Public Disclosure Authorized - World Bank · 2016. 7. 15. · c&c k&t quH kinh &, XZ h@ ... Chc th6...

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Transcript of Public Disclosure Authorized - World Bank · 2016. 7. 15. · c&c k&t quH kinh &, XZ h@ ... Chc th6...

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  • R d Xtky dung • The che HB tm Thi • truhg

    NHA XUAT ~h CH~NH TR! QUOC GIA HA NOI - 2002

  • O 2002 Ngdn hhng Tbi thi&t vh PhLt tri&n ~ u 6 c t & / ~ ~ d n hBng Th& gi6i 1818 H. Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, Hoa Kjr .

    Do Oxford University Press, Inc. An hhnh. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.10016

    Oxford lh thuong hieu dZ dsng ky clia Oxford University Press.

    Giii moi b in quy&n. Kh6ng d u w phkp t6i ch&, luu trii trong he th6ng c6 th& phuc h8i ho+c truy&n tii b i t kjr phin nho trong i n phgm nhy, ir bi t kjr dang nho vh the0 bi t kjr hinh thiic nho, dh Ih dien hi, ca g i s , sao chup, ghi dm hay nhiing c6ch kh6c khi kh6ng c6 su cho phkp ti3 tru& clia Oxford University Press.

    Thi&t k& bia: Debrra Naylor, Naylor Design, Inc. ~ n h bia: i nh tr&n, O 2001 Stephen Simpson/FPG; i nh giiia, @ 2001 Stone/Paul Chesley; i nh d u s , Yosef Hadar, Ngdn hhng Th& gi6i. Thi&t k& b&n trong vh xip ch* Barton Matheson Willse & Worthington, Baltimore.

    Lhm tai Hoa Kjr In l in d i u vho th6ng Chin 2001

    T$p d c h nhy Ih s h phgm clia c6c nhdn vi&n NgZn hhng Th& gi6i. Nhiing k&t lu$n 6 ddy kh6ng nhit thi&t phin Bnh quan di6m clia Ban Gi6m d& hay nhiing nu& ho Ihm dai dien. Ngdn hhng ~ h & gi6i kh6ng b io d i m miic d6 chinh x6c clia c6c dii lieu trong i n bin nhy vh ciing kh6ng nh$n tr6ch nhiem du6i b i t kjr hinh thiic nho v& h$u q u i cfia viec sir dung nhiing dii lieu nhy. CBc d u h g bi&n giS, mhu sic, ten goi vh c6c th6ng tin kh6c d u p n&u ir bi t kjr b in d8 nho trong t$p s5ch kh6ng phii Ih phdn quy&t clia Ngdn hhng Th& gi6i v& fl tri dja 19 clia b i t kj. 1Znh th6 nho ho+c Ih sy h g h6 hay chip nh$n nhiing d u h g bi&n gi6i nhu v+y.

  • L S Nhh xui t bin

    B 60 cao ph6t tri6n th& gi& 2002 12 &I phim do Ngsn h h g ~ h & gi& xu& bin th6ng 9 nZm 2001. NZm nay, b60 c60 d& cap d6n vin d& Xsiy

    d ~ g the' che' hd bu thi ttruhg, ngi dung c6a Bio c60 &m cb b8n ph& chinh:

    Phin I, nhiing vin d6 chung ciia vi@c xby dyng c6c thd chb thj trubng, nhu th6 ch6 h6 trg t h trubng, h6 tru t h g t ruhg , gi6m dbi nghko nhu th& nio; di&u gi lim cho th6 ch6 hoat dong, v i l im th6 n io d6 xiiy d w g th6 ch6 cb hi$u quH.

    ~ h i n 11, tap trung v io c6c v in d6 th6 ch& d6i v6i cac doanh nghiep, v i di sbu vho c6c noi dung: Anh h u h g cJa th6 ch6 d&n nzng suit v i quHn 19 rGi ro trong nbng nghi$p; t6c dung cGa c6c th6 ch6 doanh nghi@p trong vi$c t k g d i u tu v i quHn 19 t&t doanh nghi$p; vai trb quan trong cJa c6c th6 ch6 tai chinh nhim bio d im mot he thang tii chinh lanh manh ...

    ~ h $ n In, xem xkt c6c th6 ch6 chinh tri va quin tri nha nuuc, t$p trung vio cac vhn d&: ti6n trinh hoach dinh chinh sach, d iu tranh ch6ng tham nhiing, c6c thd ch& thu6, vh hi& qu6 ciia ph6p luat.

    PhAn IV, nghisn c h h h h u h g ciia cac chuin myc v i thbng 1e xi hoi d6i v6-i thi t r u h g v i c6c thd ch& cbng, ciing nhu &nh h u h g ciia phdt tridn t h trubng t& chc chuin muc v i thbng le 66, dBng thbi c b g xem xkt vai trb c h truy$n t h h g 6qi c&g d&i vbi chit l u ~ g th6 ch6 VB c&c k&t quH kinh &, XZ h@ ...

    Chc th6 ch6 h6 trg thj trubng l i mot chfi d& ve da dang. Trong bbo c6o niy khbng

    cap tht c i c6c vhn d& th6 ch6 m i chi tap trung vio nhiing vAn d& quan trong ciia cic th6 ch6 nhim cung chp mot khung cho viec xiiy dyng thd ch&.

    Tir nhiing t h h h cbng c b g nhu thit b@ b nhi&u nu&, B6o cio dii rfit ra b6n bAi hoc chinh cho vi@c xby dyng th& ch6. Nhting bki hoc kinh nghiem niy, c h g v6i nhiing p h k tich chi ti6t v i n h h g vi du CLJ th6 trong b60 c60 dZ cung tip cho ngubi doc n h h g thbng tin kha sbu sic v i phong ph6 v& th6 ch6 h6 tru thj t r u b ~ g v i 1- th6 nio d6 x2y d w g d u s th6 ch6 phu h~rp. Tuy nhicn c b g c b phi% luu 9 rhg , trong b60 c60 cb mot s8 quan di6m kh6ng phii h~rp v& di&u ki$n, dsc di&m cGa nu& ta - mat nu& dang xby dyng n&n kinh t6 tb t m h g djnh hubng xZ hoi chii nghia, nhu quan di6m v& vai trb va s6 htiu c h nhi nu& d8i v6i n b kinh t& c b g nhu d B VM 1 - h vyc truy5n thbng d@ chhg , nhht 1 i v$ ~ L J do bio chi, h u n g d6 rang dubng thAo l u k , c h h g t8i v h gii nguysn 9 &a tic giA dd ban doc tham kh6o.

    Dich v i xuAt bAn Bio cio tr@n thanh sich, chGng tbi hy vong sE cung tip cho ban doc mot tii lieu tham khAo b6 ich v& mot vhn d& dang duqc nhi&u nukc quan tbm: XQ d w g ~ h & chk thi b u h g thu'c diY tiing t ruhg vii giiim dbi nghPo.

    Nhi xuit bin xin gi& thi$u cu8n s6ch v i mong nh$n duuc nhting y ki6n dbng gbp cJa ban doc.

    Thing 1 niim 2002 NHA X U ~ T B ~ J C H ~ H TR? QUOC GIA

  • B i o d o Phi t triin 736 gi& 2002 d6 c$p t6i vi@c xiy dtplg c6c thi! ch; thj tmbng thfic d iy tZng t r u h g vh gibm d6i nghko, trb lbi c6c cbu h6i: th6 ch6 h8 trg c6c thj trubng nhu th6 nho, diku gi lhm cho th6 ch6 hoat dang, vh Ihm th6 nho d6 xby d m g th6 ch6.

    Chii d&! nhy lh su. tihp n6i tg nhi@n ciia B60 c60 n h n 2001, trong 66 c h h g minh thj trubng d6ng vai trt, trung tiim d8i "6 C U ~ C s8ng ngubi nghko vh th6 ch6 c6 mot vai trb quan t r ~ n g . C h h g bnh h u h g t& vi@c thi trubng thc deng t&i mirc s8ng ngubi diin vh giiip b60 ve cic quy&n cJa h~ nhu th6 nho. B60 cho nhy xhc djnh c6ch th13c m i th6 ch6 c6 th& th6c d i y sv phit tri6n ciia c6c t h t r u h g kh6ng 1o.U trir vh h q nh&, dbm bbo ting t r u h g b6n viing, vh nhu v$y, cbi thi@n manh mG thu nh$p ciia ngubi diin vh gibm ngh6o d6i. B6o c60 d6 c$p t6i su b'hh ding v&! ca hai vh quy6n ciia con ngubi, nhit lh ngubi ngheo.

    Mat s8 nu& dZ thuc hien t h h h c8ng c6c cuoc cdi c6ch the0 djnh h u h g thj trubng. hung 6 mat s8 nu& khic, thi trutmg d~ khang tao n@n dong luc d J l h d6 khuy6n khich moi ngutri tham gia trao d8i thucmg mai b pham vi rGng l h hcm, khb nZng d6 moi ngubi sG dung &iy dii c6c ky nHng vh nguan luc cGa h ~ , vh ca hai d6 h~ tHng thu nh$p c ia minh.

    C ~ C th6 ch6 hi% hi@u c6 th6 tgo n@n su kh6c biet trong thhnh c8ng cfia c6c cuac cbi c6ch thj trubng. N ~ U kh6ng c6 c6c th6 ch; trao quy6n sb

    hi% d&t dai cho ngutri d h , thi ngubi nghko s5 kh8ng th6 s& dung chc thi s in c6 gi6 trj d6 dhu tu vh tHng thu nh$p. N6u kh8ng c6 cic th6 ch6 tu ph6p dii manh d6 d i m bbo thuc thi h~ rp d8ng thi c6c doanh nhiin SE thiy nhiiu hoat dong kinh doanh trb n@n qu6 mao hi6m. N6u kh8ng c6 c6c th6 ch6 quin tri c8ng ty c6 hi@u qub d6 ki6m so6t hhnh vi c6c nhh qubn tri, thi c6c doanh nghi@p c6 th6 giiy lZng phi ngu8n lyc ciia c6c b@n li@n quan. Hcm nCia, c6c th6 chi y6u khm c6 bnh h u h g d$c biet xiu t& ngubi ngh6o. ch ing han, s8 lieu utrc tinh cho thhy, tham nhiing giiy ra cho ngubi ngh6o mot khobn chi phi l h hcm ba l h so v&i ngutri gihu.

    Ducmg dhu v& thhch t h ~ c d6 xiiy dung c6c th6 ch6 c6 hieu qui c6 vai trb r i t quan trong trong sir m@nh d i u tranh ch8ng nghko d6i ciia Ngiin hAng ~ h 6 gi&. ChGng t8i nhk thirc duuc tim quan trong to I h ciia th6 ch6 trong qu6 trinh ph6t tridn th6 hien qua Khung Ph6t triin Tohn di@n. Khung nhy nhin manh sy phu thuoc Isn nhau g i k th6 ch6 v6i con ngutri, v$t chit, v i kinh t6 vi m8 ciia ph6t trign.

