PUMP IT UP NCSO Coaches Clinic. THE HEART ANATOMY OF THE HEART Base - Superior end Apex - Inferior...
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Transcript of PUMP IT UP NCSO Coaches Clinic. THE HEART ANATOMY OF THE HEART Base - Superior end Apex - Inferior...
PUMP IT UPNCSO Coaches Clinic
THE HEART
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Base - Superior endApex - Inferior pointed end (left ventricle); rests on the diaphragm
• Pericardium – tough serous (connective tissue) membrane surrounding the heart
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
• Three layers:–Epicardium/ Visceral pericardium•Outer connective tissue layer (protection)
HEART WALL
–Myocardium:• Thick middle layer•Cardiac muscle: contracts to pump blood
–Thin inner layer composed of simple squamous epithelium - reduces friction for easier blood flow
ENDOCARDIUM
• Left & Right Atrium (Atria): Receiving chambers– Smaller with less muscle
• Left & Right Ventricles: discharging chambers– Left has thicker muscle layer than
right
HEART CHAMBERS
HEART VALVES
• Valves open as blood is pumped through• Close to prevent backflow• Two types are structurally different
• Right AV- Tricuspid Valve- three cusps of endocardium
• Left AV – Bicuspid/ Mitral valve – two cusps of endocardium
ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVES
Right AV Valve Left AV Valve
• Hold the AV valves in place• Also called the “heart strings”
CORDAE TENDINAE
SEMILUNAR VALVES
• AORTIC - junction of left ventricle and aorta
• PULMONARY - junction of right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
• Produces the “lub-dup” sounds of a heartbeat
• “lub” = closing of AV Valves
• “dup” = closing of semilunar valves
THE CARDIAC CYCLE
• Pulmonary Circulation: between heart and lungs
• Systemic Circulation: between heart and capillary beds
BLOOD PATHWAY THROUGH THE HEART
• Deoxygenated blood from body enters right atrium via the superior/ inferior vena cava
• R. Atrium R. AV valve R. Ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk branches into left and right pulmonary arteries (4 total) to the lungs
BLOOD PATHWAY THROUGH THE HEART
While in the lungs CO2 diffuses out of the blood and oxygen diffuses into the blood and is transferred to RBC’s
• L&R Pulmonary veins (4 total) deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium
• L. Atrium L. AV valve L. Ventricle aortic semilunar valve oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta
BLOOD PATHWAY THROUGH THE HEART
BLOOD COMPOSITION• Hematocrit –volume percentage (%) of
red blood cells • Plasma - 46-63%• Formed elements – 37-54%
PLASMA
• Non – living fluid matrix– 92% water– 7% plasma
proteins– 1% other solutes
• pH 7.35 to 7.45 – slightly alkaline
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
• About 1/3 of all body cells are RBC’s•Outnumber WBC’s 1000 to 1•One drop of contains ~ 260 million •Males have higher numbers than females – androgens promote RBC production
RBC STRUCTURE• Small size and “doughnut” shape
provide large surface area to volume ratio– Increases gas transport and
diffusion rate–Flexibility to squeeze through
capillaries• Lack organelles – cannot undergo cell division– Life span about 120 days
RBC FUNCTION
- Contain ~ 250 million hemoglobin molecules – iron bearing protein that transports the bulk of the oxygen
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
–Account for less than 1% of total blood volume–Contain a nucleus–Defend against bacteria, viruses,
parasites and cancer cells
WBC CHARACTERISTICS
–Diapedesis - ability to slip in and out of blood vessels–Positive chemotaxis – ability to
locate areas of tissue damage and infection by responding to chemicals diffused from the damaged cells
WBC TYPES
Granular leukocytes
Agranular leukocytes
Most numerous
Least numerous
Found in lymphoid tissue
Numbers increase during prolonged infections
PLATELETS(THROMBOCYTES)
• Needed for blood clotting• Megakaryocytes - platelets break off from the larger cell• Typical platelet count ~ 300,000/mm3
RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)
• About 1/3 of all body cells are RBC’s•Outnumber WBC’s 1000 to 1•One drop of contains ~ 260 million
• Small size and “doughnut” shape provide large surface area to volume ratio– Increases gas transport and diffusion rate– Flexibility to squeeze through capillaries
