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Transcript of Public Transportation Sustaining Cities' Ambience and Efficiency
8/8/2019 Public Transportation Sustaining Cities' Ambience and Efficiency
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Urban Transportation:Sustaining Cities’ Ambience and Efficiency
Presented by:
Lawrence Tseu SK PhD. BA (Hon.) Town Planning, Leeds Poly. (1981); M. Urban Planning, McGill Univ. (1983)
Phd. Strathclyde Univ., (2005);
MMIP MRTPI
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINSTRATION Forum on Building Vibrant & Liveable CitiesOctober 5th 2010
Bukit Kiara, Kuala Lumpur
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Ambience and Effiecency:Issues & Challenges Content Definitions
- about urban transport- about ambience- efficiency
- the planning issues
Urban Transport- walk the walk great cities have pedestrian environment- get on the bus- speed/cruise control - non motorised transport- delivery the good
Challenges Why we need to Change)
Conclusion
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The Living Environment The Living Environment --
People and Urban Transport People and Urban Transport In any town and city, the structure of a human settlementIn any town and city, the structure of a human settlement
rests on a threerests on a three--legged stool of politic, economics and legged stool of politic, economics and transportation;transportation;
Of these three, transportation is the most visible and activeOf these three, transportation is the most visible and activein shaping a place;in shaping a place;
-- how we get around determine how we live;how we get around determine how we live; Urban Transportation determines the form we liveUrban Transportation determines the form we live
Sustainable urban transport focuses on public transportSustainable urban transport focuses on public transport
because the extensive use of public transport means morebecause the extensive use of public transport means morespaces are free for public spacesspaces are free for public spaces
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Sustainable Development Sustainable Development – –
its origins and meaningits origins and meaning
In 1972 the United Nations convened a conferenceIn 1972 the United Nations convened a conferencein Stockholm, Sweden to give developed andin Stockholm, Sweden to give developed anddeveloping countries a better understanding of developing countries a better understanding of
how to care for our planet.how to care for our planet. The United Nations EnvironmentThe United Nations Environment ProgrammeProgramme
(UNEP) arose out of the Stockholm Conference(UNEP) arose out of the Stockholm Conference..
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Sustainable Development Sustainable Development – –
its origins and meaningits origins and meaning
In 1983 the United Nations GeneralIn 1983 the United Nations General
Assembly created the World Commission on Assembly created the World Commission onEnvironment and Development (WCED)Environment and Development (WCED)
and appointed Dr.and appointed Dr. GroGro HarlemHarlem BrundtlandBrundtlandits Chairwoman.its Chairwoman.
The WCED was given the task of developingThe WCED was given the task of developinga “global agenda for change.”a “global agenda for change.”
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Sustainable Development Sustainable Development – – its origins and meaningits origins and meaning Five years later, in 1987, the WCED published Five years later, in 1987, the WCED published
Our Common Future, which agreed a definition of Our Common Future, which agreed a definition of
sustainable development which is now generallysustainable development which is now generallyrecognised around the world. According to thisrecognised around the world. According to thisdefinition, sustainable development meets thedefinition, sustainable development meets the
needs of the present without compromisingneeds of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.own needs.
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Sustainable Development Sustainable Development
The ‘mechanism’ of sustainable development concept isThe ‘mechanism’ of sustainable development concept isthat it attempts to reconcile economy and environment,that it attempts to reconcile economy and environment,and the access to resources of both present and futureand the access to resources of both present and future generations generations
…so in urban transport, there must be a paradigm shift…so in urban transport, there must be a paradigm shiftto ensure that urban traffic is workingto ensure that urban traffic is working –– people and people and traffic are not in conflict.traffic are not in conflict.
