Punctuation and Mechanics
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Transcript of Punctuation and Mechanics
Punctuation and Mechanics
April 10, 2023 2
• Capitalize the first word in a sentence.
• Capitalize the first word in a quoted sentence.– Sue said, “George went to the
football game.”• ALWAYS Capitalize the pronoun
“I”• I was nervous when I started college, but now I
am excited about graduation.• Incorrect: My wife will be so proud when i
graduate.
Just a few rules for Capitalization!
TheParthenon
Swiss Alps
The Golden Gate Bridge
The Taj Majal
Venice
Paris
McDonalds
Bill
Cristo Redentor
Proper NounsCapitalize the names of:• People - Abraham Lincoln, Jerry Seinfeld, Tim Tebow, Jeremy Lin
• Places- Lincoln, Nebraska; Paris, New York, • Landmarks – the Statue of Liberty, the Eiffel Tower, Central Park, the Golden Gate Bridge
• Businesses and brands – Nike, Coke, Banana Republic, Guess
• Languages – English, Spanish, Arabic
• Names of races, ethnic groups, and nationalities -Hispanic, African American, Native American
• Adjectives using a country’s name – Chinese noodles, American pie, Egyptian mummies, German cars, Italian food,
• Units of time – Saturday, Monday, December, February
• Holidays – Christmas, Thanksgiving, Independence Day,
• Do not capitalize seasons:• fall summer spring winter
Capitalize Titles• Capitalize major words in the titles (books, movies, articles,
journals…) • Do not capitalize little words like articles (a, an, the), prepositions,
(in, on , at_ or conjunctions (and, but, so ) –Gone with the Wind– Raiders of the Lost Arch– Of Mice and Men– Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire– Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End
unless they are the first word of the title– For Whom the Bell Tolls– The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
April 10, 2023 6
• Capitalize the first word of a salutation and the first word of a complimentary close. – Dear Mr. Smith:– Sincerely,
More Capital Rules
Capitalization Dos and Don’ts
7
Capitalize directions: north, south, east, west, only when they refer to a place, not a direction.I was driving north on 75 when my tire blew.She lives in the Midwest, but she spends her winters in the South. Seasons are not capitalized: winter, spring summer, fall.
Comma
• A comma is used to mark off different elements in a sentence.
• A comma helps the reader understand which words go together.
• A comma indicates a pause.
Missing commas!• A panda eats, shoots, and leaves.
• A panda eats shoots and leaves.
April 10, 2023 11
Commas with Lists
Use commas to separate items in a list.
A list consists of three or more items. Two items do not constitute a list. A list can be made up of words or phrases or clauses.
Ex. 1The seafood casserole
consisted of lobster, crab, swordfish, and shrimp.
Commas with Introductory Phrases
A comma is usually used if the sentence begins with an introductory phrase
Ex. 1Jumping up and down,
the children screamed for ice-cream.
April 10, 2023 12
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Commas in Compound Sentences
Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction to join two independent clauses (Subject + verb, and subject + verb.)
The coordinating conjunctions are FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Stacy performed very well on the test, for she had studied with a classmate *and predicted the exam questions. (For=reason/cause)
Stacy *and Susan made flash cards, and they quizzed each other. (and = additional information)
Bill did not read his textbook, nor did he do the practice quizzes. (nor= the addition of negatives)
Damian reviewed his class notes, but he did not read his textbook. (but = contrast; to show that things are different)
* Note that these FANBOYS do not join independent clauses
and do not need a comma.
Copyright Rasmussen, Inc. 2011. Proprietary and Confidential.
April 10, 2023 14
Commas in Complex Sentences
Use a comma if the sentence begins with a dependent clause (a dependent clause is a clause that that starts with a dependent marker: after, before, when, while, until, as long as, because, although, even though, if + subject + verb)
No comma is needed if the dependent clause comes after an independent clause.
Ex. 1 Because Jim took great notes in every class and did all of the readings, he earned the highest grade in the class.
Ex. 2 Even though Sam did all of the work, he lost points for turning it in late.
*Jim earned the highest grade in the class because he took great notes and did all of the readings. *no comma needed
April 10, 2023 15
Comma with Transitional ExpressionsUse a comma after a transitional
expressions.• Transitional expressions:
conversely, on the other hand, on the contrary, however, nevertheless, in contrast, also, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, similarly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore, first, second, third, finally
A comma is required whether the transitional word comes after a period, semicolon, or comma
You must come to class. Otherwise, you will not learn.
You should complete all of the assigned readings; furthermore, you should take notes while you read.
Katherine did not attend class for fourteen days. Consequently, she was dropped from the class.
Copyright Rasmussen, Inc. 2011. Proprietary and Confidential.
April 10, 2023 16
Commas with Quotes
If a quote comes after the name of the person who spoke, use a comma after the person and verb, before the first quotation mark.
Jenny said, “I studied hard, and I am ready for the test.”
Joe asked, “What is the best way to review for the exam?”
Commas with Quotes
If a quote is a statement and comes before the name of the person who spoke, use a comma at the end of the statement, before the second quotation mark.
“I studied hard, and I am ready for the test,” Jenny said.
“I am curious about the best way to prepare for the exam,” Joe enquired.
April 10, 2023 17
Commas with Interrupters
• Extra information• Non-essential clauses• Appositives• Direct address
April 10, 2023 19
Commas with Extra Information
Use commas around non-essential clauses. If the clause simply gives extra information about the sentence but does not change the meaning, use a comma.
Bill Gates, who is the founder of Microsoft, is a well-known philanthropist.
Rasmussen College, which is more than 110 years old, is a well-respected institution of higher learning.
April 10, 2023 20
Commas with Appositives
Use commas to set off (or separate) appositives. An appositive is a repetition. It renames or explains another word in the sentence.
Kaye's hairstylist, the girl with the great highlights, is going to give me a new cut.
April 10, 2023 21
Commas with Dates
Use a comma when a date is made up of two or more parts if the parts are both words or both numbers
Use commas to set apart each major piece in a sentence: Day, date, year =
two numbers
Thursday, May 25, 2010 two words
• The party was scheduled for Friday, June 11, 2001.
• Classes start on October 1, 2013.*October 31 is Halloween. *Maria started school in June 2012.*No comma needed
A second comma comes at the end of the date unless it is a the end of the sentence. • They were married on June 5,
2004, in California. Our first meeting is on Monday,
October 1, 2013, in San Francisco.
April 10, 2023 22
Commas with Locations
Use commas to set apart each major piece in a sentence: Address, city, state
Use a comma with a geographic location that has two or more parts. A second comma follows the last item unless it is at the end of the sentence.
I sent his invitation to 987 Tenth Avenue, Springfield, MN 56087.
They are going to Miami, Florida, for vacation.
Bernard lives in Paris, Texas, but I thought he lived in Paris, France.
Commas Quiz1. Choose the sentence with the correct comma placement.
A) I took Angie, the one with the freckles to the movie last night.
B) I took Angie, the one with the freckles, to the movie last night.
C) I took Angie the one with the freckles, to the movie last night.
D) I took Angie, the one with the freckles, to the movie, last night.
Correct