    Bio c6o n2y nhin manh t im quan trong ciia b8i cbnh ljch sir: vj tri cJa chc nutrc hi@n nay sG bnh h u h g t6i di6m d6n trong tumg lai cJa c h ~ n g . B6o c6o ciing hp dung met chch tiap c$n thuc t6 dbi v& vi@c xby dgng th& ch6, t$p trung vho n h h g gi c6 th& dugc thuc hien tr@n thuc t6 thay vi n h h g gi csn phbi Ihm trong mot th6 gi& 19 t u h g . C6c nhiin tb chinh trj vh x l h6i t ic

  • dong t6i t8c da thay d8i vh c6c cuac cii chch manh mi! kh6ng phii 1Gc n io cdng khi thi. ~ i & u quan trong lh chn phAi ti6n hhnh cii chch b chc linh vyc c6 co. hai. ~ 6 u duqc thi& k6 dGng thi m6i buirc ti6n ciing g6p phdn dua chc nuirc ti6n I@n phia truhc. Va ngay c i chc cii chch nh6 cdng tao co. s& iing ha nhiing cuac cii chch I h hcm.

    Bho cho cho r b g , khdng co mat giii phhp duy nhit cho vi@c x2y dqng th6 ch6. Bao cho dua ra nhiing h u h g d2n v& chinh sach d8i v6i viec Ihm th6 nho d6 ph6t tri6n c6c th6 chk phii hop. Phit tri6n tr@n n&n ting c6c t h M cbng b nhi&u nuirc vh rGt kinh nghiem tir cac thit bai, Bao c60 cung chp cho ngubi doc mat sy hi6u bi6t s2u s ic hcm v& c6c th6 ch6 h6 trq t h trubng v i s u dinh gi6 chinh x6c hon v& viec x2y d w g nhCing th6 ch6 nhy nhu th6 nho. Bing cach xac dinh lhm thk n io d6 khuy6n khich thay d8i th6 chk, Bao cao quan t2m t6i vai trt, ciia c6c t6c nhzn tu nhgn v i nhi nuirc, tip qu8c gia, tip dia phucmg vh tip qu8c t6. Bao c60 duqc chit loc tir r i t nhi&u nghi@n c h vh kinh nghiem thuc t& b b@n trong ciing nhu b@n ngoii Ng2n hang ~ h k gih, vh dya tr@n co. s2r nhiing hi6u bi6t tu nhi&u l i i vuc khhc nhau, tu 66 dua ra nhiing nghien c h vh dti lieu m6i v$ th6 ch6.

    Tir nhi&u ngubn da dang, Bao cho rGt ra b8n bhi hoc trong viec x2y dqng th6 ch6 hieu qui.

    hik kt k6 c6c th& ch6 nhim b6 sung cho n h k g gi hi@n c6 - c6c th6 ch6 h6 trq khhc, n k g lyc con ngubi, vh c h g ngh@ sbn co. Tinh s in c6 vh chi phi ciia c6c th6 chk h6 trq vh n5ng lyc hien c6 SO quy6t djnh inh h u h g ciia bi t kjr mat th6 ch6 nho. B b g chch hi6u duqc c6c th6 ch6 tucmg tic v6i nhau nhu th6 nio, chGng ta c6 th6 x6c djnh duqc cac muc ti@u uu ti@n. ~ d i rn6i d6 x6c djnh th6 ch6 nho c6 th6 hoat dGng v i n h k g th6 ch6 nho kh6ng. D6i klu di&u niy dbi h6i phii c6 c6c thfi nghi@m. Ngay c i b nhihg nuirc c6 thu nhap vh n h g lyc tucmg tu nhau, d8i m6i vsn c6 th6 tao n@n chc th6 ch6 t8t hcm do s u khac nhau v& di&u

    kien dla phucmg, tir chc chuin myc x2 hai cho t6i dia 19. Chc nuirc c6 th6 c6 lqi khi khai tri&n cac d6i m6i thinh c6ng vh 6p dung c6c d8i m6i tir khu vvc tu nhhn. N h m g n h b g nuirc nhy ciing phii co can d i m tu b6 cac thfi nghi$m thit bai. Li2n kst tang dbng chc d8i t u ~ g tham gia thj t r u h g th6ng qua chc lubng th6ng tin va thucmg mai mb. Trao d8i th6ng tin lhm thay d8i hknh vi. N6 tao n@n nhu ciu thay d6i th6 ch6 bing chch khi6n moi ngubi phii chju trhch nhi$m nhi&u hcm vh cung chp c6c y tubng thay d6i tir b@n ngohi cang clang. Do vay, li@n kkt chc ceng dang ngubi trong c6c mang lu6i thbng tin va thucmg mai 1h mat uu ti@n d6i v6i nhiing nwbi x2y dyng c6c th6 ch6 h% trq thi trubng. Thuc dgy canh tranh giiia c6c v h g , c6c doanh nghiep vh cac ca nh2n. NhCmg tic n h k thi trubng b cac nuirc dang ph6t tri6n thubng g$p phii tinh t r v g canh tranh qu i it, vh viec thay d6i di&u niy s5 cii thien d ing k6 chit luqng thi chk. Canh tranh mqnh mE hcm c6 t6c dung di&u chinh h e u q u i ciia c6c th6 ch6 s b co, tao n@n nhu ciu cho c6c th6 ch6 m6i, vh tZng s u lua chon cho ngubi ti@u d h g . Canh tranh giiia chc v h g sE l im n6i bgt chc th6 ch6 thhnh c6ng v i khuy6n khich nhu ciu d8i v6i c h h g . Canh tranh g i h c6c doanh nghi$p vh chc c6 nh2n cdng co t6c dgng tucmg tu. NhCmg bhi hoc 1 h nhy, cdng nhu c6c ph2n

    tich chi ti& vh nhi&u vi d u trong B6o c60, sE giup c h h g ta vh nhijng nhh hoach djnh chinh sach x2y dyng chc thg ch6 d i m b io su t5ng t r u h g 6n d m vh cho tit c i moi ngubi, nhb vgy co th6 cii thien duvc thu nhap ciia ngubi d2n vh giim doi nghho.

    James D. Wolfensohn.

  • L ~ I NOI DAU vii

    860 c60 nhy duuc chuin bi b6-i mat nh6m do Roumeen Islam linh dao vh bao g6m Arup Banerji, Robert Cull, Asli DemiriigKunt, Simeon Djankov, Alexander Dyck, Aart Kraay, Caralee McLiesh, Russell Pittman vh Helena Tang. Nazmul Chaudhury, Jeffrey Hammer, Richard Messick, vh Tatiana Nenova dB c6 nhiing dong g6p b8 sung. Nh6m c6ng t6c nhan dugc su h6 trq ciia Theodora Galabova, Paramjit Gill, Yifan Hu, Olga Ioffe, Claudio Montenegro, Stefka Slavova, Mahesh Surendran, vh LiHong Wang. Andrei Shleifer vh Joseph E. Stiglitz dB c6 c6c d$ xu& quf b6u trong qu6 trinh viht B6o c60. Bruce Ross-Larson 1h ngubi bi@n t$p phht tdng quan, chuung 1 vh chuung 10. Andrew Balls lh nguiri h6 trq c8ng vi@c bi6n t$p. Tohn be c8ng viec dugc thuc hi@n du6i su chi dao chung cfia Nicholas Stem.

    Nh6m c6ng t6c nh$n dugc su c6 v in c6a hai d6ng c6c chuyen gia g6m c6 Carl Anduri, Abhijit Banerjee, Kaushik Basu, Tim-othy Besley, Francois Bourguignon, Antonio Estache, Cheryl Gray, Avner Greif, Nurul Islam, Emmanuel Jimenez, Daniel Kaufmann, Michael Klein, Yingyi Qian, vh Kenneth Sokoloff.

    ~ h i & u c6 nhiin trong vh ngohi Ngiin hhng ~ h h gi6i d i c6 c6c nhan x6t hiiu ich, viht c6c thi lieu nghi@n c h ca s b ciing nhu n h h g d6ng gop kh6c. Ten ciia ho dugc ghi trong ph$n chG thich thi lieu tham khio. Da s6 c6c nghi@n c h ca sb dB n h a duqc su thi trq hho ph6ng tir Chinh phG H i Lan. C6ng viec nghi@n ciru cDng nh$n duuc su h8 trq ciia Quy uf th6c Thuy Sy. Nh6m ~6 lieu Phat trign Ng2n hhng th6 gi6i d6ng g6p phAn phu luc s6 lieu vh chju tr6ch nhi@m v& C6c chi s6 Ph6t trign ~ h h gi& chon loc.

    Nh6m c6ng t6c dB ti6n h h h tham vin rang rZi d6 chuin bj cho B60 c60 niy, tir buirc khbi thio d$ cuung cho t6i khi b in in thllr cu6i c h g . Trong giai doan l$p k6 hoach cho B60 c60 vho nZm 2000, c6c cuac hai thio dZ duuc td chlSrc vho thing Hai tai Berlin vh th6ng Biy tai Washington, D.C d i c6 c6c cuac trao d8i ji ki6n g i h c6c hoc giA vh c6c nhh hoach dinh chinh s6ch tr6n khip th6 gi6-i. Trong giai doan bAn thio vho niim 2001, mat cuac hop c6c nhh tu vin v6 c6c phumg tien truy$n th6ng dZ duqc t8 chiic vho th6ng Tu vh mat cuac hop c6c he thang tu ph6p duqc t6 chiic vho th6ng NZm. Hun ntia, c6c tic gii cbn tham khio y kihn ciia mat cang dang 1611, trong 66 c6 c i c6c td chlSrc phi chinh phG, hop tai Paris (v& c6c dai di@n tir Hai d6ng Nhi nu& Phhp, ~8 chirc Hqp t6c vh Ph6t tri6n Kinh th, Ca quan Ph6t trign Ph6p vh Hai d6ng canh tranh); tai L u h D6n (Be Ph6t trign QUBC th, Vien Ph6t trign HAi ngoai vh c6c t8 chiic phi c h i ! phil); vh tai Amsterdam (Vien Ph6t tri6n ~ u 6 c t6 Amsterdam). Nh6m c6ng t6c ciing ti6n hhnh nhi$u cuac hai thio qua vid6o vCri nhimg nguM tham d u tir BZngladCt, Braxin, Ai C$p, Nh$t Bin, M6xic6, Nam Phi vh Th6i Lan. Nh6m c ihg tham v in Hiep hai c6c C6ng dohn Tu do ~ u 6 c th.

    Rebecca Sugui d i m nhiem vai trb trq 1y chinh cho nh6m; Leila Search lh trq 19 chumg trinh vh h6 trg ky thu$t; Shannon Hendrickson, Joanna Kata-Blackrnan, Mei-Ling Lavecchia, vh Rudeewan Laohakit-tikul lh c6c trq 1y nh6m. Maria Ameal, vB sau nhy 121 Eva Santo Domingo, lhm c6ng t6c tru 19 q u b 1y ngu6n luc.

    Vi@c thiht kg, bi@n tap vh s in xu& cu6n shch nhy nhan dugc su ph8i hgp ciia Ca s b Dich vu SAn xu& tryc thuac VZn phbng ~ u i t bAn c6a Ngiin hhng th6 gi&.