Our present practice in Malaysia shows that so muchOur present practice in Malaysia shows that so muchmore that needs to be improved more that needs to be improved
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Changes in Urban TransportationChanges in Urban Transportation
In many cities of developing countries,
high growth of the vehicle fleet has taken
place over the last three decades;
Non-motorised transport, which in
earlier times was the common way of linking together places of activities, has to
a large extent been substituted by the car indaily mobility, and by trucks, for freight
movement
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Excessive use of private vehicles
• creates and exacerbates traffic congestion on cities’
urban road networks;
• seriously undermines the role of public transport,which becomes less cost effective and less efficient
through falling use and increasing congestion;• Almost all Malaysian cities with large populations,
which have traditionally depended on public transport, cycling and walking, is now more car centered
• Car centred society brings about serious deficiency to social network and system in cities – compounds and damage urban fabrics
Th I fl f h P f i l Pl
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The Influence of the Professionals: Planners,
Engineers towards the Unsustainable
What we have been focusing in the Past:What we have been focusing in the Past:
high speed, motorized longer high speed, motorized longer--distance travel distance travel
the needs of slower, shorter the needs of slower, shorter--distance travel distance travel
markets have been neglected markets have been neglected Result:Result:
-- Increasing trip lengths, urban sprawl Increasing trip lengths, urban sprawl
-- Decrease utility and use of walking,Decrease utility and use of walking,cycling, public transportationcycling, public transportation
-- Harm to environment, public health,Harm to environment, public health,
rising congestion, unsustainabilityrising congestion, unsustainability
-- Widespread false belief that transportWidespread false belief that transport
modernization equals motorizationmodernization equals motorization
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Increase in urban traffic and urban congestion havethe following implications:-
i) use of space: the city environ. has deteriorated
ii) social impact (alienation of people)iii) road crashes/accidents
iv) street level pollution
v) health hazards and risksiv) unproductive workforce (spend more time on road)
vii) unfriendly city inviting snatch thieves, crime, rapes,
molestation)
viii) effect on greenhouse gas/global warming
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how street space is allocated and managed tells peoplehow street space is allocated and managed tells peoplehow to travel…how to travel…
Source: GTZ Sourcebook
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Visual intrusion on Urban Environment
Urban Space seized by motorcycles
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Endless daybreak Traffic Congestion
A car first society
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A car first society
4
1
2
3
5
2
d dd d
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And yet today…. And yet today…. PolicyPolicy makersmakers inin developingdeveloping and and emergingemerging developed developed
countriescountries seemed seemed toto approachapproach transporttransport problem problem withwith car car oriented oriented paradigm paradigm poorly poorly matched matched byby thethe needsneeds of of urbanurbandwellersdwellers;;
TransitTransit isis dominated dominated byby discussiondiscussion of of megamega rail rail project project or or MRT MRT or or LRT LRT rather rather thanthan thethe moremore reasonablyreasonably priced priced busbusrapid rapid transporttransport;;
CyclingCycling and and walkingwalking areare neglected,neglected, uptakeuptake of of cleaner cleaner fuel fuel and and technologiestechnologies isis slow,slow, and and scarcescarce road road spacespace isis given given free free of of chargecharge toto car car ownershipownership minorityminority eveneven whilewhile citiescities areare facing facingseveresevere funding funding shortagesshortages..
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Need to understand that
traffic growth outpaces
population and job growth…
but expanding roads
yields no long-term relief because it
induces more traffic
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The Next Level - JUMPING
TO THE SECOND CURVE An Agenda for Change
http://nrich.maths.org/content/id/2742/iStock_jumper.gif
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Planning for sustainable Urban
Transport: Towards Ambience
and efficiency
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h b l h bh b l h b
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The Accessibility Approach to UrbanThe Accessibility Approach to Urban
Transport PlanningTransport Planning
Paradoxically, too much mobility by cars can reduce theParadoxically, too much mobility by cars can reduce the
exchange because much of theexchange because much of the exchange spaceexchange space (shops,(shops,homes, footpath, public square, parks) must be devoted tohomes, footpath, public square, parks) must be devoted to““movement spacemovement space”.”.
The more of this we get in towns and cities, actually destroy The more of this we get in towns and cities, actually destroy
public realm of the towns/cities and hurts all other form of public realm of the towns/cities and hurts all other form of exchange friendly mode of transport;exchange friendly mode of transport;
Exchange* Exchange* -- the fundamental purpose of the city/town. Transport facilitatethe fundamental purpose of the city/town. Transport facilitate
exchange opportunityexchange opportunity
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Main modes of urban transport
Walking
Cycling Motorised transport
- private
- public
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Let’s Start with walking
Last year, 2009, the annual international walking conference, Walk21 begun with a pre workshop on Measuring Walkability on 6 th October 2009. The main conference took place at New York University in Manhattan's Greenwich Village, from Wednesday October 7 to Friday October 9, 2009 and will be hosted by the New York City Department of Transportation.This year, the conference will be held in Ocober in the Hague., Holland
The Ambience
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The Ambience
Walking is the most natural, affordable, healthy andclean way of getting around; but it requires not only legs and feet but affordable street - the fundamental
building block of a walkable city.
