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PUBLIC SPEAKINGUsing LanguageCopyright 20121Q:Crusade or Jihad?1. Holy war undertaken as a sacred duty. 2. Any vigorous, emotional movement for an idea or principle. 3. Any vigorous, aggressive movementfor the defense or advancement of an idea, cause, etc.4. War carried on under religious sanction. (dictionary.com)

Copyright 20122A:Crusade or Jihad1. Holy war undertaken as a sacred duty [...] J2. Any vigorous, emotional [movement] for an idea or principle. J3. Any vigorous, aggressive movementfor the defense or advancement of an idea, cause, etc. C4. []War carried on under [religious] sanction. C

Copyright 20123Denotative MeaningLiteral or dictionary meaning of word or phrase

Copyright 20124Connotative MeaningMeaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by word or phrase

Copyright 20125Language Use GuidelinesUse language clearly and accuratelyUse language vividlyUse language appropriately

Copyright 20126Use Language Clearly and AccuratelyAbstract WordsRefer to general concepts, qualities, or attributesThe big vehicle started moving with a lot of noise and smoke.

Copyright 20127Use Language Clearly and Accurately Concrete WordsRefer to tangible objectsThe space shuttle Atlantis launched.

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Use Language Clearly and Accurately Abstract vs. ConcretePhysical activitySportsGolfProfessional golfTiger Woods

Copyright 20129AbstractConcreteUse Language VividlyCreating ImageryCreates mental images of objects, actions, ideasHe dove for the ball describes this:Copyright 201210Use Language Vividly Creating ImageryIt was the final point in the Breast Cancer Awareness Beach Volleyball Tournament. Wearing his bright pink hat, and with his teammate looking on in dread, he fully extended himself for the ball as it plummeted towards the sand. His dive saved the point and won the match. describes this:Copyright 201211Use Language Vividly Creating ImageryCopyright 201212

Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery

Copyright 201213Use Language Vividly SimileComparison (explicit)Introduced with like or as

Copyright 201214Use Language Vividly SimileAir pollution is eating away at the monuments in Washington, D.C., like a giant Alka-Seltzer tablet.

Copyright 201215Use Language Vividly MetaphorComparison (implicit)Not introduced with like or as

Copyright 201216Use Language Vividly MetaphorAmericas cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society.

Copyright 201217Use Language Vividly RhythmPattern of sound created by your choice and/or arrangement of words

Copyright 201218Use Language Vividly Exploiting Rhythm of Language

Copyright 201219Use Language VividlyParallelismSimilar arrangement of pair or series of related words, phrases, sentences

Copyright 201220Use Language Vividly ParallelismRich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and womanit is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.

Copyright 201221Use Language Vividly RepetitionReiterating same word or set of words at beginning or end of successive clauses, sentences

Copyright 201222Use Language Vividly RepetitionIf not now, when? If not us, who? If not together, how?

Copyright 201223Use Language Vividly AlliterationRepeating initial consonant in close or adjoining words

Copyright 201224Use Language Vividly AlliterationOur colleges, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it.

Copyright 201225Use Language Vividly AntithesisJuxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

Copyright 201226Use Language Vividly AntithesisAsk not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.

Copyright 201227Using Language AppropriatelyCopyright 201228For the:OccasionAudienceTopicSpeaker

Using Language AppropriatelyInclusive LanguageDoes not stereotype, demean on basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, etc.

Copyright 201229Using Language AppropriatelyInclusive LanguageAvoid generic heAvoid use of man when referring to both men & womenAvoid stereotyping jobs, social roles by genderUse names groups use to identify themselves

Copyright 201230Using Language AppropriatelyAvoid the Generic HeInappropriate:Whenever a surgeon walks into the operating room, he risks being sued for malpractice.

Copyright 201231Using Language AppropriatelyAvoid the Generic HeMore appropriate:Whenever a surgeon walks into the operating room, she or he risks being sued for malpractice.Whenever surgeons walk into the operating room, they risk being sued for malpractice.Copyright 201232Using Language AppropriatelyAvoid Generic ManInappropriate:If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all of mankind.More appropriate:If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all human life.If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all life.Copyright 201233Using Language AppropriatelyAvoid Stereotyping InappropriateBeing a small businessman in the current economic climate is not easy.More appropriateBeing a small business person in the current economic climate is not easy.Owning a small business in the current economic climate is not easy.Copyright 201234Using Language AppropriatelyUse Group Self-IdentifiersInappropriateThe Paralympics show what handicapped people can accomplish in the athletic arena.More appropriateThe Paralympics show what people with disabilities can accomplish in the athletic arena.The Paralympics show what the differently abled can accomplish in the athletic arena.

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