Public Financing of Judicial Races Can Give Small Donors a Decisive Role
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Transcript of Public Financing of Judicial Races Can Give Small Donors a Decisive Role
7/30/2019 Public Financing of Judicial Races Can Give Small Donors a Decisive Role
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/public-financing-of-judicial-races-can-give-small-donors-a-decisive-role 1/12
7 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i
Zya`fc Bflglcfln kb Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl
Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`iAf``v Ckqqfhiq Eicidaiq 71, 1:71
Ufs qizkq fs hi h gle lg` qizkq fl g siqfis kl efiqil zk`fcfis hg cky`e hi`z dffngi
hi flbyilci k ckqzkqgi cgdzgfnl cgsh fl oyefcfg` i`icfkls Ui qizkqs gqi flileie kq
gerkcgis kq `infs`gkqs ~hk ~gl k ilsyqi kyq oysfci svsid ~kqms kq iriqvkli, lk oys
hksi ~fh ilkynh dkliv k eklgi
Ui 1:71 i`icfkls sg~ szilefln qickqes shguiqie gs hi yl`fdfie cgdzgfnl cgsh
yl`igshie av Cffils Ylfie gle khiq ieiqg` ckyq cgsis yleie af``fkls k ek``gqs fl
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qv szil g qickqe %1>8 df``fkl kq i`irfsfkl geriqfsfln, gle dkqi hgl hg` k hfs
dkliv cgdi fl hi kqd k fleizileil ixzilefyqis, gcckqefln k Oysfci g Sgmi gle
hi Aqillgl Ciliq kq Oysfci―~k nqkyzs hg qgcm dkliv fl oyefcfg` i`icfkls1
Szilefln kl oyefcfg` qgcis ixciieie %7 df``fkl fl 7: sgis3 Ufs dkliv, gs ysyg`, cgdi
qkd ckqzkqgfkls, `g~viqs, gle khiqs ~fh g sgmi fl cgsis aikqi hisi ckyqs Oyefcfg`
cgdzgfnl cklqfayfkls kil nfri qfsi k cklfcs k fliqis ~hil oyenis qy`i kl cgsis
flrk`rfln hifq cgdzgfnl eklkqs
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fkls, kq khiqs k flyilci hi g~ hqkynh cgdzgfnl cklqfayfkls Fl dks zya`fc
lglcfln svsids, cglefegis dys wyg`fv kq zya`fc syasfefis av qgfsfln g ciqgfl
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effkls, sych gs szilefln fdfs gle z`ienfln k kqnk zqfrgi yles9 Lkqh Cgqk`flg,
kq ixgdz`i, hgs g zya`fc lglcfln svsid fl ~hfch gzzi``gi ckyq cglefegis dys
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yles2 Zgqfcfzgfln cglefegis qicifri dkqi hgl %1::,::: fl zya`fc lglcfln, ay
hiv cgl kl`v szile hg syd gle hi wyg`fvfln cklqfayfkls kl hifq cgdzgfnls>
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Lkqh Cgqk`flg‖s zqknqgd hgs aiil hi`e ky gs g dkei` kq khiq sgis cklsfeiqfln
qikqds k miiz szicfg` fliqis dkliv ky k oyefcfg` cgdzgfnls, ay hfs vigq‖s i`icfkl
sg~ hi svsid kriq~hi`die av fleizileil szilefln gs hi sgi‖s kzfkls kq qiny`g$
fln cgdzgfnl lglci ~iqi shgqz`v `fdfie av qicil YS Syzqidi Ckyq cgsis
7/30/2019 Public Financing of Judicial Races Can Give Small Donors a Decisive Role
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1 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i
@fmi Li~ Dixfck gle khiq sgis,6 Lkqh Cgqk`flg kiqie zya`fc`v lglcie cglefegis
‐dgchfln yles— ~hiliriq hifq kzzklils gle hi nqkyzs syzzkqfln hifq kzzklils
szil dkqi hgl hi gdkyl grgf`ga`i hqkynh hi zya`fc syasfev Ufs dgchfln yles
svsid, hk~iriq, ~gs qy`ie ylcklsfyfklg` yleiq g 1:77 YS Syzqidi Ckyq cgsi,
~hfch hi`e hg efsqfayfln yles k zya`fc`v lglcie cglefegis fl qiszklsi k gl
kzzklil‖s szilefln fs iicfri`v g ‐zilg`v— kq hi kzzklil‖s zk`ffcg` sziich7:
^hf`i hi qgeffklg` kqd k ‐dgchfln yles— fs lk~ ylcklsfyfklg`, skdi oyqfsefc$
fkls hgri fdz`idilie ‐sdg``$eklkq dgchfln— svsids fl ~hfch zya`fc yles gqi ysie
k ‐dy`fz`v— hi fdzgc k sdg`` eklkqs F g sgi kiqs ri$k$kli dgchfln yles