RED BLOOD CELLS
• Lack organelles – cannot undergo cell division–Life span about 120 days
• Contain ~ 250 million hemoglobin molecules – iron bearing protein that transports the bulk of the oxygen
• Genetic disorder• Highest incidence in
people of African descent• Evolutionary adaptation
for surviving malaria –RBC’s have shorter life span, less flexible, can’t carry as much oxygen, “sickle shaped”
• People are generally tired and have painful attacks
• Limited activity
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
–Account for less than 1% of total blood volume–Contain a nucleus–Defend against bacteria, viruses,
parasites and cancer cells
WBC CHARACTERISTICS
–Diapedesis - ability to slip in and out of blood vessels–Positive chemotaxis – ability to
locate areas of tissue damage and infection by responding to chemicals diffused from the damaged cells
Most numerous
Least numerous
Found in lymphoid tissue
Numbers increase during prolonged infections
PLATELETS(THROMBOCYTES)• Needed for blood clotting• Megakaryocytes - platelets break off from the larger cell• Typical platelet count ~ 300,000/mm3
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries: Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
*High pressureVeins: Vessels that return blood to the heart
*Valves to prevent backflow*Low pressure
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS• Arterioles – branch off arteries–Provide blood to more than 10
million capillaries• Venules – formed as capillaries join
together as they leave the tissues
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
• Capillaries – ~ diameter of one RBC–Capillary beds supply tissues of the
body with gases & nutrients
• Build up of cholesterol as a plaque in artery/ arteriole walls
• May lead to heart attack or stroke/ high blood pressure
ATHERSCLEROSIS
• Lack of blood flow through coronary arteries causes death of heart tissue
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (HEART ATTACK)
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
• Oxygenates blood for delivery to the cells
• Removes carbon dioxide (waste product) from blood
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF
• The Nose – only externally visible part of the system
• Nostrils (external nares) – air enters the body
TRACHEA• Also called the windpipe• Lined with ciliated mucosa to propel
mucus loaded with dust and other foreign bodies away from the lungs and to the throat
• Rigid walls enforced with C – shaped rings of hyaline cartilage• Keeps trachea open during the
pressure changes that occur during breathing
• Relatively large organs which occupy the thoracic cavity
• Soft and spongy• Apex – located near
clavicle• Base – rests on the
diaphragm
LUNGS
• Only site of gas exchange in the lungs
• Structures include the alveoli, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and respiratory bronchioles
RESPIRATORY ZONE
MECHANICS OF BREATHING
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
• Also called the air-blood barrier
• Gas flows past one side and blood past the other
• Gas exchange occurs by diffusion through this membrane
• Oxygen passes from the alveolar air into the RBC’s and carbon dioxide enters the alveoli from the blood
COPD - (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE)
COPD – COMMON FEATURES
• History of smoking • Dyspnea – labored breathing that gets
progressively worse• Coughing/ frequent pulmonary infections• Ultimately develop respiratory failure
EMPHYSEMA
• Lung tissue weakened and destroyed
• Air spaces become larger• More difficult for air to
be exchanged in the lungs
• Lungs become less elastic
• Over time it becomes more difficult to release carbon dioxide and to obtain oxygen.
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS• Cough – 3 months to 2 yrs• Increased mucus in lumen• Chronic inflammation• Chronic thickening of the bronchial walls• Narrowed passageways
ASTHMA
• Chronically inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages
• Respond to multiple irritants with coughing, wheezing and dyspnea (labored breathing)
• Defective gene causes mucus secretions to become thick and sticky disrupting breathing & digestion
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• Most preventable (over 70% of cases are caused by smoking)
• High mortality rate after diagnosis
LUNG CANCER