Pulmonary Edema “Acute systolic heart failure” is useful for hospital billing, but pulmonary...
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Transcript of Pulmonary Edema “Acute systolic heart failure” is useful for hospital billing, but pulmonary...
Pulmonary Edema
“Acute systolic heart failure” is useful for hospital billing, but pulmonary edema is more descriptive.
Pulmonary EdemaLearning Goals Management of symptomatic pulmonary
edema Management of cardiogenic shock
Not in this talk:Chronic outpatient systolic and diastolic failure
Case #1
72 W with dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy, EF=45 %, presents to the ED after waking up at 2am from shortness of breath.
It is now 6 days after Thanksgiving; “I didn’t eat any salt,” but she admits to eating canned gravy and canned cranberry sauce
Case #1, HPI, continued
Notes worsening in ankle swelling and worsened orthopnea
Baseline ET 2 blocks, now 20 feet limited by dyspnea; denies chest pain
Usually she makes copious urine after taking furosemide, but had almost no urine output after yesterday’s dose
Case #1, ROS, continued
Denies lightheadedness and syncope Notes a new decrease in appetite; on
further questioning she still feels hungry and wants to eat, but feels full after only 2-3 bites of food
72 W DICM, ate too much salt
PMH: HTN, DM, CAD, CHF PSH: Cath one year ago showed chronic total
occlusion of mid LAD; no other severe lesions on cath; no intervention performed
Medications: Lisinopril 10mg PO dailyCarvedilol 12.5mg PO bidFurosemide 40mg PO dailyASA 81, Simvastatin 40, Insulin
72 W DICM, ate too much salt
NKDA Social: Quit tobacco one year ago,
drinks 1-2 8oz glasses of wine per week, denies drug use
Lives next door to her daughter and grandchildren, weighs herself and checks her BP at home daily
Family: Father died age 63 of MI
72 W DICM, ate too much salt
150/90 P82 R28 SpO2=93% 2L T=98.4 Weight is 62kg; baseline is 57kg Jugular venous pressure 12cmH2O Crackles to mid lung fields bilaterally RRR, II/VI apical holosystolic murmur Bilateral pitting ankle edema;
extremities warm
72 W DICM, ate too much salt
CBC normal, coags normal Na=129 K=4.9 BUN=18 Cre=1.1 Albumin=3.6, LFT’s otherwise normal EKG shows normal sinus rhythm, left
atrial enlargement, left ventricular hypertrophy, and poor R-wave progression, all unchanged from routine EKG taken three months ago
72 W pulmonary edema
ED Course Receives furosemide 40mg IV once,
makes 1.5L urine Reports complete resolution of her
shortness of breath; now feels normal BP 130/80 P80 R21 SpO2=98% 2L JVP=10; ankle edema persists
72 W pulmonary edema
What to do next? Emergent cardiac catheterization Transfer to CCU, consider inotropes Admit to telemetry, rule out MI Discharge home with close clinic f/u
Intestinal edema
Early satiety is one of the most sensitive and specific symptoms of heart failure exacerbation
Jakob SM. Clinical review: splanchnic ischemia. Crit Care. 2002;6:306–312.15.
Higgins CB, Vatner SF, Franklin D, et al. Pattern of differential vasoconstriction in response to acute and chronic low-output states in the conscious dog. Cardiovasc Res. 1974;8:92–98.16.
Zelis R, Nellis SH, Longhurst J, et al. Abnormalities in the regional circulation accompanying congestive heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1975;18:181–199.
Ate salt
Central venous pressure increases; mesenteric venous pressure increasesIntestinal
edema
Cannot absorb PO meds
72 W pulmonary edema
What to do next? Emergent cardiac catheterization Transfer to CCU, consider inotropes Admit to telemetry, rule out MI Discharge home with close clinic f/u
And increase furosemide dose from 40mg PO daily to 80mg PO bid for five days; instruct pt. to return to clinic immediately if weight fails to return to baseline
72 W pulmonary edema
What to do next? Emergent cardiac catheterization Transfer to CCU, consider inotropes Admit to telemetry, rule out MI Discharge home with close clinic f/u
“This is not a heart failure exacerbation, it’s Lasix deficiency syndrome.”
Case #2
71 W with a one-year history of asthma treatment from a community physician, presents to the ED after waking up at 2am with shortness of breath.