  • MUC • luc

    1 . X&y dqng . . . th& dig: 66 sung. 661 rn& Ifan It&$ vB cqnh tranh 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ h 6 ch6 h6 tru thi h u h g nhu th6 nio? 6

    ~ h 6 ch& h8 tru t;ng t ruhg v i giim ngheo d6i nhu th6 nio? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Lim th6 nio d6 x i y dyng th6 ch6 c6 hi& qui? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 cu ciu v i phqm vi clia B6o c60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 K & t l u a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

    2 Wng dBn 33 Xdy dyng cic th6 ch6 di t nbng then d m bio dim v i c6 khi n k g chuy&n nhuqng hcm . . 40

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xdy dyng cic th6 ch6 tki chinh nbng then c6 hi& qui v i dE tiGp can 48 Xdy dyng cic th6 ch6 hi& qui d8i v& cbng nghe nbng nghiep v i d6i mi% . . . . . . . 55 K@tluan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

    .3 . QU&R t i d~anh-nghlh 8s . Cic doanh nghiep t r ~ n th6 gi& c6 d@c di6m gi? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Cic th6 chi? quin tri tu nhdn d8i v& doanh nghitp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -73 Luat v i cic trung gian chinh thuc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

    . . . . . . K&t lu* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

    4 H@:th8gg. t8f'chhh . 97 C6c nhi hoach d w chinh shch n@n khuy6n khich he thang tii chinh dya vio ngdn hing

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hay dua vio thj t ruhg? 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ckn Lp dyng hinh thuc diau ti&t tAi chinh nhu th& nio? 102

    TZng c u h g hieu qui trong khu vuc thi chinh: vai trb d a st3 hCiu v i c+nh tranh . . . . . . . . 109 Su gia nhap dia t6c RMn nub: ngoki v i tii chinh di& hi c6 the lim thay d6i bin chit

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thi t r u h g tii chinh 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ i m th6 nio d6 t2ng khi n h g ti6p c& c6c dich vy tii chinh 119

  • 5 . Cac th6 che chinh trj va q u i n tri 129 Cbc th6 chk chinh trj v2 sy lya chon ckinh sbch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Thamnhiing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Chinh trj. cic th6 chk. v2 thu; khob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 K& lu2n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

    6 . He thdng tu ph3p 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO s h h cic he th6ng phip lu2t v2 tu phip 157

    . . . . . . . . . Cbc bing chimg mtri v6 hai khia canh ciia he th6ng tu phip: t6c dG v2 chi phi 158 - Cbcn6lycci icichtuphip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Sy c6ng bing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K6tlu2n 173

    7 . CgnR t r anh 175 Canh tranh trong nu& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Cqnh tranh qu6c tk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K6tlu2n 197

    8 . £lieu tigt ca so: h a tang 199 Cqnh tranh trong cic 1-~nh vyc ha ting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 . . co cku ciia he th6ng di6u ti6t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

    . . . . . . . . . . . . Thikt kk viec di6u tikt co sir ha t h g d6 ph2n ph6i djch vg ttri ngubi nghho 213 kt lu2n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

    9 . ~ h u a n niyc v a mang lu6i 223 ~ h 6 chk kh6ng chinh h 3 c tr6n t k t ruhg: l@ ich v2 h e chk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X2y d m g v2 thich nghi cic th6 chk chinh thGc 231 su h ~ i nh2p g i ~ a th6 chk chinh thGc v2 th6 chk kh6ng chinh thGc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kt lu2n 234

    10 . Phuung t ien truygn t h h g 237 SydGcl2p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 c h i t luqng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Mir rGng tim hoat dGng cGa cic phuong tien truy6n th6ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Cic th6 chk b6 sung cho truy6n th6ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 K6tlu2n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

    Chu thioh tai lieu thans kt120

    CAc chi so phat trien t h e gibi chqn loc

    Cac h@p 1.1 MGt b2i tho v6 cic vin d6 ciia thuong mai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2 ~ h 6 che 12 gi? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

  • xii BAO d o PHAT T ~ N T H ~ GI& 2002

    C ~ U tnlc thi chinh khhc nhau giiia c6c nu&: vai tr6 quan trong ciia th6ng tin t8t hrm vh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h$ th6ng ph6p luzt bbo v@ quy&n sb hiiu 101

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ h u y & n khich thi t r u k g c h k g khoin b cbc nubc dang phit trisn 102 Thiit k& mang luiri an sinh n g h h h g : vai trb ciia bbo hi6m tian g;i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Vai trb c6c k h o b nq th15 cAp trong viec x6c &d~ do tin nhiem: t n r h g h q ~ ciia ~chen t ina . 105

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ h i & t k& th6 ch& ciia c6c ca quan gi6m s i t n g h hhng 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tinh chht kinh t& chinh tri ciia cbi c6ch n g h hhng 113

    T5ng c u h g c6c ca chi nlt lui ciia ngdn hhng: Cbc bhi h ~ c hi chdu My Latinh . . . . . . . . . . 115 Anh h u h g ciia sb hiiu nubc ngohi d8i v& ngan hang b Hunggari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 C6ng ngh$ vh cung tip dich vy thi chinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 C6c t8 chI2c d k g ky tin d y ~ g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

    . . . . . Cic th6 ch6 chinh tri. quy&n sb hiiu vh c6c k&t qub thi khoi trong thi k? 17 b Anh 130 C6c cbi c6ch thumg mai cb g6i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 ~ 6 c m8i li6n h@ chinh tri vh gi6 tri doanh ng@$p b 1nd6n6xia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

    tujr tien vh vi$c ki6m tra xe tbi b ~ujara t . An Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cbi c6ch hi&n ph6p d8 ch6ng tham nhiing &Thai Lan 141

    ~ h u & kinh doanh b uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Kq lust tb t r u h g so v& kq lust nhh nu&: SIJ ph i s h ciia chinh quy6n thhnh ph8 bHunggari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Chia sit thu6 v& be m6y hhnh chinh thu6 y&u kitm: t r u h g h q ciia Nga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

    Hoh gibigibi quy&t tranh chip nhu th6 nho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Ai c6 lqi tir cic toh 6n hiiu hi& h m ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 CAC cuac di&u tra v& k&t qub hoat dong tu ph6p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Sos6nhhi$uqubtuph6p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Chi s6 phI2c tap ciia thii tyc ki$n t y ~ g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Thu hai nq b ~ u ~ n i d i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Thhnh l$p toh i n chuy6n trich thurmg mai b Tandania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 C6c bi$n ph6p gibi quyit tranh chAp thay tha b Bingladkt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

    Adam Smith vi&t v& canh tranh. 1776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 . . . . . . . . . . Tinh t o k m k do canh tranh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; 177

    C6c quy djnh v& lao dong vh c6c han chi trong th t r u h g lao dong: vi d u b &I Do . . . . . 180 TZng c u h g c& tranh tr6n t k t r u h g sbn phim vh t5ng m k 66 linh hoat tr6n thi t r u h g lao dong b &I Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 SIJ kh6c bi$t trong lust v& canh tranh vh hi@u ~ I J C thi hhnh giiia My vA Li6n minh

    . . . . . . . . . . . . chdu a u (EU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; 186 Mb cira thurmg mai vh n h h g thay ddi va th6 chi: thj t r u h g s in phdm b &I Do . . . . . . . 189 LC$ ich ciia ty do hoh thj t r u h g ciia cac nu& c6ng nghiep d6i v& s i n phim n6ng nghi@p vhhhngd$tmay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 ~ h i & u canh tranh trong linh vuc djch vy. han chi nhiing lqi ich thu duqc tir tu do ho6 thumgmaihhnghoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 C6c h@ th6ng quy&n sb hiiu tri tu@ y&u thfic d i y khb n h g tiGp c$n c6ng ngh$ vh t b g t r u h g b Dang A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

    Cung h g tu n h h : n h h g bang c h h g ddy tir cbc thob thu6n nhugng quy&n kinhdoanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

  • 8.2 Li@n kkt doc vh su p h h biet trong cung h g c6c dich vu Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 ~ h u q r t ~ quykn kinh doanh nuirc b ~ucuman . ~ d ~ e n t i n a 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 XBC dinh d6i bang nh$n trq tip: cach tikp c$n ciia chi16 218

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 SyngHncHnthamgiakinhdoanhtrongl~chsfichiuPhi 229 9.2 V h g Tiripur b bang Tamil Nadu (&I I%): Viec 6p dyng n h k g th6 chk kh8ng chinh thGc

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66i v6i nhiing ngubi b6n trong v i b@n ngohi cang d6ng 229 9.3 h h u h g c6a cic thi! chs chhh thuc d8i v6i c6c c h u h muc: nuirc Uganda thbi kjr

    thuacdja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Ngin h h g ~ 8 i giio: cic cich tikp c$n chinh thuc vh kh8ng chinh thlic 233

    9.5 Giio dyc d6i v6i ngubi Orma t+i Kcnia: digu chinh the0 nhiing c h i n mqc 66 duqc thikt l$p viing c h ~ c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

    10.1 Vai tr2, c6a phucmg tien truygn th8ng dai chikg trong vi@c lhm gilm t@ tham nhiing &Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

    . . . 10.2 Ning cao chit lumg giio duc th8ng qua phucmg ti@^ th8ng tin dai chikg b Panama 239 10.3 Do l u h g sy dac lap ciia nghnh truygn th8ng th8ng qua s8 lieu vk sb hkI nginh truykn

    th8ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 10.4 Hinh thfic sb hkI nghnh truykn th8ng Hnh h u h g dkn nai dung th8ng tin: t r u h g hqp

    Ucraina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 10.5 ~ i 6 m soit th8ng tin tr@n Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 10.6 CHi thi@n khH nHng tikp c$n thbng tin b Thii Lan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 10.7 T h g khH nHng tikp C@I t& c6c phucmg tien truykn th8ng: bio t u h g b N6pan . . . . . . . . . 253

    Hinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 ~ f i c do tgp trung quy&n sb hkI rit kh6c nhau giiia c6c nuirc 10

    1.2 DO siu thi chinh tao n@n ting t r u h g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Su phfic tap trong cic thii h ~ c thu h6i no.. 15

    1.4 Chi phi ding kq kinh doanh b c6c nuirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Mb cira nhiku hcm vh chit luqng ciia c6c th6 chk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

    . . . . . 1.6 Da dang ngu6n cung tip th8ng tin vh chit luqng th6 chk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

    2.1 ~6 ngubi ngh&o b t h M t h so v& b n8ng th8n tai mat s8 nuirc trong th$p k? 1990 . . . . . . 38 2.2 CBc ha gia dinh n8ng din vay v8n tir c6c th6 chk chinh thuc b mat s6 nuirc chiu A . . . . . . 48 2.3 kt qui tii chinh ciia cic chucmg trinh bio hi6m n8ng nghi@p n6i chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.4 T? 1@ thu nh$p trung vi ciia nghicn cliu n8ng n@@p v i khuykn n8ng the0 khu vqc . . . . . 56 2.5 M$t do nghien cliu n8ng nghi@p ciia nhh nu& v i tu nhin nHm 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

    3.1 Cbc lu6ng d iu tu m6i it nhay cim d6i v6i gii tri gia t5ng b cic nu& dang ph6t tri6n . . . . . 71 3.2 T? 1@ thi s in trong cic doanh nghi@p c8 phi?in duqc mua b h rang rZi ciia cic doanh nghi@p

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lh thinh vi@n tsp doin 77 3.3 Cic dgc quy&n c6a cd d8ng vh sy phi! tri6n ciia th t r u h g c h h g k h o h . . . ....... 84

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Tieu c h u h k6 t o h b c6c nu& . . . . 89 . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 ~ 6 n huy dong th8ng qua cLc chucmg trinh phiku nh$n ti& giri m6i . . . . 94

    4.1 Sq phit tri6n cJa h@ th6ng thi chinh trong cLc nh6m thu nhap khic nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Sb h h nki nuirc trong nghnh ngin hang. 1998- 1999

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Su ph6t tri6n ciia he th8ng n g h hhng Hunggari 4.4 T6ng thi ph$n ciia da s8 c6c ngiin hing sir hiiu n u k ngoii ir mat s8 nu&