kq sdg`` eklgfkls, kq ixgdz`i, g %1:: cklqfayfkl aickdis g %7,::: cklqfayfkl
Uisi svsids hgri lk vi aiil fdz`idilie kq oyefcfg` cgdzgfnls Ay f hisi svs$
ids ~iqi zy fl z`gci, sdg``$eklkq dgchfln cky`e hi`z sgis shkqi yz zya`fc ckl$
eilci fl oyefcfg` flinqfv gle eqgsfcg``v chglni hi zkk` k cgdzgfnl yles kl ~hfch
oyefcfg` cglefegis qi`v, ~hf`i g`sk zqkrfefln cglefegis hi ixfaf`fv liieie k qiszkle
k yl`fdfie fleizileil szilefln
Nfril hi ixz`ksfri nqk~h fl oyefcfg` cgdzgfnl cgsh, sgis shky`e gc wyfcm`v k
fdz`idil rfga`i zya`fc lglcfln zqknqgds hg ek lk rfk`gi YS Syzqidi Ckyq
zqicieils Qicil zk``s synnis hg hi rgs dgokqfv k cffils ai`firi hg cgdzgfnl
cklqfayfkls gic oyefcfg` qy`flns77 G 1:77 zk`` qkd Oysfci g Sgmi, g lklzgqfsgl
cgdzgfnl k miiz ckyqs gfq gle fdzgqfg`, kyle hg ‐65 ziqcil k Lkqh Cgqk`flg
rkiqs ai`firi cgdzgfnl cklqfayfkls hgri skdi s~gv kl g oyeni‖s eicfsfkl—71 Ui df`$
`fkls szil fl hi 1:71 qgci kq hi Lkqh Cgqk`flg Syzqidi Ckyq fs yl`fmi`v k gssygni
hisi cklciqls
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`fkl qkd hi Qizya`fcgl Sgi @igeiqshfz Ckddfuii, ~hfch hi`zie hi Qizya`fcgl$
`ie Lkqh Cgqk`flg sgi infs`gyqi eqg fs qicil qiefsqfcfln dgz79 Uksi dgzs gqi
aifln chg``ilnie fl g `g~syf av cfrf` qfnhs nqkyzs g``infln hg hi eqgiqs ysie qgci gs
g zqkxv kq zk`ffcg` zgqv gle efsilqglchfsie dflkqfv rkiqs72 Yleiq oyefcfg` ihfcs
qy`is, Oysfci Li~av ~f`` hgri k eicfei ~hihiq hi ‐shky`e efswyg`fv hfdsi`— aicgysi
hfs ‐fdzgqfg`fv dgv qigsklga`v ai wyisfklie—7> ^hf`i hfs cgsi ~gs zilefln aikqi
hi Lkqh Cgqk`flg Syzqidi Ckyq, hi Qizya`fcgl Sgi @igeiqshfz Ckddfuii ckl$
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eicgei gnk, ~hil f aingl kiqfln zya`fc lglcfln k gzzi``gi ckyq cglefegis G
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7/30/2019 Public Financing of Judicial Races Can Give Small Donors a Decisive Role
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3 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i
szicfg` fliqiss qkd flyilcfln hi `g~78 Gs hi sgi ~gs eiagfln hi fssyi, Oyeni
Ogdis vll k hi Lkqh Cgqk`flg Ckyq k Gzzig`s sgfe hi ixfsfln svsid g``k~ie
hksi ~fh gl fliqis fl zilefln cgsis kk dych flyilci Oyeni ^vll sgfe f ~gs ‐ `fmi
`iufln dgokq ignyi agsiag`` z`gviqs cklqfayi dkliv k flyilci hi si`icfkl k
ydzfqis k cg`` hifq ngdis—76
Ui ikq ~gs g qiskylefln sycciss fl miizfln szicfg` fliqiss qkd flyilcfln hickdzksffkl k hi ckyq gle fs eicfsfkls Fl 1::1 cglefegis kq hi sgi syzqidi
ckyq qgfsie gqkyle %8::,:::, ~fh dkqi hgl hg` k hfs dkliv ckdfln qkd `g~viqs
kq aysfliss fliqiss1: Fl hi 1::8 qgci, av cklqgs, cglefegis qgfsie g`dks %>::,:::,
gle >1 ziqcil k hg cgdi qkd hi zya`fc lglcfln zqknqgd17
Ufs vigq‖s i`icfkl, hk~iriq, sg~ fleizileil szilefln qkd szicfg` fliqiss kysfei
hi sgi kriq~hi`dfln Lkqh Cgqk`flg‖s zya`fc lglcfln svsid Ui YS Syzqidi
Ckyq, fl cgsis `fmi Cffils Ylfie , hgs sqycm ek~l qisqfcfkls kl fleizileil szile$
fln gle dgei f igsfiq kq hksi ~fh dkliv k ysi hifq qiskyqcis k flyilci i`icfkls
Ilffis ~fh gl fliqis fl cgsis aikqi hi Lkqh Cgqk`flg Syzqidi Ckyq szil %1df``fkl fl 1:71 k i`ic hifq zqiiqqie oyeni Oysfci Li~av‖s kzzklil ks, hgrfln
aiil dgssfri`v kyszil av hi fleizileil nqkyzs syzzkqfln hi flcydail Ui
chg``ilniq ~ky`e hgri wyg`fie kq dgchfln yles f g qicil YS Syzqidi Ckyq cgsi
hge lk dgei hksi yles ylgrgf`ga`i11
Cklsufuyufklg` `fdfus kl zya`fc bflglci
Fl g `gledgqm 76>2 cgdzgfnl lglci cgsi, Aycm`iv r Rg`ik , hi YS Syzqidi Ckyq