Do we have it in Malaysia?
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More footprints, less carbon: walkable communities are
sustainable communities. Dense, pedestrian-oriented,
walkable cities have significantly lower greenhouse gasemissions than more sprawling, car-oriented
counterparts.
pedestrian planning and environmental goals in theircities are linked
Why Walk?
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How do we make urban transport sustainable and blend with the
environment ? How to draw out the niches of
urban transport
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Invite people to walk everywhere in the street
Ensure that there are simple direct street crossing; always at grades
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A great walking environment must
protect pedestrian from people
Only when people fill safe, they will
walk..to neighbourhood stores,
leisure, path, walk the pets, along
neighbourhood roads etc.…making the street come alive…
a great environment
Continuous sidewalk over
side street gives pedestrian
priority
Canopies create critical shade fro
sidewalk especially in very hot
towns/cities
i l
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Invite people to
linger
Unlike other mode of transport, walking is not
just about getting from Ato B
Connect important
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Connect important
Destinations
A high quality street for pedestrian and bicycle only inBogota, Columbia
Keep Ground Place active where people walk
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Keep Ground Place active where people walk
New York Street: From famous to world class pedestrainising
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In 2008, sidewalk in time square were so overcrowded and and spilled into the street. By
May 2009, the City of New York implemented the Broadway Boulevard Project . This
included the new pedestrian zone in Times Square, Herald and Greenly Square and
Madison Square. 42,000m2 of space were reclaimed from traffic. Congestion from
surrounding avenue decreased significantly; Traffic injuries felled by 63% and pedestrianinjuries fell by 35%
f p gBroadway
Source: ITDP Sourcebook
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New York’s Broadway is today is striving like never before. People converge on this urban
place from all over the world to enjoy its vistas, cafes, concerts, art exhibitions, yoga
class, spontaneous snowball fight, watch people etc. An exciting and a place that canclaim to be the world most lively street.
Source: ITDP Sourcebook
Health Impact no more of these
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Health Impact – no more of these
Traffic Police and others in Bangkok are exposedTo motor-vehicles’ emission on regular basis likethis street vendor at Silom Street who resorts tousing surgical mask to filter highly polluted air
A sidewalk seamstress who carries out hertrade in Bangkok’s Payattai Street wearinga surgical mask to indicate the polluted air inthe city.
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What does it mean for the Planet?
Source: ITDP Source book
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Source: ww.walkinginfo.org/training/pdps
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Cycling or Biking
Beside walking, Bicycling issues have grown in
significance throughout the 1990s. In this new millennium, public agencies and public
interest groups alike in many cities esp. in developed
ones are striving to define the most appropriate way in which to accommodate the two modes within theoverall transportation system so that those who walk
or ride bicycles can safely, conveniently, andcomfortably access every destination within acommunity.
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Bicycles and other means of people powered
transport are the most sustainablealternative to motorised vehicles.