Case #2, HPI, continued
Often awakens in the middle of the night; gets up and takes albuterol, usually feels good enough to go back to sleep
Baseline ET 1 block, now has dyspnea at rest; denies chest pain
Sometimes feels lightheadedness and palpitation after taking albuterol
71 W “asthma”
PMH: HTN, DM, CHOL, asthma (PFT’s never done) PSH: None Medications:
Amlodipine 10mg PO daily
Aliskiren 300mg PO daily
HCTZ 25mg PO daily
Albuterol PRN; using 6-8 puffs a day now
Advair 500/50 2 puffs PO bid
ASA 81, Pravastatin 10, Insulin
71 W “asthma”
NKDA Social: Smokes 1/2 ppd x50 years, no
EtOH, denies drug use Family: Father died age 63 of MI
71 W “asthma”
102/64 P118 R32 SpO2=91% 4L T=99.4 Diaphoretic Jugular venous pressure 12cmH2O Expiratory wheeze from lung bases to mid
lung fields bilaterally Rapid rate, regular rhythm, III/VI apical
holosystolic murmur Bilateral pitting ankle edema; extremities
warm
71 W “asthma”
Labs drawn; results pending EKG shows sinus tachycardia, left atrial
enlargement, left ventricular hypertrophy with ST-T changes that could be due to hypertrophy or ischemia, and poor R-wave progression
No prior EKG for comparison
71 W pulmonary edema
Intubation?IABP?Morphine?Nitroglycerin?Simvastatin?BiPAP?Diltiazem?Digoxin?
Albuterol?Xopenex?Furosemide?Tirofiban?ASA?Plavix?Metoprolol?Heparin?
Levophed?Dopamine?Dobutamine?Nesiritide?Nexium?Hydralazine?Lisinopril?Captopril?
71 W pulmonary edema
Intubation?IABP?Morphine?Nitroglycerin?Simvastatin?BiPAP?Diltiazem?Digoxin?
Albuterol?Xopenex?Furosemide?Tirofiban?ASA?Plavix?Metoprolol?Heparin?
Levophed?Dopamine?Dobutamine?Nesiritide?Nexium?Hydralazine?Lisinopril?Captopril?
Here, have a mnemonic
Lasix IV (high dose if pt. prev. on it) Morphine (at least 4mg IV to start) Nitroglycerin (SL, paste, or drip) Oxygen (100% NRBM, then PAP) Positive pressure ventilation
(noninvasive bilevel positive airway pressure “BiPAP™” or intubation)
Someone comes rushing in.
“The labs came back! The troponin is elevated. We have our diagnosis: This is a NSTEMI! Rush the patient to the cath lab!”
Laboratory Values
CBC normal, coags normal Na=126 K=5.1 BUN=28 Cre=1.3 Albumin=3.4, mildly elevated
transaminases, LFT’s otherwise normal Troponin I=0.13, CK=164
Physical examination now
98/62 P96 R26 SpO2=99% on Bilevel PAP set at IPAP=10, EPAP=5, FiO2=60%
Diaphoretic Bilateral pitting ankle edema; extremities
warm
Yikes! We have troponin!
You shout: “Are you having any chest discomfort at all?” She shakes her head no. “How is your breathing?” She indicates through the mask that she is starting to feel better.
Repeat EKG shows normal sinus rhythm, otherwise unchanged (LVH, LAE, ST-T wave changes of hypertrophy or ischemia)
72 W pulmonary edema
What to do next? Emergent cardiac catheterization Transfer to CCU, consider inotropes Admit to telemetry, continue LMNOP Call the cardiology fellow to ask “Should
we give heparin?”
Pt. goes to the CCU: Best case
Pt. continues to feel better with repeat furosemide dosing. Blood pressure improves. Stops BiPAP. Echo shows EF=35%, mod MR. Weight drops 4kg in two days; edema resolves. Cardiac catheterization two days later shows chronic total occlusion of mid LAD. No other significant lesions noted.
Best case scenario, continued
Pt. sent home on ACE, beta blocker, diuretic, statin, aspirin, insulin. Quits smoking. Fires her old internist and chooses a physician at Jacobi’s internal medicine continuity clinic. Echo 3 months later shows EF=45%, mild MR. Doesn’t go to the ED again until shortly after Thanksgiving of the following year.
The worst outcome
Pulmonary edema is not treated promptly. Patient has RR=44, SpO2=89%, then starts to become lethargic.
Intubated for hypoxic respiratory failure. (After all, intubation is the ultimate form
of positive pressure ventilation.)
Why this is bad
This is not bad because of the patient’s long-term prognosis--it’s bad because we physicians failed the patient.
This patient can still recover and turn out just as well as in the best-case scenario long-term (so long as she doesn’t develop ventilator complications). She just had to suffer needlessly to get there.
Pt. goes to the CCU: Intermediate outcome, case #2 Despite LMNOP, the patient continues
to complain of shortness of breath in the CCU. Extremities become cooler. BP drops to 92/52, HR=112. Echo shows EF=30%, mod MR. Pt. cannot lie flat for cardiac catheterization; she continues to deny chest pain.
What’s the term for this?
There’s a name for this cluster of findings: Hypotension Elevated JVP Pulmonary edema Cool extremities
What to do now?
Intubation?IABP?MorphineNitroglycerinSimvastatinBiPAPDiltiazem?Digoxin?
Albuterol?Xopenex?FurosemideTirofiban?ASAPlavix?Metoprolol?Heparin?