yzhi`e g zya`fc lglcfln svsid kq zqisfeilfg` cglefegis Ui Aycm`iv Ckyqqirfi~ie g ieiqg` sgyi hg flsfyie aqkge qikqds k ieiqg` cgdzgfnls fl hi ~gmi
k hi giqngi scgleg`, gsmfln ~hihiq hi qikqds rfk`gi hi Bfqs Gdiledil13
Ui ieiqg` zya`fc lglcfln svsid ~gs yzhi`e av hi Ckyq gs g digls k yqhiqfln,
lk gaqfenfln, zk`ffcg` sziich Ui Ckyq sgfe hg Cklnqiss, fl isga`fshfln hfs svs$
id, skynh k ‐gcf`fgi gle il`gqni zya`fc efscyssfkl gle zgqfcfzgfkl fl hi i`ickqg`
zqkciss, nkg`s rfg` k g si`$nkriqlfln zikz`i—15
Fl g 1:77 cgsi, Gqfklg Bqii Iliqzqfsi C`ya‖s Bqiiekd C`ya ZGC r Ailliu , hi YS
Syzqidi Ckyq cgs dglv zya`fc lglcfln svsids flk ekya av qy`fln hg qgeffklg`
dgchfln yles gqi ylcklsfyfklg`19 Ui Ailliu cgsi cklciqlie gl Gqfklg zya`fc
lglcfln zqknqgd kq sgi~fei cglefegis―lk flc`yefln oyefcfg` cglefegis―~hk
gnqii k ciqgfl szilefln gle cklqfayfkl fdfs Zgqfcfzgfln cglefegis ~iqi i`fnfa`i kq
qgeffklg` dgchfln yles12 Bkq iriqv ek``gq hi zqfrgi`v lglcie cgdzgfnl szil gakri
hi gdkyl k zya`fc lglcfln, hi sgi ngri g ek``gq k hi zya`fc`v lglcie cglefegi1>
7/30/2019 Public Financing of Judicial Races Can Give Small Donors a Decisive Role
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5 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i
Fl gl kzflfkl av Chfi Oysfci Okhl Qkaiqs, g ri$oysfci dgokqfv eiscqfaie hi dgch$
fln yles gs g ‐zilg`v— kl zqfrgi`v lglcie cglefegis ~hk szile gakri g ciqgfl
gdkyl kl zk`ffcg` sziich18 ‐Ui efqic qisy` k hi sziich k zqfrgi`v lglcie
cglefegis gle fleizileil ixzilefyqi nqkyzs fs g sgi$zqkrfeie dkligqv syasfev
k g zk`ffcg` qfrg`—16 Ui Ckyq qy`ie hg hfs ‐zilg`v— kl sziich rfk`gis hi Bfqs
Gdiledil qfnhs k zqfrgi`v lglcie cglefegis
Gqfklg gqnyie hi yles ~iqi licissgqv k ckdag ckqqyzfkl gle hi gzzigqglci k
ckqqyzfkl hqkynh fs zya`fc lglcfln svsid, ay hi Ckyq c`gfdie hi qig` nkg` k
hi dgchfln yles ~gs k ‐`iri` hi z`gvfln i`e— fl zk`ffcg` qgcis3: Ui Ckyq sgie,
‐Ui Bfqs Gdiledil idakefis kyq chkfci gs g Lgfkl hg, ~hil f ckdis k sych
sziich, hi nyfefln zqflcfz`i fs qiiekd―hi ‘yliuiqie fliqchglni k feigs―lk
~hgiriq hi Sgi dgv rfi~ gs gfq—37
Oysfci I`ilg Mgngl ~qki g sflnfln efssil eiscqfafln hi dgchfln yles gs g ‐rfi~$
zkfl$liyqg`— nkriqldil syasfev kq sziich, ~hfch hi Ckyq hge liriq aikqi hi`e
ylcklsfyfklg` Oysfci Mgngl gqnyie hi dgchfln yles zqknqgd qisy`s fl dkqisziich, lk iss sziich, sflci f zqkrfeis dkqi dkliv kq cgdzgfnlfln31 Ui dgokqfv
qiszkleie hg glv flcqigsi fl sziich ckdis ‐g hi ixzilsi k fdziqdfssfa`v ayqeil$
fln (gle hys qieycfln& hi sziich k zqfrgi`v lglcie cglefegis gle fleizileil
ixzilefyqi nqkyzs—33
Giq hi qy`fln fl Ailliu , skdi sgis qizig`ie hifq dgchfln yles zqkrfsfkls, gle
ieiqg` ckyqs sqycm ek~l khiqs35 Vi, gs Oysfci Mgngl lkie fl hiq efssil, zya`fc
lglcfln svsids dys ai ixfa`i aicgysi ‐hi evlgdfc lgyqi k kyq i`ickqg` svsid
dgmis ix gli zqiefcfkls gaky cgdzgfnl ixzilefyqis g`dks fdzkssfa`i—39 Ufs fs
iszicfg``v qyi fl oyefcfg` i`icfkls fhky dgchfln yles, hk~ cgl zya`fc lglcflnmiiz zgci ~fh hi ylzqiefcga`i, smvqkcmifln ckss k oyefcfg` cgdzgfnls; Skdi sgis
gle kcg`ffis gqi ixziqfdilfln ~fh g zqkdfsfln li~ svsid k sdg``$eklkq dgch$
fln yles, g li~ kqd k zya`fc lglcfln hg zqkrfeis cglefegis ixfaf`fv gle rgs`v
ixzgles hi zkk` k cgdzgfnl eklkqs k flc`yei kqeflgqv cffils
Idzk~iqfln sdg`` eklkqs av ‐dy`ufz`vfln— uhifq ckluqfayufkls
Fl hi ~gmi k Ailliu , skdi sgis gqi `kkmfln k Li~ Vkqm Cfv‖s zya`fc lglcfln svsid
gs g dkei` Ui cfv nfris zgqfcfzgfln dylfcfzg` cglefegis %2 fl dgchfln yles kq igch