People will choose cycling if street are madesafe and comfortable. Cycling help peopleto save at least a third of their income that
are normally spent on vehicles or publictransport
Source: Bike world
Cycling / Biking
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Cycling is Fun and Healthy
Making cycling
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safe and fun
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Bicycles are cheap mode of urban transport
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C li i f ll ki d f l
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Cycling is for all kind of people
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Bicycles lanes can be planned almost anywhere Grand Teton, WyomingGrand Teton, Wyoming
Bicycle lane in Canberra
The Way to the StationThe Way to the Station
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• Direct priority routes for cyclistsand pedestrians
• Information infrastructure• Channelized traffic with
medians, traffic calming• Good models: Delft, Leiden, Den
Hague, Hannover, Copenhagen,Malmo, Bogota, Curitiba
Source: Replogie, 2008
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You can tell how a
bike is used and loved by its owners
In fact bicycles are so popular that…
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Promoting Biking at Portland Airport, Oregon, USA
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Source: ITDP Source book
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And
Source: ITDP Source book
the sustainable
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In urban area, people matter; not speed In urban area, people matter; not speed In urban area, people matter; not speed In urban area, people matter; not speed
and this is just one of the essence of and this is just one of the essence of and this is just one of the essence of and this is just one of the essence of sustainable urban transport…sustainable urban transport…sustainable urban transport…sustainable urban transport…
Government of the day should focus on the Government of the day should focus on the Government of the day should focus on the Government of the day should focus on the backbone of public transport backbone of public transport backbone of public transport backbone of public transport – –– – the bus; the bus; the bus; the bus; cheap, equitable in term of social costs; easy cheap, equitable in term of social costs; easy cheap, equitable in term of social costs; easy cheap, equitable in term of social costs; easy
to maintain and operate to maintain and operate to maintain and operate to maintain and operate
…………So get on the Bus So get on the Bus So get on the Bus So get on the Bus
Some trip takes too long
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for walking and for cycling
Shenyang Bus Lane
Suzhou Bus Lane
Shijiazhung Bus Lane
Exclusive Bus Lane
Four public transport systems, same cost (US$1 bi)Four public transport systems, same cost (US$1 bi)
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426 kilometres of BRT 40 kilometres of LRT
14 kilometres of elevated rail 7 kilometres of subway
Construction Time
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BRT METRO
1 -2 Years 3 -10 Years
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Because of their comparative low costs an fast
implementation time, the BRT (bus rapid transit
system) are proving to be able to keep space with rapid motorisation and urbanisation of cities
Weather protected station
with seating and real time
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with seating and real time
information makes waiting forbus much more comfortable
Level boarding without stairs
makes it very easier for the
handicapped, people withstrollers and big luggages
Source: ITDP Source book
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Success in SEA: In Jakarta, TransJakartaBRT system has
expanded to 118 km
Source: GTZ Source book
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Meeting the diverse needs of all people
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Source: LTA, Spore
Meeting the diverse needs of all people
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Source: LTA Spore
BRT and urban transport BRT and urban transport BRT and urban transport BRT and urban transport
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pppp
in Bogota and Singapore in Bogota and Singapore in Bogota and Singapore in Bogota and Singapore
Source: LT Masterplan (Singapore)
Bus Lanes from SingaporeBus Lanes from SingaporeBus Lanes from SingaporeBus Lanes from Singapore
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Bus Lanes from Singapore Bus Lanes from Singapore Bus Lanes from Singapore Bus Lanes from Singapore
Source: :LT Masterplan, Singapore
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Clear and Informative
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Rules and Enforcement
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Use of Bus Lane in Use of Bus Lane in Use of Bus Lane in Use of Bus Lane in
Kunming, Yunan Kunming, Yunan Kunming, Yunan Kunming, Yunan
Province, PRC Province, PRC Province, PRC Province, PRC
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Benefits…
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An Example in
Indonesia
Traffic Congestion ...and more congestion
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Speed Control in
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Urban Areas
Source: ITDP Sourcebook
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•Today, many cities are retrofitted and designed for
cars;• car travel remained the preferred choice;•Traffic calming measures should be implemented
in strategic locations including school zones,residential areas, commercial areas
5
Why Speed control is necessary
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4
12
3
2
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A city for cars
Widening or adding roads inurban areas or built up areas
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damage urban communities.More cars use lead to greatercongestion, pollution and fuelconsumption and greenhouse
gas emissionCars consume too much urbanspaces and road space
Traffic cells allow passenger
vehicles and lorries to accesstheir street
Only if it is their destinations,
giving pedestrians and cyclists
priority
Slow down – increase spaceand safety for people
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Creating pedestrianwalkway gives way to pedestrian safety
Macau
a
Make Changes – be innovative
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Get Smart
– keepcars out
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Keep Ground Place active where people walk
Balance access with opportunities to linger
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Remove visual cues, like painted street lineand built curbs, forced drivers to slow
Down when mixing with pedestrians inSeoul, South Korea.
In Paris, rue saint Denis a place wherePeople reclaimed the street within a traffic
cell.
A St t i
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A Street in New Road,Brighton,England.Everyone Wins
Source;ITDP Source Book
Pay for Privilege
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Keep Car out -CongestionCharging and on streetall day parking charge
Linking up spaces
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Deliver the Goods
City life is fed by movement of people and goods
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City life is fed by movement of people and goods Food, fuels, clothing and solid waste are transported
between and within the cities by trucks;
Freight movement contributes 40 -50% of noise andair pollution; while on average account only for 10-15%of all vehicle travelled;
To be sustainable, cities need to ensure delivery services will have less impact on communities.