Levophed?Dopamine?Dobutamine?Nesiritide?NexiumHydralazine?Lisinopril?Captopril?
Cardiogenic shock:Principles of Therapy Palliate symptomatic pulmonary edema Confirm diagnosis Reduce afterload Remove edema fluid Increase inotropy
This discussion does not apply to the septic (“distributive shock”) patient who also has heart failure
Cardiogenic shock:Principles of TherapyFirst, exclude surgical emergency: To cardiac cath lab stat if etiology is acute
coronary syndrome If acute structural heart disease is etiology
(e.g. endocarditis, ventricular septal wall rupture), consider IABP and OR stat
Get EKG and auscultate; check emergent echo if concerns persist
Cardiogenic shock:Principles of Therapy Palliate symptomatic pulmonary edema Confirm diagnosis Reduce afterload Remove edema fluid Increase inotropy
Cardiogenic shock:Principles of Therapy Palliate symptomatic pulmonary edema Confirm diagnosis Reduce afterload Remove edema fluid Increase inotropy
Afterload reduction options
Hydralazine ACE/ARB Dobutamine/Milrinone Nesiritide
Diuresis/Ultrafiltration Phlebotomy
Hydralazine (with nitrates)
Hydralazine 10mg PO tid is a reasonable starting dose
Titrate upward every day as BP tolerates; goal systolic BP is usually 95-100
Maximum dose is 300mg daily Drug-induced lupus is dose-dependent
Hydralazine + nitrates saves lives compared to placebo; please don’t ask about BiDil
ACE/ARB
Compared to hydralazine and nitrates, ACE or ARB therapy extends life still more
This effect is not dose-dependent (low-dose ACE/ARB as life-extending as high dose)
In severely low output states, can cause renal hypoperfusion and injury (evidence poor)
No evidence that adding ACE to ARB or vice versa has any benefit
Dobutamine/Milrinone
These are inotropes, not pressors They are both arterial vasodilators A good combination, physiologically, for relief
of cardiogenic shock
Dobutamine/Milrinone adverse reactions Can cause tachyarrhythmia (AF, Afl, VT, VF) Decrease dose in case of relentless
tachycardia or frequent nonsustained ventricular tachycardia
If inotrope deemed necessary and unable to control tachyarrhythmia with reduced dose:
Consider amiodarone Consider digoxin (keep K>4, Mg>2)
Dobutamine v. Milrinone
Renal insufficiency:Milrinone accumulates, causing worsened ability to monitor; still okay for
short-term (1-2) day use in renal dysfunctionWinner: Dobutamine
Beta blockers wanted:Dobutamine cannot be used with a beta blocker (dobutamine is a beta
agonist); however a patient can be on milrinone with a beta blockerWinner: Milrinone
Dopamine or Norepinephrine is in the room:Increases afterload--usually a bad idea in heart failure, but may seem necessary in septic shock
Loser: Dopamine and Norepinephrine
Dobutamine/Milrinone adverse reactions In patients with acute coronary syndrome, can worsen
infarct (increased oxygen demand)
Never shown to reduce mortality; several studies show increase in mortality
Nesiritide
Controversial Reduces afterload Potentially effective in diastolic heart failure Potentially protects kidneys Potentially shortens life
Diuresis/Ultrafiltration
Reduce afterload by decreasing effective circulating volume
Removes the edema
Phlebotomy used to be performed for this until we learned that anemia worsens heart failure
Diuresis/Ultrafiltration
Monitor urine output and daily weight Make sure kidneys are perfused (reduce
afterload and increase inotropy as needed) Escalate furosemide dose until brisk diuresis
is achieved; add metolazone as needed If unable to diurese, begin ultrafiltration
What to do now?
Intubation?IABP?MorphineNitroglycerinSimvastatinBiPAPDiltiazem?Digoxin?
Albuterol?Xopenex?FurosemideTirofiban?ASAPlavix?Metoprolol?Heparin?
Levophed?Dopamine?Dobutamine?Nesiritide?NexiumHydralazine?Lisinopril?Captopril?
Intermediate outcome, cont.
Pt. is started on dobutamine 5mcg/kg/min. Furosemide changed to continuous IV drip (10mg/hr), and nitroglycerin changed to IV drip (10mcg/min).
Once pulmonary edema resolves, drips titrated off. Pt. starts beta-blocker, ACE, diuretics; follows with cardiology.
A word about Beta Blockers in Pulmonary Edema Long-term heart failure management:
Yes. Beta-blockers prolong life.
Management of patient in pulmonary edema on the verge of intubation:Avoid. (It’s a negative inotrope.)
Special situations: Beta Blockers in Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary edema due to hypertensive
emergency:Esmolol is as good as any other hypertensive emergency drug. (Nitroglycerin is not.)
Patient on dobutamine: Avoid.
Patient with HOCM, tachycardia, and pulmonary edema: Use beta blockers