals
Intermediate Chemical Composition
Diorite Andesite
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Phaneritic Texture –Slow Cooling
Large Crystals
Aphanitic Texture –Rapid CoolingSmall Crystals
Mafic Chemical Composition
Gabbro Basalt
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PHANERITIC texture
It means that the size of all grains in the rock are large enough to be distinguished with the unaided eye
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APHANITIC texture
It means that not all grains in the rock are large enough to be distinguished with the unaided eye. Most of the rock is background mass.
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Pegmatites
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Ingersoll Mine Ingersoll mine, Pennington Co., South Dakota, United StatesOne of the many adits at the old Ingersoll pegmatite. Private and Very dangerous. No Trespass.
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Glassy Texture - Very Rapid Cooling - No Crystal Structure
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Ash Fall Ash Flow
Pyroclastic Texture
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Plutonic Structures
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Plutonic Structures
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