Public Opinion Politics, Technology, and Ideas from Reconstruction to the 1920s.
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Transcript of Public Opinion Politics, Technology, and Ideas from Reconstruction to the 1920s.
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Public Opinion
Politics, Technology, and Ideas from Reconstruction to the 1920s
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The “Rise of Public Opinion”
The Newspaper Age
The Decline of Popular Politics
Public Relations, Propaganda, and Civil Liberties
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Newspapers Before 1865
Party Papers & Blanket Sheets
The Penny Press
The Civil War
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Newspapers After 1865
The “Independent” Metropolitan Daily From party editors to “press lords”
The Newspaper as Big Business Advertising
30% to 50% of content, 1870-1900 Revenue doubles every decade
Economies of Scale Steam presses, wire services, half-tone process, etc.
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Newspaper Circulation(per 100 households)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
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A New Reading Public
Urbanization
More Diverse African-American press Foreign language press
Better Educated 1870: 52% of children in school 1900: 72% of children in school
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New Journalisms
Newspapers & Urban Life Health and “swill scandals” Political machines and corruption
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Thomas Nast vs. Tammany
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Other Scandals
“The Beecher,” 1872 Victoria Woodhull and
Obscenity
Comstock Act, 1873 Press liberty v. public
morals
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“Yellow” Journalism
Or “Story” Journalism
Hearst, Pulitzer, et al.
Reaching new readers Supplements, Sunday editions, and graphics Women and immigrants News for the working and lower-middle classes
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Spanish-American War
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Newer Journalisms
“Information” Journalism Adolph Ochs and The New York Times Professionalism “Decency”
The ‘moral wars’ of the 1890s News for the educated middle-classes?
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“Muckraking”
“Quality” Magazines and the Middle Classes Harper’s, Century,
Scribner’s, Collier’s, Cosmopolitan
Socialist Press and the Working Classes Appeal to Reason and The
Jungle
From Outrage to Cynicism?
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Voter Turnout in National Elections
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1868187218761880188418881892189619001904190819121916192019241928
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Politics Before 1865
A “State of Courts and Parties”
Wartime expansion
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Shadow of the Civil War
The ‘Bloody Shirt’
Veterans and Politics Pensions and jobs The Grand Army of the
Republic
Militias, Parades, and Political Ballyhoo
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Gilded Age Politics
The Apotheosis of Popular Politics
Strong Parties, Weak Presidents
Close Elections, Negligible Mandates
“Special” Legislation and “Corruption” William Seward on the Republican Party:
“a joint-stock company in which those who contribute the most, direct the action and management of the concern.”
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Issues
Tariffs
The Currency
Railroad Regulation
Trusts and Monopolies
Civil Service Reform
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Cultural Aspects
Republicans ‘Mainstream’ Evangelical moralism
Democrats Outsiders Liturgical / libertarian
Issues Drink, schools,
immigration Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion
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Splinter Groups
Anti-Vice RepublicansGrangers and GreenbackersWomen Suffragists“Mugwumps” / Liberal Republicans
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Educational Politics
Liberals and Anti-Party Reform Civil Service Australian Ballot Primaries Municipal reform
Voter disenfranchisement Educating Public Opinion
Ex: Currency
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The Progressive “Movement”
Progressives and the Educational Style Muckraking (again) Attacking “the interests” Airing the “smoke-filled rooms” Expertise and efficiency
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Partisanship in Decline
Emergence of “Pressure Groups”
A Changing Electorate Middle class respectability Women and partisanship
From Popular to Advertised Politics Centralization of party operations Money and campaigning
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The Great War & Public Opinion
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Disillusionment in the 1920s
The “Propaganda Menace”
The Dissent Cases and Modern Civil Liberties
Walter Lippmann