Regional movement should move from trucks (LHV)to rail or water based transport system; within cities,cycled based mode could also be tried out
Servicing the city in the cleanest and safest manner
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Using small delivery van, deliverymen makes local delivery and collect
Goods at client doorstep
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La Petitie, Reine, France
Emission Control
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Only small truck allowed for
Deliveries, during morningHours in Macau.
Innovative/diversify deliveries
In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, goods
are picked up at distribution centersb bi l
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p pby bicycle
In Brazil, catering company Fruta FrescaHires triathlon athletes from low income
Communities to make deliveries in a city
where most deliveries are made by
mtoorcycle
Build density around transit nodes
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Ensure high densityaround transport nodesaccording to pedestrian
and cycling 10 minutescatchment areas; 800 for pedestrians and 3 km for cyclists
Density should be denser
towards the transit nodes
Source: ITDP Source book
High density allow greater success of urban transitmode
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Landuse planning encouragedensification around BRT
corridor in Curitiba
Streetscape of BRT, Curitiba,
Brazil
Other applications: Revitalise existing before building new
Reuse structure preserve elements of
Neighbourhood history and identity –
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Old industrial area metamorphosed into a hub of life, work and leisure in
New York city
g y y
all within walking distance of transit
node
Why we needWhy we needWhy we needWhy we need
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WhyweneedWhyweneedWhyweneedWhyweneed
tochange tochange tochange tochange InMalaysiancitiesandtowns,
wehaveopportunitiesbutweneedtorecognise
ourweaknesses
Lack of transport facilities to enhance the attractivenessof bus transport.
Non continuous walkway for bus transport, lack of
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Non continuous walkway for bus transport, lack of pedestrian crossing faculties, bus information, busshelters, etc
Poor pedestrian connectivity and the opportunity for bustransport to provide good service.
Bus competing for road space;
traffic circulation in the CBD area is poor . No one likes
to use bus transport if it gets caught up in long queuesand traffic jam.
Most attractive places seemed to be shopping malls
Influence of the Professionals – you get what you plan
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Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur
Lesson on flyovers
• Shifting trips from public
transport to carI i i l h
Mexico City
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• Increasing trip length• Raising potential for
blighted zones adjacentto highway
• Creating air pollution andhot spots within radius of several hundred meters
Guangzhou
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In Malaysian most cities and town we tend toignore the value of tree lined street in the urbanenvironment …
Physical Impact on Urban Environment
Aesthetic beauty of treelined street then
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lined street…then
And now...
Impact on Urban Environment
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Before the trees were cut to give way to the state of art -
flyover
Impact on Urban
Environment
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Territorial Possessive Aspect
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With an aid of the car, the human being
can claim territory practically anywhere.
He/She parks the car whichever and
wherever is convenient to himSource: researcher’s library
Territorial Possessive Aspect The car as an reinforce
technique
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Source: researcher’s library
Emotional/relational aspect:
the cars an object of desire and love
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Some people buy and love their
cars
Treatment of car goes beyond
expectation
Slight accident or dent made to
their vehicle may invite real
problem
Travel Demand Management
•Recognizes that travel demand is not a given policy but
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•Is vital to creating high performance, cost-effective
transportation systems
•Is the natural complement to transportation supply
management, land use planning, and environmental/natural
resource management
•Recognizes that travel demand is not a given policy, but
is a function of transportation policies, pricing,
investments, choices
Project TDM Objectives…
• Influence travel mode choices tofavor broader policy goals
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p y g
• Promote more efficient tripchoices
• Reduce unnecessary motor
vehicle travel
• Reduce trip lengths
• Productively reuse saved urban
spaces
Source: GTZ SUT
Project Successful TDM
measures in HongKong have ensured the bus
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gindustry remains viable,
with buses dominating citytraffic.
TDM measures in Curitiba,
Combined with integrated
land use planning, ensure buses
retain market share
To succeed …To succeed …To succeed …To succeed …
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To move towards a better efficient transport
system, we need to build up our resource base sothat there is a same focus; an understandingabout what quality of life and sustainable
development is all about
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