%7 k hi qs %7>9 hg g cfv qisfeil eklgis k g cgdzgfnl32 Uisi yles dy`fz`v hi
fdzgc k sdg`` eklgfkls G %7>9 eklgfkl, kq ixgdz`i, aickdis g %7,119 eklgfkl
Li~ Vkqm Cfv‖s svsid hgs hge nqig sycciss fl dgmfln sdg`` eklkqs dych dkqi fdzkq$
gl qi`gfri k gqni eklkqs fl cgdzgfnl yleqgfsfln3> Flsige k qi`vfln sk`i`v kl ~ig`hv
cgdzgfnl cklqfaykqs, cglefegis qicifri dks k hifq zqfrgi cgdzgfnl eklgfkls qkd
dfee`i$c`gss gle ~kqmfln$c`gss eklkqs ~hk gqi dgchie av zya`fc yles
7/30/2019 Public Financing of Judicial Races Can Give Small Donors a Decisive Role
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9 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i
Ui cfv‖s Cgdzgfnl Bflglci Akgqe qizkqs, ‐Ui dks ckddkl flefrfeyg` cklqfay$
fkl sfi kq cglefegis zgqfcfzgfln fl hi Cgdzgfnl Bflglci Zqknqgd kq hi 1::6
i`icfkl ~gs %7::,— ckdzgqie k sgi$`iri` cgdzgfnls, fl ~hfch dkqi hgl hg` k hi
cklqfayfkls ~iqi %9,::: kq dkqi38 Ui cfv‖s 1::6 i`icfkl sg~ kqnglfgfkls fmi
zk`ffcg` gcfkl ckddfuiis, kq ZGCs= ckqzkqgfkls= kq ylfkls cklqfayfln kl`v 28
ziqcil k cgdzgfnl cgsh, ckdzgqie k 297 ziqcil fl sgi$`iri` i`icfkls36
Gcckqefln k g qicil syev av hi Cgdzgfnl Bflglci Flsfyi, hi ‐ziqcilgni qk`i k
sdg`` eklkqs ~gs hfnhiq fl iriqv ]Li~ Vkqm CfvT i`icfkl giq 1:::— 5: Ui Cgdzgfnl
Bflglci Flsfyi kyle hg hi svsid dgei hi zkk` k cgdzgfnl eklkqs dkqi efriqsi
gle dkqi qizqisilgfri k hi cfv‖s zkzy`gfkl Ligq`v g`` k Li~ Vkqm Cfv‖s ‐cilsys
a`kcm nqkyzs— ~iqi hkdi k g `igs kli sdg`` eklkq, gle hi a`kcms ~hiqi cffils ngri
sdg`` eklgfkls hge ‐hfnhiq iri`s k zkriqv, hfnhiq ziqcilgnis k lkl$~hfis, hfnhiq
ziqcilgnis k gey` qisfeils ~hk efe lk ckdz`ii hfnh schkk`,— gle sk kqh57
Gerkcgis kq cgdzgfnl lglci qikqd gqnyi hg hfs svsid hgs g``k~ie cglefegis
‐k ysi hifq yleqgfsfln ikqs ~fh rkiq kyqigch, gle hgs flcilfrfie zk`ffcg`ilngnidil av ckddylffis hg cgl kl`v gkqe dkeis cklqfayfkls–ckddylffis
g`` kk kil fnlkqie av qgeffklg``v yleie cglefegis—51 Ui svsid hgs nfril qfsi
k ‐hkysi zgqfis—―sdg`` zk`ffcg` nghiqflns ~hiqi kqeflgqv cffils cgl igql gaky
cglefegis gle dgmi sdg`` cklqfayfkls53
Ui sgi k Li~ Vkqm, gdkln khiqs, fs cklsfeiqfln g sdg``$eklkq dgchfln svsid
kq sgi~fei i`icfkls,55 gle skdi dgokq cffis hgri g`qigev gekzie sfdf`gq svsids59
Siriqg` sgis dgch sdg`` cklqfayfkls kl g ek``gq$kq$ek``gq agsfs,52 ay hfs ekis lk
hgri hi sgdi eqgdgfc iic kl cgdzgfnl lglci gs ‐dy`fz`fiq— dgchfln yles G
i~ sgis, flc`yefln Qhkei Fs`gle gle Li~ Oiqsiv, zqkrfei ~k$kq$kli dgchfln kqciqgfl cglefegis ~hk gnqii k k~iq cklqfayfkl `fdfs gle khiq ckleffkls5> G af``
~gs qicil`v flqkeycie fl hi YS Hkysi k Qizqisilgfris k fdz`idil g svsid `fmi
hi kli fl Li~ Vkqm Cfv kq ieiqg` i`icfkls58
Sdg``$eklkq dguchfln bkq oyefcfg` qgcis
Aicgysi cgdzgfnl cgsh fs zgqfcy`gq`v zqka`idgfc fl oyefcfg` qgcis, hisi sdg``$eklkq
dgchfln zqknqgds cky`e ai ysiy` fl sgis hg i`ic hifq oyenis @infs`gkqs dfnh
gcciz cklqfayfkls qkd ckqzkqgfkls kq fleysqfis gicie av infs`gfkl, ay yl`fmi
oyenis, g infs`gkq‖s rki kl g sfln`i af`` ~f`` qgqi`v fdzgc oys kli cgdzgfnl cklqfay$
kq Oyenis, kl hi khiq hgle, dgmi eicfsfkls hg gic szicfc flefrfeyg`s gle ckqzk$
qgfkls Ufs digls hg ~hiliriq gl gukqliv kq g zgqv aikqi g ckyq cklqfayis k
g oyeni‖s cgdzgfnl, hiqi fs g dkqi hgqdy` cklfc k fliqis hgl hi vzi siil fl hi
zk`ffcg` aqglchis k nkriqldil Ui syqni fl oyefcfg` cgdzgfnl cgsh hgs ie cffils k
ai`firi hg oyenis gqi dkqi qiszklsfri k cgdzgfnl cklqfaykqs hgl k hi g~56
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2 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i