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tirn6m1994va1999

    5.1 Su kh6c nhau trong chit lugng c6c chinh s6ch tr@n thk gi6i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.2 Cbc chinh phJ phin li$t g+p n h i h kh6 kh6n trong di&u chhh thi kho6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.3 C6c chinh p h J it c6 ca chk ciin b h g quysn luc him thi it c6 khi n6ng d i m bio hieu lyc

    cJa c6c q u i dinh d8i vM khu vuc ngin hang trong k h h g hoing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 Thu thu@ tren th6 gi6i . . . 143

    6.1 (a) ThJ tuc phuc tap Ihm giim hi& quA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 (b) C6c nuirc giau ciing c6 c6c quy dinh phuc tap, n h m g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

    . (c) ... C6c nuirc nhy c6 c6c h@ thang hi@ q u i hcm do c6 c6c th6 ch6 vh n6ng luc b6 sung 160 6.2 Qu6 nhi6u thJ tqc v6n b b , han ch6 khi n h g tikp c&-t hh< th6ng tu phap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.3 S y dec I$p cJa he th8ng tu phap Ihm tZng c u h g cac quy$n sb htiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

    7.1 Quy m6 ciia n&n kinh tk h a n g chhh thuc tZng I@n khi s8 luqng c6c thJ tqc cin d& thhnh l$p doanh nghiep m6i t6ng I6n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

    7.2 Tham n h k g gia tiing khi s6 luqng c6c thii tuc cin d6 t h M I$p doanh nghiep m6i tiinglen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Hi& q u i cJa lu$t canh tranh t6ng c h g v6i thu nh$p d i u ngubi 186 7.4 Mir c&a Ihm giim ch@nh I$ch gi6 cA - gi6 t h h h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 Sirc manh cJa c6c b2ng s6ng chk t6ng c h g v6i thu nh$p tr@n d i u ngutri 194

    10.1 Ai sb htiu nghnh truygn thhng? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 10.2 Sir htiu nhh nuirc trong nghnh truybn th8ng v i tinh cqnh tranh thip d b t6i n h h g

    kkt q u i tai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 10.3 Ty I@ thiim nh$p cAa truy&n th6ng theo khu vuc vh so s inh giiia c6c n u k OECD

    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v6inhhgnuirckh6c 252

    Cac bing 2.1 Chc hinh thuc th6 ch6 cho vay 6 n6ng th6n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Khu vuc tu nhin d i u tu vho c6c cbng nghe n8ng nghiep nho? . . .

    3.1 Ty I@ c6c doanh nghiep quy m6 nh6 thuec khu vuc chinh thuc ir m6t s6 n&n kinh t$ trong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c6c n6m nhit dinh 73

    3.2 Bao c60 thi chinh kh8ng cung chp c6c th6ng tin him ich cho nhtn~g ngutri cung tip ngu6n luc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

    6.1 Chc d i u vho trong he thang tu ph6p cJa mat s6 nuirc. 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    7.1 C6c ti@u c h u h v& doc quy&n tr@n t h t r u h g s in phim trong luGt ciyh tranh tr@n . a . t h @ g ~ ol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

    8.1 tu vao c6c d u an ca sb ha t h g v6i su tham gia cJa tu nhin ir c6c nuirc dang ph6t tri&n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . phiin theo linh vuc vh the0 v h g . 1990-1999 200

    8.2 ~ h i k n luqc phiin thch hay lien kkt doc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 8.3 C a hiji tihp c$n di$n. nuk . diku ki@n v$ sinh, vh dich vu di$n thoai b 22 nu& My Latinh

    1986-96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

    9.1 C6c hinh phat kh8rzg chinh thhc trong ca ch; thi hhnh hqp d6ng . . .

  • h4l)C LUC

    Chu thich v6 djnh nghia va so" lieu

    Danh sich cic nu& dugc nh6m the0 khu vuc v i thu nh$p trong bio cio nay trinh biy trong bHng phiin loai cic n&n kinh t& b cu8i phin cic chi s6 phit tri&n th6 gi6i chon 1oc. Phin loai the0 thu nhap d w tr6n GNP tr6n d i u ngutri; ciic n g u h g cGa phdn loai thu nh$p trong cu6n sich c6 thd duqc tim thiy trong

    gi6i thieu v& cbc chi s6 phit tri&n th6 gi6i chon loc. MlSrc bung binh cGa cic nh6m durn trinh biy trong cic hinh vE v i bing bi&u 1 i trung binh kh8ng trong s6 cGa cac nu& trong nh6m, trir n h h g trubng hqp c6 chQ t h i l r 6 .

    Thu$t ngCr cic nu& d u ~ d h g d& chi cic n&n kinh t&, chii kh8ng p h h h h quan di&m d a N g h hing ~ h & gibi v& tinh trmg phip 19 v i cic tinh trang khic cGa v h g 1Znh th8 d6.& tien lqi, thuat ngii cic nu& dangphit tri6n d6 chi cBc n&n kinh t& thu nh$p thip v i trung bi, bao g6m cH cic n&n kinh t& dang trong qui trinh chuy6n d8i tir ca ch6 kg hoach hoi tap trung. Ciing vi muc dich tien lqi m i thuat ngii cic nu& phit tri6n hay cic nu& c6ng nghiep d ~ r q sir dung d& chi cic n&n kinh t& thu nhap cao.

    Cic s6 lieu tinh theo d61a 12 gi6 trj d81a My

    hien hinh trir khi duuc chG giHi khic. Mot 9 bing 1.000 trieu; mot 9 (f b h g 1.000 tir. I

    CAc kji hi& vi6t t i t sau d iy duqc sir dung:

    EU FD1 GATT

    GDP GNP HIVIAIDS

    IPR NGO OECD

    PPP R & D SME TRIPS

    WTO

    Litn minh chiu A u D ~ U tu t rw tiap nu& ngoii Hiep u6c chung v& thu& quan v i th~rung rnai T8ng s in phim qu8c n8i ~ 6 n ~ s in phim qu8c d i n Virus l im suy giim khH n h g mi& dich cGa con ngutril HOi &ling bi suy giHm khH n k g mitn djch CBc quy&n sb hfiu tri tue ~6 c h k phi Chinh phb ~6 chfic Hqp tic v i Phit tri6n Kinh t6 Ngang gii s k mua Nghitn c h v i phit tri&n Cic doanh nghiep vira v i nh6 Cic khia canh litn quan ti% thumg mai ciia cic quy&n sir hiiu tri tue Td chlSrc Thuung rnai Th& gi6i

  • A Phan Gi6i thieu

  • Chling ta g ig thich nhu th6 nio vg su tdn tai dai ding clia ngh6o kh6 & gi6a su sung tlic? N ~ U chling ta da" biit ngu& gbc clia su sung hic thi tai sao ca'c nu& nghio lai khbng don gisn chip nh#n ca'c chinh sich tiin din s y sung tlic db?. .. Chling ta phi% tao nen cic kich thich d6 mqi ngu6i d iu tu viio ca'c cbng ngh f hi@ quS'hon, nZng cao k y n h g clia hq vi td chlic ca'c thi tnrdng mQt ca'ch hifiu quk Nhiing kich thich dd duqc th $ hien trong d c th 6 chi.

    - Douglass C. North, 2000

    T rong thb kf 11, n h k g thumg nhdn v h g Maghribi b B ~ C Phi mu6n mb rang hoat dong kinh doanh vuQt ra ngohi bi&n gi& t& c6c v h g d i t xung quanh Dia Trung HAi. 6 rnai trung tdm thumg mai, thumg mai khbng bi c6c qrly dinh v i han ch6 chinh thuc cAn trb, thi t r u h g cb tinh canh tranh v& nhi&u ngubi mua vh ngutri bin thumg lumg gi6 cA thbng qua n h k g ngutri m8i gi&, ngi gi6 tu do vh thoA thuqn truc ti6p. Thumg mai xuy&n bi&n gi6i nbi chung kh6ng bi c6c quy dinh vh han ch6 chinh thuc cAn trb. Nhung hoat dong thumg mai xuyen bi@n gi& lai g$p nh ih bAp bEnh v& gi6 bhn, chAt lumg hhng ho6 khi d&n nai vh khH nHng bi tram tip. Chi khi dich th2n c6c thumg n h h v$n chuy6n hhng ho6 c4a

    minh t6i n h h g thi trulrng xa xbi h? m& cb th6 d im bio duqc 1h hhng ho6 cJa minh d6n ncri vh duqc bin ra an tohn. N h h g rdi ro vh chi phi db tit nhi&n dB hiy ch6 thumg mqi.

    Vi v$y tai tAt cA c6c trung tiim thumg mai xung quanh Dia Trung HAi, ngubi Maghribi d&u thhnh l$p c6c dai 19 tai nutrc ngohi d6 dai dicn cho quy6n lqi c4a minh v i trao d8i thbng tin v& c6c thj trutmg. Do ngubi c ihg bong cong clang, n h k g dai 1y nhy duqc xem lh d6ng tin c$y. Do con it n h h g khb !.chi511 vb vicc hgp d6ng hm, n&n c6c thucrng nhin vung Maghribi kh8ng con phii truc tibp v$n chuy6n hhng d6 d im bAo ring ho khbng bi liia dio. Thbng tin luu chuy6n tu do trong mang lu& 8uqc chc m6i quan he xii hoi nhy bao boc. H m nEa, c6c di&u lu$t ciia t6 ch13c m$c d i ~ khbng thhnh vsn nhung d i duqc tu c4ng c6. Tu c6ch thhnh vi@n trong mang lu& c6c thumg nh2n d6p h g tat lqi ich cda ttmg thhnh vi&n. Z6c m8i quan h@ xH hoi cfing c6 c6c m6i quan he kinh doanh dbi b&n cung cb 1@, vh nhb db, thumg mai xuy&n bi@n gi& phit triin manh.

    Nghy nay, sau mat thien ni@n kf, nh%n loai trEn khip th; gi& lai phAi d6i m5t v& nhimg v in d& tumg tu trong nB 1vc cAi thien cuac s6ng c4a minh thbng qua c6c hoat dong t h t ruhg . C6c doanh nhdn chdu Phi khbng th6 mb rong

  • dugc ccr hai vi hg thi6u th6ng tin v& chc d8i thc kinh doanh. Chc n8ng ddn nghiio b chdu My Latinh kh6ng th6 sG dung thi siin ho sb hGu d6 th6 chip cho chc khoin vay ngdn hhng. Chc doanh n h h m& ndi I@n b Trung A trong n h h g nd lyc kh&i su doanh nghiep c ia minh g$p phii chc tr6 ngai chinh tri tir cic doanh nghi@p dang hoat dong vh tir phia chinh quy&n.

    s i t chip chc kh6 khZn nhy, nhi&u ngu&i b n h k g nutrc gihu cCing nhu b n h h g nutrc nghko dang tham gia vho chc hoat dong thi trubng c6 ich v i sinh lqi. Nhu Ba'o cio PhBt trisn ~h$~ic?i 2000/2001 dZ k h h g dinh, thu nh$p tir vi@c tham gia thj t r u h g c6 vai ?rb quan trong trong viec th6c ddy ting truirng kinh t6 d8i v6i chc qu8c gia vh giim tinh trang ngh&o d6i d6i v6i chc ch n h b . Bho cho n iy d& cap t6i vi@c ting th@m ca hai cho nguiri nghko b chc thi t r u h g vh trao cpy6n cho ho. 0i&u gi lhm cho chc hoat dong thi t r u h g sinh lqi vh khi di v& mat s8 ngubi n h m g lai kh8ng d6i v6i nhihg nguiri khhc? Tai sao mat s8 h@ thang thi t r u h g c6 tinh kh8ng loai trir vh hqp nhit cho phhp l~ ich d6n v6i c i ngubi nghiro vh ngubi giiu, ngu& b n6ng than ciing nhu ngubi b t h b h thi? Vi tai sao lai c6 n h k g thi trubng mang tinh dia phucmg v i ph2n m6nl17

    Vi d y v& nguiri vhng Maghribi dZ lhm s&ng tb mat s6 19 do. Thi t r u h g cho ph6p moi ngubi sir dung ky n h g v i nguBn luc ' c h minh v i tham gia vho chc hoat dong c6 r4ng sudt cao n6u nhu c6 chc th6 ch6 h6 trq tlu truirng. Chc th6 ch6 nhy 12 gi? 0 6 12 chc quy tic, cic ca chh thi hhnh v i cac t6 chuc h6 'rw giao dich thi t r u h g . Msc d t ~ chc th6 ch; n iy r$t khhc nhau g i i i chc cong clang, gi5a qu8c gia gihu v i qu8c gia ngh&o, nhung chGng d&u giGp cho vi@c truy&n tii th8ng tin, d i m b io thi hhnh chc quy&n d8i v6i tii s i n vh chc h~rp clang, c h g nhu quin 19 canh tranh tr@n thi t r u h g . it c i chc th; ch6 hd trg thi trubng d&u thuc hien mat hosc mat s6 chuc ning n t ~ u v$y. Vh :rong.khi lhm di&u d6, chilng mang lai ca hai vh dong luc d6 moi ngubi tham gia chc hoat dang thj trL;bng smh lqi.