Ui YS Syzqidi Ckyq qicknlfie hi ylfwyi fliqiss g sgmi fl oyefcfg` cgdzgfnls
fl g 1::6 cgsi flrk`rfln gl ixqidi cklfc k fliqis siddfln qkd hi 1::5 i`icfkl
kq hi is Rfqnflfg Syzqidi Ckyq Oysfci Aqil Ailogdfl ~kl g sig kl hi sgi‖s
hfnh ckyq giq ailifln qkd %3 df``fkl fl fleizileil szilefln yleie av hi chfi
ixicyfri kbciq k Dgssiv Ckg`, ~hfch hge g %9: df``fkl riqefc gngfls f zilefln aikqi
hi ckyq9: Uisi eklgfkls gdkylie k hqii fdis hi gdkyl qgfsie av hi cgdzgfnl
fsi` Giq Oysfci Ailogdfl ~kl av i~iq hgl 9:,::: rkis, hi cgs hi eicfefln rki kkriqyql hi %9: df``fkl riqefc gngfls Dgssiv Ckg` Ui YS Syzqidi Ckyq qy`ie hg
hi z`gflf ‖s eyi zqkciss qfnhs ~iqi rfk`gie av Oysfci Ailogdfl‖s qiysg` k qicysi hfd$
si` giq hi qicifrie ‐ixqgkqeflgqv— zk`ffcg` syzzkq qkd hi ckg` ckdzglv97 Ui Ckyq
sgfe, ‐Oys gs lk dgl fs g``k~ie k ai g oyeni fl hfs k~l cgysi, sfdf`gq igqs k afgs cgl gqfsi
~hil • g dgl chkksis hi oyeni fl hfs k~l cgysi—91
Ui sgi k is Rfqnflfg, fl hi ~gmi k hi scgleg`, cqigie g zf`k zya`fc lglcfln
zqknqgd kq hi 1:71 sgi syzqidi ckyq i`icfkl Ui infs`gyqi sgfe hi zqknqgd ~ky`e
‐zqkic hi fdzgqfg`fv gle flinqfv k hi oyefcfgqv gle sqilnhil zya`fc ckleilci
fl hi oyefcfgqv—93
Ui svsid flc`yeie ‐dgchfln yles,— ay hi sgi qiysie k efsayqsihi dkliv aicgysi k hi qy`fln fl Ailliu 95 Ui is Rfqnflfg Syzqidi Ckyq gnqiie
~fh hi sgi, ay f ziqdfuie hi zya`fc v lglcie cglefegi k qgfsi dkliv kysfei k
hi zya`fc lglcfln zqknqgd99 F f ~fshis k fdz`idil hi zya`fc lglcfln zqknqgd kq
g`` hfnh ckyq cglefegis, is Rfqnflfg ~f`` hgri k qiz`gci hi dgchfln$yles zqkrfsfkl
~fh skdihfln hg ~f`` miiz zya`fc lglcfln rfga`i ay zgss cklsfyfklg` dysiq
G svsid k sdg` $eklkq dgchfln yles s hg eiscqfzfkl F zqkrfeis zya fc`v lglcie
cglefegis hi ixfaf`fv hiv liie nfril hi ylzqiefcga`i cks k oyefcfg` cgdzgfnls
Aicgysi hisi yles gqi lk efsayqsie fl qigcfkl k gl kzzklil‖s ixzilefyqis, hiv cgl$
lk ai cklsqyie gs g ‐zilg`v— kq sziich fmi hi dgchfln yles g fssyi fl Ailliu
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iriq siqrie kl hi hfnh ckyq, sdg``$eklkq dgchfln cgl g`sk dgmi hi ailch dkqi
efriqsi gle dkqi qizqisilgfri k hi sgi‖s zkzy`gfkl Skdi syefis hgri kyle hg
zkilfg` cglefegis ~hk gqi idg`i kq didaiqs k g qgcfg` dflkqfv gci hfnh hyqe`is
fl eicfefln ~hihiq k qyl kq kbci92 Uisi zkilfg` cglefegis kil gcm gcciss k
isga`fshie yleqgfsfln li~kqms
^hil cglefegis qi`v kl ixfsfln yleqgfsfln li~kqms, hiv gqi `kkmfln k g riqv sdg``
s`friq k hi zkzy`gfkl Ui Ciliq kq Qiszklsfri Zk`ffcs qizkqs hg fl 1:71 g diqi
:3> ziqcil k hi zkzy`gfkl ~gs qiszklsfa`i kq ~k$hfqes k g`` ieiqg` cgdzgfnl
cklqfayfkls k dkqi hgl %1::, gle ~k$hfqes k hksi cklqfayfkls cgdi qkd
dil9> Ui Gsskcfgie Zqiss syqrivie hi sgdi cklqfayfkls g hi zqisfeilfg` iri`
gle cklc`yeie hg ‐dkqi hgl 6: ziqcil cgdi qkd dgokqfv ~hfi lifnhakqhkkes—98
Aicgysi eklkqs gqi efszqkzkqfklgi`v ~hfi gle dg`i, ~kdil gle qgcfg` dflkqffis
dgv lk ii` gs ckleil fl hifq chglcis k qgfsfln ilkynh dkliv k ckdzii
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> Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i
Byqhiqdkqi, flcydails g`dks g`~gvs hgri g yleqgfsfln gerglgni kriq hifq chg``iln$
iqs,96 gle ~kdil gle dflkqffis gqi dych `iss `fmi`v k ai flcydails hgl ~hfi dil G
1::6 syev kyle hg oys 718 ziqcil k sgi syzqidi ckyq oysfcis ai`kln k g qgcfg`
dflkqfv nqkyz, gle kl`v 376 ziqcil gqi ~kdil2: G qicil syev kyle hg idg`i
cglefegis gqi dkqi fmi`v hgl dg`i cglefegis k gmi gerglgni k zya`fc lglcfln27
Av rgs`v aqkgeilfln hi agsi k zkilfg` cklqfaykqs, sdg``$eklkq dgchfln cgl dgmi
ckyqs dkqi efriqsi gle nfri chg``ilniqs g aiuiq chglci g eiigfln flcydails
Qisukqfln uhi zya`fc‖s cklbfeilci fl uhi oyefcfgqv
Dglv oyenis hgri qicknlfie hi k`` hg zk`ffcfgfkl ixgcs kl hi zya`fc‖s rfi~ k
hi ckyqs gle hgri okflie fl cg``s kq qikqd Oysfci Ogdis Li`skl k hi Dklglg
Syzqidi Ckyq gdils hi fdi hg oyenis gqi kqcie k eirki k zk`ffcs gle yle$
qgfsfln Eyqfln hfs `gs oyefcfg` qgci, Oysfci Li`skl sgfe hi hge fu`i fdi k eirki k
hi gcyg` oka k eicfefln cgsis Flsige, hi sgfe, ‐F aicgdi g y`` fdi zk`ffcfgl kq il
dklhs—21
Cffils ek lk ~gl hi schiey`i k oyenis k qisida`i hksi k didaiqsk Cklnqiss, ~hk lk~ szile dkqi fdi ckddylfcgfln ~fh yleqgfsiqs gle cgdzgfnl
eklkqs hgl ei`faiqgfln zk`fcv chkfcis23
Fl fscklsfl hi zya`fc‖s ziqcizfkl k hi sgi syzqidi ckyq hgs aiil egdgnie av
lgsv gugcm ges yleie av df``fkls k ek``gqs fl fleizileil szilefln G Oy`v 1:77 zk``
k fscklsflfis kyle hg kl`v 33 ziqcil k qiszkleils hge ckleilci fl hifq sgi
syzqidi ckyq, ~fh 88 ziqcil qizkqfln cklciqls hg ‐cgdzgfnl szilefln gle hi
eiiqfkqgfln ilkq k oyefcfg` i`icfkls gqi gqlfshfln hi qizygfkl k hi ^fscklsfl
Syzqidi Ckyq—25
Fl 1::> hi ckyq gsmie hi infs`gyqi k zqkrfei geiwygi zya`fc lglcfln kq hfnh
ckyq qgcis, ~gqlfln hg ‐hi zya`fc dgv flgccyqgi`v ziqcifri g oysfci gs aihk`eil k
flefrfeyg`s kq nqkyzs hg cklqfayi k hfs kq hiq cgdzgfnl—29 Ui infs`gyqi ckdz`fie
fl 1::6, gle akh cglefegis qicifrie zya`fc lglcfln kq hi 1:77 fscklsfl Syzqidi
Ckyq qgci Ui zya`fc lglcfln svsid, hk~iriq, ~gs kriq~hi`die av dkqi hgl %39
df``fkl fl fleizileil szilefln22 Cklsiqrgfri Oysfci Egrfe Zqkssiq ~gs syzzkqie
av df``fkls k ek``gqs qkd afn aysfliss nqkyzs Ligq`v hg` k hi dkliv syzzkqfln
Oysfci Zqkssiq cgdi qkd Cffils kq g Sqkln Gdiqfcg, g shgek~v kqnglfgfkl gb`f$
gie ~fh Gdiqfcgls kq Zqksziqfv―hi zk`ffcg` gerkcgcv nqkyz kyleie av af``fkl$
gfqi aqkhiqs Chgq`is gle Egrfe Mkch2>
^hv dfnh hi Mkch aqkhiqs hgri gl fliqis fl hi`zfln hi ckyq‖s cklsiqrgfri, zqk$
ckqzkqgi dgokqfv sgv fl zk~iq; Ui 5$3 dgokqfv idiqnie gs g qisy` k hi 1::6 i`ic$
fkl, giq ~hfch hi kyq zqk$ckqzkqgi oysfcis rkie k qioic g ~fek~‖s `g~syf gngfls
g ckdzglv ~hksi gsaisks$`geil zqkeycs dgv hgri mf``ie hiq hysagle 28 Fl 1::9 Mkch
Fleysqfis zyqchgsie hi hyni zgziq gle ayf`efln zqkeycs dglygcyqiq Nikqnfg$Zgcfc―
G 1::6 suyev kyle
uhgu oysu 718 ziqcil
k sugui syzqidi
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flcydailus
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8 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i
hi gqni k dkqi hgl 35:,::: gsaisks `g~syfs qkd idz`kviis gle khiqs ~hk eiri`$
kzie cglciq kq `yln efsigsi26 Fl ayvfln Nikqnfg$Zgcfc, Mkch Fleysqfis gssydie hisi
`fgaf`ffis, gle hys, f hgs gl fliqis fl hk~ hi `g~ k gsaisks fgaf`fv eiri`kzs
Cgdzgfnl cgsh hgs g``k~ie szicfg` fliqiss k shgzi hi g~ av flyilcfln hi ckdzksf$
fkl k hi ^fscklsfl hfnh ckyq, gle hfs hgs egdgnie ^fscklsfl cffils‖ ckleilci fl
oyefcfg` fdzgqfg`fv Oysfci Gll g`sh Aqge`iv sgfe hi hfnh ckyq fs cgynh ‐fl hi cqkss$qi k hi agu`i aifln kynh ai~iil szicfg` fliqis nqkyzs,— gle shi sgvs hi dkliv
qkd hisi nqkyzs hgs `ie k ‐hvziq$zgqfsglshfz— kl hi ailch>: Oysfci Zqkssiq qiiqqie
k kli k hfs ck``ignyis gs g ‐kg` afch— gle fs gccysie k zyufln Oysfci Aqge`iv fl g
‐chkmihk`e—>7 Ui ckyq hgs aiil afuiq`v efrfeie kriq hisi gle khiq ihfcg` fssyis
Giq f ~gs kriq~hi`die fl hi 1:77 i`icfkls, ^fscklsfl‖s oyefcfg` zya`fc lglcfln
svsid ~gs qizig`ie av hi Qizya`fcgl$`ie sgi infs`gyqi>1 Ay g svsid k sdg``$