    Bho cho nhy d; c$p t6i nhiing nguji x2y

    d ~ g chc th6 ch6 c6 thc dung h6 trq cho sy phat tri8n c i a t h trubng. Bho cio 2000/2001 nhin manh tim quan trong cGa chc th6 ch6 d8i v6i s u tham gia cGa ngu&i nghiro tr@n thi trubng. Bho cao d& c$p t6i c i loai th6 ch6 h6 trq ting truirng, ciing nhu th6 ch6 cin trb tryc tikp khi nzng c$n ciia ngubi nghko d8i v6i chc hoat dong thj trubng. Bho cho ciing xem xht n h k g th6 ch6 tao ca hai vh trao quy6n luc cho moi nguiri. Bho cho niy di xa hcm Bho cho 2000/2001 bing chch phdn tich chc th6 chh lim gi d6 khuykn khich ting t r u h g vh ting khi ning tihp c&n, cung nhu bing chch khuyhn nghi chch thuc !Am the: n2o d6 xdy d w g chc th6 ch6 c6 hi& qui . Bso cho nhin manh chc th6 ch6 gi6p con ngubi l im th6 nho d6 sfi dung t8t hcm n h k g tii s in minh c6, vh lhm th6 nho d6 tich luy hcm ntia. Trong khi t$p trumg vho viec xdy dlplg th6 ch6, Bho cho kh6ng ha thip vai trb ciia chinh shch. Tuy nhiGn, chinh shch tat vsn chua d i . Nai dung chi ti& c ia x2y d w g th6 ch6 c6 vai trb quan trong d8i v6i t h g t r u h g vh giim nghko ~ 1 6 .

    Bho cho dZ d6ng g6p vho vi@c nghi@n chu th6 chh vh thi t r u h g the0 mat phucmg thuc m&. N6 d& xuit mat phqm vi chdn dohn d6 hi6u duqc chch th6c chc th6 ch6 hd trq hoat dong thi t ruhg . Bho cho dii thu hep khoing chch giiia 19 thuyht v i thuc nghiem trong nhi&u linh vvc, vh chinh Bao cho n iy dZ dugc x2y dyng trGn chc bing c h h g sgn c6 v& vai trb c i a th6 ch6 v i SIJ thay d6i th6 ch6. Bho cho kh& dinh, kh6ng c6 mot giii phhp chung duy nhi t d8i vtri vi@c thi6t k6 chc thg ch6. Hcm niia, Bho cao cbn d& xuit chch thixc d6 x2y dung chc th6 ch6 c6 hi& qu6 hcm. Bho cho d2i xem x6t l im th6 nho d6 cac nhi hoach d jnh chinh shch c6 th6 thikt kh chc th6 ch6 hi@u q u i hcm cihg nhu lhm th6 nho d6 tao ra chc hp luc thay d6i. N6 m b rang cac nghi@n clSru thuc nghiem trutrc ddy v& thay ddi th6 ch6 d6 hp dung cho trubng h p chc nutrc dang phht trisn, vh d& xuit mat Mwng thay d6i th6 ch6 phh h q . 06ng th&i, cung dua ra chc chi d$n chinh shch d p tr@n chch ti&p cdn c6 tinh th~rc t6 cao. Muc ti@u c ia Bho cho kh8ng phii lh xhc dinh c8n phii lhm gi trong mat th6 gi6i 19 t u h g , m i 1 i c6

  • th6 Ihrn gi trong b8i cAnh th6 gi6i h e n nay. I36 cb th6 hi& duuc dong luc ciia cic thay

    d8i th6 ch6, B6o c60 nhin mqnh tim quan trong ciia lich sir. ~ h i h u n u k dang ph6t tri&n, v6i tu c6ch Ih met qu8c gia, cb tu6i dbi r i t tr6 so v6i c6c nu& cbng nghiep. Qu6 trinh phht tri6n c6a c6c qu8c gia giGp c h h g ta hi6u ring, vi@c xby d m g th6 ch6 dbi h6i phii cb thbi gian. Miit kh6c, qu6 trinh xby dyng th6 ch6 6 m8i n u k lai c6 th6 bi tri hoZn hay dAo nguuc do chc xung dot chinh trj ho$c do di2u ki@n kinh t6 vh xZ hei. Nb ciing cho chGng ta bi6t v& qu6 trinh thay d8i vh tim quan trong ciia su linh dao, c6c chuin rnuc vh v in ho6 b m8i nuuc. Nbi chung, xby d m g th6 ch6 1 i mat quh trinh tich luy, trong db mot s8 thay d8i b n h h g 1-hh vuc khhc nhau sii cb t6c dung h6 trq vh b6 sung cho nhau. Di&u quan trong I i phAi tim ra nhting linh vuc cin thGc dAy, nhb 66 c6c thay d8i trong linh vuc nhy c6 th6 tao hp luc thay d6i b mat lihh vuc khhc. Khbng phAi tit cA chc cAi chch d iu cb kh6 khin v& m$t chinh tri d6i v6i tit cA c6c qu6c gia. H m n h , bin chit ciia nhikng gi ld khb khin ciing thay d6i theo thbi gian. Di&u c8t y6u Ih phii tian v& phia truck, v i Bio cao nhy x6c dinh r6 n h h g y6u t8 co bAn ciia mot ch6n luqc nhu v$y. ~ 8 n ~ th6 lubn I h h m c6c ba phan hqp thhnh. Tham chi, ngay c i nhiing ti6n ba vira phii trong c6c bo ph$n hqp thhnh cung cb th6 g6p phhn d6 cb duqc met h@ th8ng t8t h m nhim thGc d i y ting t r u h g v i giAm d6i nghko.

    C6 ban bhi hoc chinh trong vi$c xby dyng th6 ch6. Hai bhi hoc d i u tien lien quan t6i viec tao ra c6c th6 ch6 h8 t r ~ thi trulrng cb hi@u qui. Nhung chi tao ra chc th6 ch6 1 i chua dii. Moi ngubi cbn chn phAi sfi dyng ch6ng. Vi vay, hai bhi hoc tihp the0 d& c$p t6i viec tao ra nhu chu d6i vbi chc th6 chi nhy, vh thlic d i y c6c Ap Iyc d6 thay d8i.

    ~6 d im bAo cho chc th6 ch6 c6 h e u quA, chn:

    i hik kt kk ca'c th6 chk .nhim b& sung cho nhr7ng th& chk hien c6, ca'c th6 chk bd sung ndy bao g6m th6 chk h6 t r ~ , n5ng lvc con ngubi vd cdng nghe sgn c6.Tai sao lai nhu

    vay? Tinh s h cb v i chi phi c i a cic th6 ch6 h6 trq, muc do tham nhung dang tan tail mlic 66 minh bach, ning luc con ngubi vh cbng ngh$ hien cb, t i t c i d&u quy6t dinh d6n Anh h u h g ciia mot th6 ch6 nhit dinh. Db 1h 1y do tai sao cic th6 ch; dat duuc muc tieu ciia minh b c6c nuuc cbng nghi@p lai c6 th6 khbng thhnh cbng b c6c nuuc dang ph6t tri6n. H ~ U h6t cbng vi@c quan trong ciia xiy dyng th6 ch6 nhm b khbu disu chinh chc th6 ch6 hien c6, b8 sung chc thd chi kh6c vh nhan thuc duuc nhiing gi khbng nen xby dung hay thay d6i trong b8i cinh cy th6 hi@n tai. Di&u n iy cb thm quan trong khbng kkm so vtri vi@c nhan thbc nen xby d m g nhiing th6 ch6 mCri nao. ~ h i 6 t k6 th6 ch6 "t6t nhit" tren thyc t6 1h mat kh6i niem cbn chua hoin thien. D& xnbi d$ xa'c d~ ca'c th6 chk ndo c6 th6 hoat dong vd th6 chk ndo khdng th& hoat deng. Ngay cA b nhiing nuuc cb thu nh$p vh ning luc tumg tvnhau thi su d6i m6i v5n cb th6 tao n&n nhting th& ch6 manh me h m do sukhic nhau v& chc di&u ki@n dja phuong, tir c h u h muc xZ hei cho d6n.dja 19. Su thh nghiem, tuy gby ra n h h g phi t8n nhit dinh, nhmg nb cb th6 giGp x6c dinh duqc c6c hinh thlic th6 ch6 m6i. C6c nu& cb th6 cb lgi khi ph6t tri6n c6c d8i m6i thhnh cbng vh hp dqng cac d8i m6i tir khu vuc tu nhbn. Nhmg c6c nu& nhy cihg phi% c6 can d i m tir b6 cac thir nghi$m thit bai. . Likn kkt c6ng d6ng ca'c d6i tuhrqng tham gia thj tru6ng th6ng qua ca'c d6ng thdng tin vd thuong mai m& Trao d8i hhng ho6 vh dich vu b&n ngohi mmg lu6i tao nen nhu chu d8i v6i c6c th6 chb h6 tru thi trubng. Trao d8i thbng tin thbng qua c6c cuoc tranh lu$n ciri mZr tao nen nhu chu thay d6i thd ch6. No Ihm cho moi ngulri cb trich nhiem h m , Ihrn thay d8i c6c hi& vi vh cung tip ciic y b h g thay d8i tir b&n ngoii tong d6ng. Lien k6t c6c tang d6ng ngubi trong c6c mang lu6i thbng tin vh thumg mai do Ihm t h g khi nzng tibp can thi t r u h g ciia con ngubi. Do v$y, nb

  • cin duuc uu ti& trong vicc xiiy d m g c6c th6 ch6 ha trq tw trubng cJa chc nhh hoach djnh chinh s6ch. T h k dgY canh tranh gi fia cic vring, cic doanh nghiep va ca'c ca' nh2n. Canh tranh nhi&u hcm sP lam tiing tinh hieu q u i cJa c6c th6 ch6 hien tai, lhm thay d6i dang ca v i hinh vi c i a con ngu&i, vh tao n@n nhu ciu cho th6 ch6 m6i. C6c d8i tumg tham gia thi t r u h g Zr c6c nu& dang ph6t tri6n t h u h g g$p tinh trang cgnh tranh qu6 it do ciu tr6c th& ch6 hien hhnh. Thay d8i duuc diku 66, sCi ndng cao chit l u p g cJa c6c th6 ch6 kh6c. Canh tranh g i k c6c viing, ching han gi& c6c bang kh6c nhau trong mat nu& ho$c gitia c6c nubc, t h k d i y c6c th6 ch6 thhnh c6ng vh khuy2n khich nhu ciu v& c6c th6 ch6 66. Cgnh tranh giiia chc doanh nghiep vh c6c c6 nhdn ciing c6 t6c dung tucmg tu.