eklkq dgchfln yles cky`e qieyci hi kzzkqylffis kq szicfg` fliqiss k flyilci
hi g~ gle qiskqi fscklsflfis‖ ckleilci fl hifq oyefcfgqv fscklsfl gerkcgis
k cgdzgfnl lglci qikqd hgri zqkzksie g sgi~fei zya`fc lglcfln svsid hgdgchis g eklgfkl k %9: kq `iss ~fh kyq$kq$kli dgchfln yles (hqii$kq$kli kq
eklgfkls ai~iil %9: gle %7::&>3
F sych g svsid ~iqi fdz`idilie, hi cklfcs k fliqis cqigie av `gqni cgdzgfnl
cklqfayfkls qkd `ffngls kq gukqlivs ~ky`e ai dflfdfie gs oyefcfg` cglefegis yleie
hifq cgdzgfnls hqkynh sdg`` eklgfkls qkd hifq dfee`i$ gle ~kqmfln$c`gss cklsfyils
Uisi sdg`` eklgfkls ~ky`e ai gdz`fie av zya`fc lglcfln gle fl yql, cffils ~ky`e
ziqcifri oyenis gs aihk`eil k sdg`` eklkqs gle rkiqs, lk ~ig`hv cgdzgfnl cklqfaykqs
Cklc`ysfkl
Ui gdkyl k dkliv fl oyefcfg` i`icfkls hgs ixz`keie, gle lk~ hg szicfg` fliqiss
gqi flcqigsfln`v ysfln fleizileil szilefln k cfqcydril cklqfayfkl fdfs, hfs
qile shk~s lk sfnls k s`k~fln Cffils gqi hiqikqi oysfie fl gsmfln ~hihiq g
oyeni dfnh ai flyilcie av df``fkls k ek``gqs fl cgdzgfnl cgsh
Sgis shky`e siz fl k cyqa hi nqk~fln flyilci k cgdzgfnl cgsh kl oyenis av fdz`i$
dilfln qkays zya`fc lglcfln zqknqgds Aikqi hi 1:71 i`icfkl fl Lkqh Cgqk`flg
sg~ g kqqil k fleizileil szilefln, hi sgi‖s zya`fc lglcfln svsid ~gs g dkei`
^fhky qgeffklg` dgchfln yles, hk~iriq, hi zya`fc`v lglcie chg``ilniq cky`e lk
cklile ~fh hi df``fkls fl fleizileil szilefln kl aihg` k hi flcydail oysfci
Sgis hg kiq zya`fc lglcfln dys cklile ~fh hi qig`fv k yl`fdfie fleizil$
eil ixzilefyqis>5 Iril aikqi f qy`ie qgeffklg` dgchfln yles ylcklsfyfklg`,
hi YS Syzqidi Ckyq hge ainyl ~igmilfln qisqfcfkls kl cgdzgfnl lglci>9 Zya`fc
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fdzgqufg`fuv
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6 Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i
lglcfln zqknqgds kq oyefcfg` qgcis dys zqkrfei skdi dichglfsd hg g``k~s zgqfcf$
zgfln cglefegis k miiz zgci ~fh fleizileil szilefln
Kli zqkdfsfln kzfkl fs sdg``$eklkq dgchfln yles hg zqkrfei hi ixfaf`fv liieie
k miiz oyefcfg` zya`fc lglcfln svsids rfga`i fl hfs iqg k smvqkcmifln cgdzgfnl
ckss F g zqfrgi`v lglcie cglefegi ailis qkd df``fkls fl cgdzgfnl cgsh kq df`$
`fkls fl fleizileil szilefln, hi zya`fc`v lglcie cglefegi cgl siim ky dkqi sdg``eklkqs k miiz zgci Ui svsid ~ky`e g`sk grkfe hi Bfqs Gdiledil zqka`ids cqi$
gie av qgeffklg` dgchfln yle svsids Ui efsayqsg` k sdg``$eklkq dgchfln yles
fs lk qi`gie fl glv ~gv k hi cgdzgfnl yles k zqfrgi`v lglcie cglefegis, sk f
cgllk ai cklsqyie gs ‐zylfshfln— zk`ffcg` sziich
Iicfri zya`fc lglcfln svsids kq oyefcfg` qgcis ~ky`e ziqdf oyenis k szile dkqi
fdi ei`faiqgfln cgsis gle ~qffln kzflfkls, qghiq hgl eirkfln hifq iliqnv k yle$
qgfsfln Sdg``$eklkq dgchfln svsids ~ky`e g`sk ige k ckyqs hg gqi dkqi efriqsi―
ckyqs hg dkqi c`ksi`v qisida`i hi zkzy`gfkls hiv siqri
Gs ~fh ixfsfln zya`fc lglcfln svsids, skdi cglefegis dgv chkksi lk k zgqfcf$
zgi Ay f hi iqds k sdg``$eklkq dgchfln ~iqi gs niliqkys gs Li~ Vkqm Cfv‖s
zqknqgd―%2 kq iriqv %7 fl sdg`` eklgfkls―hi cglefegis ~hk ek lk zgqfcfzgi
~ky`e ai `igrfln dkliv kl hi ga i
Skdi hgri zkflie k hi syccissy` cglefegcfis k Li~ Vkqm Dgvkq Dfchgi`
A`kkdaiqn, ~hk szil hyleqies k df``fkls k ek``gqs k hfs k~l dkliv fl hfs cgd$
zgfnls, gs irfeilci hg hi cfv‖s svsid ekis lk miiz dkliv ky k i`icfkls>2
@fmi~fsi, hi sk`i zya`fc`v lglcie cglefegi fl is Rfqnflfg gcie g si`$lglcie cgl$
efegi ~hk szil g df``fkl ek``gqs k hiq k~l dkliv>>
G ~ig`hv cglefegi ysfln hiqkq hfs k~l dkliv, hk~iriq, ekis lk nfri qfsi k glv cklfc k fliqis G oyeni cgllk
zgqfcfzgi fl g ckqqyz qglsgcfkl ~fh hfd kq hiqsi`
Zya`fc lglcfln, dkqikriq, cgl hi`z cglefegis sgv ckdziffri fl qgcis gngfls si`$
lglcie cglefegis Kli cglefegi ~hk gcie Dgvkq A`kkdaiqn sgie, ‐F fs fqqgfklg` k
gqnyi gngfls g svsid hg ilga`is g efriqsi nqkyz k zikz`i k qyl ckdziffri cgdzgfnls
aicgysi g ~ig`hv cglefegi cgl kccgsfklg``v kyszile g zgqfcfzgfln cglefegi—>8
Zya`fc lglcfln svsids agsie kl sdg``$eklkq dgchfln ~ky`e dgnlfv hi fdzgc k
sdg`` eklgfkls, dgmfln hi zkk` k cgdzgfnl cklqfaykqs aqkgeiq gle dkqi qizqisil$
gfri k g sgi‖s zkzy`gfkl Qghiq hgl aifln qiszklsfri k ckqzkqgfkls gle g~viqs
hg hgri kls k dkliv k eklgi, oyenis ~ky`e ai aihk`eil k kqeflgqv cffils dgm$
fln sdg`` eklgfkls Ufs ~ky`e ai gl fdzkqgl siz k~gqe g oysfci svsid hg ~kqms
kq g`` cffils, lk oys hksi ~fh dkliv k szile flyilcfln hi `g~
Af``v Ckqqfhiq fs hi Gsskcfgi Efqickq k Qisigqch kq @ing` Zqknqiss g hi Ciliq kq
Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss
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7: Ciluiq kq Gdiqfcgl Zqknqiss p Zya`fc Bflglcfln k Oyefcfg` Qgcis Cgl Nfri Sdg`` Eklkqs g Eicfsfri Qk`i
Ilelkuis
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2> Rfricg Lkrgm, ‐Yleiq uhi Flyilci,— Uhi Gdiqfcgl Zqkszicu ,Sizuidaiq 76, 1:77, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++zqkszicukqn+gqufc`i+yleiq$flyilci= @fsg Nqgris, ‐Nqkyz Cg``ie ‘Cfufils kqSuqkln Gdiqfcg‖ Kziqguis kyu k g YZS Dgf` Eqkz ayu QylsIxzilsfri Ges fl Syzqidi Ckyqu Qgci;—, ZQ guch, Ciluiq
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28 Uguiqg r BDC Ckqz, >82 L^1e 87: (1:7:&
26 Okhl G`kvsfys Bgqqi``, ‐Mkch‖s ~ia k flyilci,— Ciluiq kqZya`fc Fluinqfuv, Gzqf` 2, 1:77, huuz?++~~~zya`fcfluinqfuvkqn+1:77+:5+:2+3632+mkchs$~ia$flyilci
>: Oysufci Gll ^g`sh Aqge`iv, qidgqms gu Gdiqfcgl Cklsufuy$ufkl Skcfiuv Gllyg` Cklrilufkl, Oyli 72, 1:71
>7 Fgl Df``hfsiq, ‐Cklsiqrgufri Oysufci Zqkssiq Synnisus HiDiqi`v Aqigchie ‘Iufwyiuui‖ hil Hi G``inie`v Chkmieg Ck``ignyi,— UhflmZqknqiss, Dgv 7, 1:71, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++uhflmzqknqisskqn+oysufci+1:71+:9+:7+5>5292+cklsiqrgufri$ oysufci$zqkssiq$c`gfds$hi$diqi`v$aqigchieiufwyiuui$~hil$hi$g``inie`v$chkmie$g$ck``ignyi= Zguqfcm Dgq`iv, ‐Syzqidi
Ckyqu uilsfkls akf` kriq,—Df`~gymii Okyqlg`$Silufli` , Dgqch76, 1:77, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++~~~oskl`flickd+li~s+sugui$zk`fufcs+77837:5>6hud
>1 Ziuiq Hgqefl, ‐^F Ayeniu Gxis Zya`fc Bflglcfln Ek``gqs,—Ngri` Nqga, Oyli 1>, 1:77, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++~~~ngri`$nqgakqn+;z411:31
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>9 Cfufils Ylfuie r BIC= Egrfs r BIC , 995 YS >15 (1::8& UhiSyzqidi Ckyqu qy`ie ylcklsufuyufklg` uhi ‐Df``fklgfqi‖sGdiledilu— uk uhi Afzgqufsgl Cgdzgfnl Bflglci QikqdGcu, ~hfch qisuqfcuie g si`$lglcie cglefegui‖s ixzilef$uyqis
>2 Glni`g Dfng``v gle Sysgl @fss, ‐Sdg`` Eklkq DguchflnByles? Uhi LVC I`icufkl Ixziqfilci— (Li~ Vkqm? Aqil$lgl Ciluiq kq Oysufci, 1:7:&, z 11, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++aqillgl3celliu+8772ai132>85cc613[fgd2ailr~ze
>> Qv Qfrgqe, ‐Eidkcqgu Egrfs qiugfls sigu kl hfnh ckyqu,Qizya`fcgl @kynhqv g` sk ~fls,—Chgq`isukl Egf`v Dgf` ,Lkridaiq >, 1:71, grgf`ga`i gu huuz?++~~~egf`vdgf`ckd+Li~s+suguili~s+1:7177:>::78
>8 Dfng``v gle @fss, ‐Sdg`` Eklkq Dguchfln Byles? Uhi LVCI`icufkl Ixziqfilci,— z 11