    Chucmg n iy tru& h6t d m ra mat khung d6nh gi6 vai trl, c i a c6c th6 ch6 trong viec h6 tru c6c giao dich thj t r uhg , tiing t r u h g v i giim nghko d6i. Sau 66 se t$p trung vho b6n bii hoc c h i trong viec xiiy dung th6 ch6, d6n 1 i thio luen v& i n h h u h g cJa c6c t6c nhdn chinh trj vh x i hiji d6i v6i viec thay d8i th6 ch6.

    che" h6 tru thj trvbng nhv the" nho?

    Nhting ngutri bubn b6n nh6 tham gia c6c giao djch mua bin d m giin tai ch6. Trong c6c giao dich nhy, ngutri bhn v i ngutri mua truc tiap d6i m+t nhau d6 trao d6i nhiing s in phim dZ duuc ti@u c h u h h6a tucmg d6i v i c6 chit l u p g dz ki6m d w . Thi trubng rau q u i 6 n6ng th6n tai mot nuuc nghko lh mat vi d u cJa loai thi t r u h g niy. C6c doanh nghiep lirn da qu8c gia mua b6n s i n phim c6 s u kh6c biet cao hcm, g3p phii nhi&u kh6 kh5n hcm trong viec ki6m d w chit luqng, v i phii chip nh$n n h k g t6ch biet v& thM gian v i kh6ng gian g i k c6c bij ph$n trong c h g mat giao dich. Thi truirng thucmg mai qu6c t6 d6i v6i hing n6ng s in lh mat vi du. H ~ U hat c6c n&n kinh t6 d&u c6 c i hai loai hinh thj t r u h g . Nhung loai thir nhit tucmg d8i ph8 bian

    hcm Zr c6c nu& dang ph6t triin, cbn loai thir hai lai hay g3p 6 c6c nubc cbng nghiep.

    C6c th.j trubng phht trizn v6i tinh tohn ciu, tinh kh6ng loai trii v i tinh hqp nhit cao hcm, t h u h g mang lai nhi&u co hiji lya chon hcm. C6c thi t r u h g k6m phht trizn, chJ y6u b c6c nu& nghko, t h u h g c6 tinh dla phucmg vh phdn minh hcm. Vi v$y, n6u so sanh v6i n6ng d i n b Canada, n6ng diin Zr Biingladkt c6 it ca hai hcm v i c6 it th6 ch6 chinh thirc hcm nhi&u (vi du ngdn hing hay toh h n chinh thirc). Do vey, ho ggp nhi&u kh6 khiin hcm khi tim c6ch l im giim r i i ro vh tiing ca hai cJa minh.

    0i&u gi dZ han ch6 ca hiji thj t ruhg? 0 6 15 c6c Cni phi giao djch xuit ph6t tG s u thi6u th6ng tin dhy d i , viec x6c dinh vh thi hhnh c6c quy&n d6i vbi thi s i n khbng hohn h io vh c6c hhng rho gia nh$p d8i vbi chc doanh nghiep m6i'. 0 i&u gi lhm t2ng c6c co hiji thj trubng? 0 6 1h c6c thd chh quin 19 rJi ro phht sinh tir chc trao d6i tr@n thj t ruhg , c6c thz ch2 lim tZng hi& qu i vh mfic lqi nhu$n (hap 1.1, 1.2 v i 1.3).

    Mfic dii v$y, kh6ng phii t i t c i c6c th6 ch6 d&u khuy6n khich s u ph6t tridn c i a c6c thj

    Hop 1.1 Met bai thu v6 cac vzn d6 ciia thumg m,ai

    Thi giiia Bai ta knd t&h rdZ Nh- n& tay ta chua XI& chat K M ldng hidu flu@ n& wf . B& kh &u mu& cb sai l im 062 xi? vdr' nh8u mat ciim th6ng' Nhung n& xti) ra ngoai mong dqi Phan nan didu do co nbn khdng

    NCU t6i hi& bgn, &an hi& tbi T&i g$ hang nh8m khi din noi Ban chuygn hoa don con sai d t Chbng minh cCng th&y du phi& hon N&u t6i hi& barf, bglr hi& tdi T im R c t p Ralr chhd t h 3 ~ dliu

    N6u t6i hi& bgn, ta hi& rihau;.,.

    NguBh: W h ~ q Who !rang ngdnl, thumg ma/ rr@m&, $6 35.@0/6/1931-23), trlch d3n trong Bemst&.2001. tai lieu nghieh da, cu s3 , , c L B;io d o Phiif ~ne'n tM'gibt200a.

  • rl7n dung nang then kheng chinh thk b met sb nvirc dang phat trdn, thep Ij 1980 va thep Ij 1990

    Ph in tr im tang tia dung

    Ngubn: Kochar 1997; Bestay va cac tac giH khlc 2001; ljere 1986, trich dan trong Adegbite (997; Mansur4 1998; Desaiva Mellor V993

    dd cho phep da dang h6a nhi&u hoat d6ng. Cdc nha Iep phap cb th6 c6 tinh x8y dung luet chinh

    t w c vB thuc tien tu phap dua tr6n cac chu6n muc xi3 h6i. Trong met s6 truilng hap, c6 th6 c g c6n dun thuan div6u chi'nh nfiirng gi dang co vA dua chung vao lubt (Bernstein 1999). Tuy nhi6n cdng vigc thuc t6 thudng khdng dun giHn nhu vey, nh6t 118 6 cac xd h6i khdng ddng nhbt. d cac xd hai nay, c6n phdi c8n nhhc met Cach cu th6 cac chu6n muc vA ti6u chu6n c i a tirng nhom ngudi trong xB Mi. Di&u nay khdng chi' quy6t dinh cac dnh hu6ng tdi hi&u qu8 ma c6n quyg! dinh tlnh hap phap vA c6 Anh hu&ng tdi phgn ph6i thu nhep . V i @, 6 nudc Uganda da chdng tee, ngudi ta chon t i h g Anh IBm ngbn ng0 chung cho cac hoat dong chinh thuc c i a nhB nudc thay vi ti&g c i a met tec ngudi nao 136. CMgcdn chu y t m g t u khi Ap dung cac tieu ohu6n hay quy t i c tr6n thj trutmg qu6c t6.

    Ly tu6ng nh6t 18 cAc th6 ch6 chinh thdc va khdng chinh

    thuc bd sung cho nhau. Ke't hqp lai, chung c6 the" lam gi im chi phi giao dich hon khi tbn tai rieng re. ~ h d n g han, to8 an c6 the" gizm cac vu kien va khuygn k i c h cdch g i i i quya khdng chinh thuc giiia d c b6n bang cdch de doa b8f buoc thi hanh (chuang 6). So" Iuung cac tranh ch6p xu6t hi&n trong giao djch kinh doanh ludn nhieu han dang kg so vdi s6 luang thqc su chgc g i i i quy6t nhd cac t h i tuc g i i i quye"t tranh chbp chinh thuc (Bernstein 1999).

    Vmr'bdrJ~nMn&v.'hrizhdn Chhh p h i c6 vai tr6 quan trgrig trong vigc cung bng hBng hoa cBng c6ng. thing han cac I 4 t Ig phhn djnh quy6n su h13u va cac the" chb t u phap dHm bdo thi hAnh nhOng quy&n nay, va thibt Iep hieu luc phap fu$t. Tuy nh ih , cac chinh p h i c ing thuung can tra su phat tri6n c i a thi trutrng do hanh vi lam dung tujl tien q u y h luc nhd nudc, danh thug qua nhigu, Ulam nhiing, thi&n cdn, ctul nw ia than quen va cA su bA't luc trong viec duy tri trat tu cdng c6ng. Vi dy, cdc chinh p h i co th6 han che" kinh doanh da ch/u tac dong c i a cac nha doc quy6n nhhm bao ve lai ich d6c quybn c i a ho. Su can bbng giiia t rwng vh quyen Iuc nha nudc hay giira lui ich c i a gi6.i kinh doanh vB clia xd hei 18 met vbn'db nhqy c8m tromg qua trinh phat tri6n th6 che". V6 met ljch sd, vai tro &a nh8 nudc trong vigc bdo ve cac quy6n s6 hiiu va cung irng hang hoQ cdng cong cO lien quen chat ch8 vdi vai tro d i m G o hoa binh, phap luet va trat tu. Cac xung dot v6 tai s8n giiia t unh ln vdi nhau va giira nha nudc vdi t u nh ln la met trong nhiing vbn d6 quan trong nhbt ma cac nudc ph i i gidi quye"t b6i vi chung thudng d8n d6n su suy y6u phap luat Thj truung va cac doanh nghiep t u nhln phat trien manh khi hanh vi c i a nhOng ngudi qudn tri nhB nudc khdng mang tinh tuy tien (xem hap 1.3). V i du, cAc p h h tich chi tie't vv6 qua trinh phat tti6n c i a luet cbng ty & met s6 nu& tho thby, trong giai doan phat trie"n ban d iu, cac doanh nghiep t u h e n thudng phdi chju dung su tuy tien trong hanh xh cda nhirng ngudi n8m quydn IF. NhB nudc vdi cac quy6n kiem soat sa khai clia .minh, cho phep cac doanh nghiep Wac thanh lap bhng cach xem xet t h g truang hap cu the" (Pistorr va cac tac gid khac 2000). Trong cac giai doan sau nay, quydn thanh Iep doanh nghigp khdng c6n 18 sqr IN ai ca hhdn niia ma c6 the" duuc trao cho bat c13 doanh nghigp nBo dap h g Buuc cac di&u ki&n cho truuc.

    t r u h g kh6ng c6 tinh loai trir. Chc cu ddn viing Maghribi dZ giHm duqc chc chi phi giao dich giGa ho v& nhau. N h ~ m g khi Ihm di&u nhy, hg dZ loai trir ra kh6i giao dich s u tham gia cJa c6c cong d&ng khhc. Ccic thi&t k& th6 ch& duqc ph6t tridn trong lich sir hay chc thd ch6 duqc n h k g nh2 hoach d@h chinh shch lua chon kh8ng nhi t thi&t 12 chc thd ch6 t6t nhi t cho t i t c6 moi ngubi trong xZ hoi hay phh hcp nhi t d6i v6i muc ti@u tHng t r u h g kinh t& vh gi6m d6i

    nghco. Hun nGa, c6c thd ch& t h g c6 thc dung h6 trg nhiing giao dich t h t r u h g c6 thd tan tai Idu hun tin thi&t, vi ~ I J chc CCY quan tu nhdn hoh vh t6i ciu trfic ngdn hhng. ThAch t h k d6i v& c6c nhh hoach dinh chinh sAch 1h djnh hinh chinh skch vh sy phht tridn thd ch6 the0 n h k g hinh t h k gifip thfic d i y phht tridn kid1 t6. CAc thuung nhdn Maghribi kinh doanh trong m6i t r u h g chinh sAch ty do thuong mail nhtr 66 CCY h6i cGa ho d u w gia tHng. Chinh vi d& tan dung

  • Hop 1.3

    Qua trinh phat trien th6 che"va phat trien kinh ti$: cc i thuong nhPn t v nhin vB nhiing n g v 5 cirri quygn

    3 chiu Au thbi Trung co", quy6n luc chinh tr/ c6a n h h g n h i cai trj d/a phuung r&t ICm. N h h g nha cai trj nay co the" t/ch thu tai s i n c6a cac thuung nhin ddn tu cac vbng khac ma kh6ng ph6i b6i thuhg. Ph6n irng lai, cac phuhg hoi c6a tu nhin tirn cach thuc d i Y thuung rnai va d6 phong cac hanh dong tujl tien c6a nhang nha cai t r ~ d/a phuung. Cac phuung hoi nay tho6 thugn vui thuung nhin tu cac thanh phd khac ddn va vui chinh giui chuc dja phuung. Viec tjch thu tuy tien sB ph6i tr6 gia biing viec cac thuung nhin trong phuhg hoi ngirng hoat dong kinh doanh c6a rninh. Do vgy, n h h g nha cai trj d/a phuung buoc ph6i t6n trong quyen c6a cac thanh vi6n trong phuhg hoi. Su thay d6i c i n bing quyen luc nay gop phdn lam t ing su an toan c6a cac thuung nhin n u k ngoai.

    Vao the kq 12, cac thuung nhin 6 chiu Au thid Igp cu ch6 dua vao cong d6ng de" lam cho hoat dong trao d6i tin dung va thuung rnai giaa cac qudc gia tr6 n6n d8 dang hun. Cu chd nay c i n cuvao viec cong d6ng nhen trach nhiern d6i vui hanh dong c6a cac thanh vi6n trong cong d6ng trong rndi quan he c6a cac thanh vi6n vui cac cQng d6ng khac. Vi du, khi mot thuung nhin Giu-noa kh6ng tr6 duuc nacho mot thuung nhin khac 6 Luin d6n, thi n h h g ngubi l5nh dao tong d6ng 6 Giu-noa s6 chju trach nhiern thi hanh hup d6ng bing cach ap dat mot quy dinh t r h g phat ngubi nu tien. Ngudn gdc cong ddng co the" duuc xac rninh d8 dang cUng co nghia la danh tidng trong cong d6ng d6i v6i cac thanh vi6n rdt quan trong, va cac thanh vien sB hidrn khi boi u k trong h~rp d6ng.

    Khi cac thanh phd lun En, c6 v6 quy 1-116 va s6 Iugng, cac cong d6ng thuung nhin cUnq ngay mot ICm, d5n tui viec hanh dong tgp the" tr6 n6n kho khin hun. Viec gia nhep tu

    do vao hoat dong thuung rnai tao ra su canh tranh gay ght hun giaa cac thuung nhin v6i nhau va lam phat sinh th6rn nhieu vdn d6 v6 th6ng tin va thi hanh. Su phat trie"n c6a hoat dong thuung rnai cUng co nghia la ngay cang co nhieu giao dlch giaa cac thanh vien co n6n t6ng x5 hoi va d i n toc khac nhau. Trong t ruhg hup nay, kho ma sir dung duuc cac rn6i lien he x?I hoi de" lam cu s6 cho th6ng tin hay viec thi hanh.

    Cac thanh vi6n cUng kh6ng con rnudn ch/u trach nhiern rep the" d6i v6i vi pharn h q d6ng c6a n h h g nguui khac. Vi thd, n h h g ngutri l5nh dao ceng d6ng d5 thuc d6y su ra dui c6a mot he thdng thi hanh va tning phat dua tr6n trach nhigrn ca nhin chu kh6ng ph6i trach nhiern cong d6ng. Trong khi t ing tn rhg cong d6ng cGng co nghia la gia t ing su da dang v6 x?I hoi va kinh td b6n trong ceng ddng, no cUng lam gi6rn tinh kh6 thi vd mat chinh trj c6a cong d6ng. Tuy nhiGn, kh6 n ing cac cong d6ng tu b6 cu chd thi hanh dua tr6n cong d6ng con tuy thuoc vao viec co mot b6n thu ba d6 tin cay d6rn b6o thi hdnh h~rp d6ng kh6ng. u Anh, nha vua d i thuc hien vai tro c6a b6n thu ba nay. Vao nirn 1275, Vua Edward I ban hanh mot dao lugt nghi6rn cdrn viec chju trach nhiern c6a cong d6ng ddi vui cac kho6n nu.

    Vi du nay rninh hoa mot nguyen t i c chung: khi cac n6n kinh td t ing t ruhg va phat trie"n, cac kie"u the" chd khac nhau sB tr6 n6n c&n thidt de" tao di6u kien cho cac giao dlch di6n ra. Co nhieu tac nhan dong vai tro thuc dgY su ra dui c6a the" chd rnbi. Vai tro c6a nha n u k phu thuoc vao n ing luc va su kh6 thi'chink tr/ c6a no. Mot nha nuuc rnanh, t6n trong phap lugt va han ch6 tidn hanh n h h g hanh dong tuy tien la mot di6u kien qiran trOng cho su ra dui cac the" chd rnui.

    ~ g u d n : Greif 1997a.

    c6c co h6i mbi 66 m i ho d5 ph6t tri&n c6c th6 ch6 cu6 minh.

    RB ring, kh8ng c6 met chu trGc th6 ch6 duy nhht nio c6 th6 d im b60 mang d6n tiing t r u h g kinh t6 v i giiim d6i ngh6o. C6c doanh nghiep l h b My v i Anh t h u h g do c8ng c h h g sh hGu, c6 quy&n sh h h ph2n t6n v i c6 c6 duqc mua b6n reng rZii. Trong khi 66, tai n h k g nuirc thu nh$p cao kh6c nhu Phhp, Canada thi chu trGc sb h h lai rht t$p hung (hinh 1.1). V i d6 thGc d6y cgnh tranh, c6c nhi hoach dinh chinh s6ch c6 th6 sii dung cic djnh h u h g chi& s6ch khhc nhau. 6 D8ng A, c6c nhi di2u ti& canh tranh cho rang, @ 1e thj phin tir 50 tbi 75 phin triim 1 i b b g c h h g cGa quy&n luc dec quy&n. Trong khi 66, $1e n iy b ch2u Phi chi 1i tu 20 tbi

    45 phin triim. 6 c6c nuirc Nam A, m6t s6 n8ng d2n dua vio h~rp t6c xZi d6 b6n s in pl-.6m ra thi t ruhg , trong khi nhi&u ngutri kh6c lai sfi dung c6c h~rp d6ng kh8ng chinh thlSrc vbi c6c thuong n h h tu do.

    B6o c6o niy dua ra mot khung c6 th6 6p dung chung d6i vbi n h i h th6 ch6 h8 trq thi t r u h g kh6c nhau. N6 vu@ qua su phirc tap trong c6c chu trGc th6 ch6 bang c6ch t$p hung vio viec th6 ch6 lim gi. ~ i 6 u duqc th6 ch6 1Bm gi 1 i buirc d iu tiZn d6 x2y d p g c6c th6 ch6 c6 hieu quii. Cic th6 ch6 thuc hien ba c8ng viec

    ~ r u ~ k n ti i th6ng tin vk c;ic diku kien thl truhg, h2ng hoii vA ciic t h h h visn th;i t ruhg . Cic dbng th8ng tin t6t giGp cho c6c

  • Hinh 1.1 Mirc dQ t$p trung quygn sb h h rgt khac nhau g i h cac nuac

    M l i c d@ @p trung quy6n sir hiiu 4

    5,5 6,s 7,5 8 5 9,5 10,5 Thu nhbp (IBgarit c b thu nh$p tr6n dsu ng~rbi)

    ~ h l i thich: ~ i r c d6 tgp trung qu@n sir hiiu linh bhng tdng phsn vbn cia ba c6 aw l h nh61 b 10 doanh nghigp do tu n h h kib &I l h nh81. Ngubn: La Porta, Lopez- desilanes va Shleifer 1999.

    nhi kinh doanh x6c djnh duqc d6i tic vh c6c hoat dang c6 kh6 ning sinh lqi cao, c k g nhu danh gi6 duuc muc da tin c$y. Th6ng tin v& c6c nh i kinh doanh gifip chinh phii di&u ti6t t6t hcm. Cbc th6 ch6 c6 th6 Anh h u h g t6i hoat dong hinh t h M , thu th$p, phin tich, thim d* vh ph6 bi6n (hogc luu gii?) th6ng tin vh tri thirc, phuc vu chc thhnh vi@n trong m8i c$ng d6ng, thi trutmg, vh giiia c6c tang d6ng, thi t r u h g v6i nhau. C6c vi d u v& n h h g th6 ch6 thyc hien chiic ning nhy g6m c6 chc doanh nghiep kg toin, c6c t6 chuc tin dung v6 c6c quy d* cfia chinh phfi di&u ti6t c6c phucmg ti@n truy&n thang, lhm han ch6 sy ph6 bi6n th6ng tin. Xa'c djnh vlj thi hljnh ca'c s 6 h h vi h9p ding, xa'c &h xem a i c6 chi gi v2 khi nljo. ~ i 6 u bi&t chc quy&n mh mat nguiri c6 d6i v6-i thi s i n v i thu nh$p, vh c6 khi n h g bdo ve c6c quy&n 66 1i dihu thi6t ybu d6i viri s y 3h6t tri6n thj trutmg. C h b g bao g6m c i cac quy2n cia khu vuc tu nhZn v6i nhi nu&. Cic th6 ch6 c6 thd gilip giAm b6t khh ning xung dat vh d i m bio thi hAnh h q d6ng. C6c vi d u g6m c6 hi6n phip, he th6ng tu ph6p vh t i t cd cic mang lu6i x% hoi.

    Lim tZng hoac lim giim canh tranh tr6n thi tr~16ng. Canh tranh tao ra dong ca d6 moi nguiri l im viec t8t hcm v i khuy6n khich binh ding ca hai. Trong c6c t h t r u h g canh tranh, c6c ngu6n luc t h u h g duwc h u h g the0 lqi ich cGa c8ng vi@c hcm lh do cic m8i quan h@ x% hai hay chinh tri c i a chii doanh nghi@p. Muc do canh tranh c m g khuy6r. khich s y d6i m6i vh ting t r u h g kinh t6 (chucmg 2 vh 7). Tuy nhiGn, trong khi mat s6 th6 ch6 c6 t6c dung khuy6n khich canh tranh thi nhiau th; ch6 kh6c lai cin trb canh tranh. sang cach di&u ti6t qu6 m& d6i v6i sy gia nh$p ciia cac doanh nghiep m6i, chinh phii c6 th6 ki&m ch6 canh tranh. Vh v6-i vi@c ti3 chuc c6c hoat dong thj t r u h g chi trong mot nh6m c6c thhnh vi@n kh6p kin - c h h g ta hZy nhw ciu chuy@n v& nhikng ngutri Maghribi- n h k g ngutri ngohi nh6m sZ1 ggp nhiau kh6 k h b hcm trong canh tranh mgc dii khi 66 ca h$i dhnh cho n h k ~ g nguiri trong nh6m c6 th6 gia ting (chucmg 3 vh 9).

    Cic chi phi giao dich cho viec c6 duwc th6ng tin, thi hinh quy&n s b h h v i han ch6 canh tranh c6 th6 ngin cAn SLJ hinh thinh c6c thi t r u h g kh6ng c6 tinh loai trir. Tuy nhien, cic th6 ch6 hi@u qud c6 th$ l im gi&m c6c chi phi nhy. H5y xem xkt vi du sau. ~ 6 u chit luqng vh gi6 tri ciia gao m i c6c thucmg nhin mua ti5 n6ng dAn kh6ng th6 xhc dinh d$ ding. v i n6u c6c thucmg nh8n c6 r i t it th6ng tin v& n6ng din, thi h~ sZ1 phi% ki6m tra t h g iiii dung gao d6 thgm dinh ch5t lugng. Thuong n h h c m g d6ng vai trb cung tip tin dung cho n6ng din. Nhung n6u c6c thuong nhin c6 r i t it th6ng tin v& khA ning t r i nu c2a n6ng din, hay n6u n6ng d k kh6ng th6 sir dyng ti i s i n ciia hg lirn th6 chip, thi khi 66 viec cung tip tin d 1 . q sZ1 c6 n h i h riii ro. C6c v in d& nhy d3c biet nghiGm trong d6i v6i n6ng d i n nghko va quy m6 s6n xuit nh6. Thucmg nhin c6 th& dbi h6i 1% sui t cao hcm d8i v6i n6ng d i n ngh60, vh n h h g ngutri n8ng d i n nhy c6 nhi&u khb ning v& hcm n6u h~ phdi d8i mgt viri cgxh t ra rh7

  • XAY DUNG d c&: ~6 SUNG, DOI ;I&, L ~ N K ~ T , VA C N TRANH

    Th6ng qua ba c h k niing niy, tit cii c6c chu trQc thd chh c6 Anh h u h g t6i SIJ ph2g ph6i tii sin, thu nhgp v i chi phi, ciing nhu t15 dong ca l@ ich ciia chc thhnh vi6n thl trubng va tinh heu qua ciia cac giao dlch thl trubng. B & I ~ chch phin cac quysn t6i chc thinh viCn mat chch hieu quA nhkt, chc th6 ch6 c6 th6 khuy6n khich ndng sukt vii t5ng t rubg . ~ % n ~ c6ch Anh h u h g tI5 cic dang ca dhu tu, vi du nhu th6ng qua viec cGng c8 cic quy6n sb h h , c6c thd ch6 c6 thd tac dong t6i mirc 66 d iu tu v i khi n2ng chip nhgn c6ng ngh$ m6i. in^ cAch x6c dinh r6 ring cic quysn tren thl trubng, ching hgn th6ng qua lugt canh tranh, cac th6 chk c6 th& han ch6 lqi nhu$n ciia nhi s k xuit v i bHo v@ ngubi tiCu d b g kh6i mirc gi6 cao.. Vh bing c6ch x6c dinh r6 rkng quybn c ia n h h g ngubi yhu th6 trong xi3 hoi, c6c thk ch6 c6 thi hnh h u h g tryc tihP t& cuac s6ng ciia ngulri ngh?o. Vi du, quybn cu trQ ciia ngubi nghko v6n kh6ng d u w nhiing ngubi cho vay c8ng nhgn. Vi v$y, viec trao quy6n sb h h dht dai chinh thirc cho ngubi nghko siS cho ph6p h? vay v6n v i d iu k.

    lF16 ch8 ha ttq tZLng tnrbng vB giQm nghb Bbi nhu the" n&? Mirc do Anh h u h g ciia chc thk ch6 h6 tra giao dich thi trubng d6i v6i c6c n6ng diin nghko b chiu My Latinh c h g tucmg ty izhu d6i vI5 chc doanh nhiin giiu c6 6 Canada. Cac nghiCn c h v& trubng h~rp mat s6 qu6c gia, c h g nhu nhiing nghiCn c13~ thyc nghiem lien qu6c gia cho phkp c h h g ta hidu s iu sic hon v& sy phht tri6n thd ch; v i phht triin tb trubng (hap 1.4). C h h g k h h g djnh khi n5ng c6c thd chk h6 t r ~ t h trubng inh h u h g t6i dbi sang ngubi dZn th6ng qua vi@c tAc dang t6i tiing t ruhg , quy6t dinh khii n2ng cgn t h t r u h g ciia ngubi din, v i cho phkp ngubi ngheo c h g nhu ngubi giau sir dung ti i s in ciia ho mat chch tat h i t . H m nca, c6c th& ch6 h6 t r ~ tK trubng yku kkm c6 th6 h h h u h g xiu t6i nguiri nghko nhihu hcm so v6i

    ngubi giiu (hap 1.5). Ngiy cing c6 nhibu nghiCn cliu gin k6t c6c

    thhnh c6ng (vi thht bai) c ia thk chk v6i tang

    Toa an va su mb r6ng thuunn mai

    CBc nghihn c w v& nhihgj doanh n g w p s h xudt 6 d m n & ~ m u Phi dS chhg rninh vai tro h6 t q d m thd Ubi d phbt iw€h Ihj truhg. C& t@hi&n dm b mhimg nu& nay sho thiy 'p.ec mi& dc m che' g i l quydt ttrrylh &&I c6bg COng ci, m u t p d h i x d hiin 614 vi phpn h m ddng ch6 v i k t& reng Rumg mai v i phM tridn th) tru'hg. Cdc 168 I n cd xu h h g ch4m fhqp va t.tli4b hi& qwd thi& c ic Cb. chd thi hanh hgp ddng c h h thirc c h g hqrr ah8 SIJ t h g # d o g cia c C ckmh nphiep YP pMt t& oird cAe thd chBthj ttubng. Q;; m i khu vw: dn xudt cckinh thirc nh6, &n I@ mi*, Iqi ~gdin c i n a p t i t ;'den &a cdrc fhb &6 bd bung.

    MOt hghih c h WQphan tioh .&I qudc gia 5 &Au Phi (Byrvrdi, C a m , $6 in Ygi, Kbia, Dambii va ~embabut) &i ra r b kilng n d c k i y , su h& d i b cin rm& he thdng "% ph p lu@ ph& ~II& hun dh k h d n khich t6c doanh roqhi4.p ti& ham cac boa ~ 9 . d nhih P$ ro h m nh& cb tho'ng phbp lu&t van hanh tdt gi* cho vsc ph@n x5 v/ aiii quvrk cac tranh c h b ph6t sinh - . - . - hj n h i ~ h w t d@g thj tr&g . . nly.

    N d n : Bigst& va cdC tbc gia khac 2@Qv; C d e r 1 vA H9p 1:s n'c;c th6 che" ye"u kkm Bnh h u h g x&u t6i nguai

    Ear& rlhJu bhng chhg oho thdy rJgvCll.ngh80 ph& hling. h j u g h k Nng w a thdt Mi the CAI'. CQ t d 16 ham n-hting, mOt loai thud cb tinh lug tholi can lam vi d u. Nhu & h6i ;i va cac khdh !? pHi djch vu ngdm giiy Iyet h r i ldn nndt dgi v d ngutlinghlro. Trang rat nniBu t rukg hm, he t 6 g pkip b& \m ca quan 4uphAp k h h g phuc d hgwi 'ngkeo. n i t hhq va-f$&~ kh i rJlng chi tr& em 3ai di&h phiip Urn E ~ O e k thb chb phap Wt chinhthk tr8 n4n ngoY t h ~ vtri caa nguiri q M o , ttdt Mi c h P nhi I?& ttOn~ vlec. b60 ve t+ s8n &g nh huhg x h t3i ngd-.ngh&: n l ? i han so v@ m@ giiu b6i Ti5 ho cb the khdog Cd 66 ngudn lqc (16 tidp t y ~ rdng mh M6np firlh lilr t& to Ac. va & ~ d drP'quHn di tPm ~ i h kt i l l i n g tidp cpn d c djch vq oa 66.ha tdng'eira nhhg nOuaf ngM6 hh6t t r m ~ xCI

    Bdo & P M td& thd gi6f POOW2001 nhdn mwh, ~ g f i ngheo th@g & pi t611 t m g bun truck Bicwbe cMng hoing kinh 18' v i m6 va thim hoa thi6n hi. NHhg 1t-d chk t b tmdng h6 tru tlh$ t d n g chung cia thu nhSP :o t t d tam giim kn i n h g de t6n twang cfia ;m k d c & :d sdc, vil d o v) hq vAo n m g llic kh i *an. h7t3 so' thg ch& d o ban Irmg Bas d~ nam nay ci, rai t6 quan ~rqirg v4 trm ti* lrwg vi& hi& &rie n i l 9 nay. Vi dr, can fh6 chk tBi &nh gl* g'bm riri re c u npubi njh80- cbo phep cio ca 11hbn Ua hrrp ti# kiem \ib rul r~ c6a rninh, v i che phCp ha Cfm king tieu dbng Cua m t r h gilia Ih& W lahe Q I ~ d kho kh.

    5n: NgOn hing . 1.M' . gi6l20OW

  • t r u h g kinh t6 vh phi t tri8n t b t r h g v io c6c thbi kjr vh ;I c6c qu8c gia kh6c nhau. C6 nhigu chi s8 d6nh gi6 k6t q u i hoat dong cda c6c tap h p th6 ch6 kh6c nhau vh thuirng c h h g ch60 l in nhau. Vi du, miic do thhnh c6ng cda nhh nu& trong vi@c dua ra lu$t ph6p vh hieu quA hoat dong cda h$ th8ng tu ph6p vh cAnh s6t phAn i n h vi@c chc c8ng d i n v i nh i dhu tu c6 cho ring nhh nubc ion trong quy&n s b h a kh6ng. Khi n h g tihp c$n c6c dich vu ti i chinh v i s u p h ~ c tap cda c6c thj t r u h g thi chinh phin i n h vi@c cbc th& ch6 bio v@ cic q u y h sb h i h cGa ngubi di vay vh ngubi cho vay nhu thk nho. Muc do tham nhiing cao phAn 6nh c6c vi@n chiic nh i nuirc phin h g nhu th6 nho truirc c6c deng cu lqi ich c6 nhdn khi cung chp hhng hoi c6ng cong.

    ~ 8 i quan h@ tich cuc giira s u phht tri6n kinh t6 vh c6c chi s8 phAn 6nh thhnh c6ng th6 ch6 d2 d u ~ k h h g d b h trong nhibu thi lieu. Tuy nhien, hhu h6t cic nghi@n c h d&u kh6ng dua ra dugc m8i li@n h@ giira c6c th6 ch6 cu fh&va c6c k6t quA cu th6. Thay vho 66, c h h g nhin manh tinh da dang cda c6c th6 ch6 h6 tru thj trubng. Vidu, thu nhap vh hi@u IIJC ph6p luat - g&m cii thm quan trong chung cGa quy&n sb h h , s u tan trong cac th6 ch6 ph6p 19 vh h$ th8ng tu ph6p - c6 tumg quan ch$t chE v6i nhau. Mijt vi d u kh6c, s u phht tri6n cfia c6c th& ch6 tii chinh cho phkp c h h g ta ~ I J do6n v& SIJ tang t r u h g (hinh 1.2).

    V& ph6t tri6n th6 chk v i tang t r u h g kinh t6, c6 n h k g kh6c bi$t 1611 gitta n h k g nuirc v8n lh thuoc dial hi@n nay dZ ti6n hhnh c6ng nghi@p ho6, v i nhikg nuirc v8n lh thuijc dja, hi@n vsn cbn la nuuc dang ph6t tri8n. CA hai nh6m nhy d2u c6 nhfmg th6 ch6 tumg tu c6c th8 ch6 thuc ddn. ~ h 6 nhung, s u kh6c biet l h trong phAt tri6n th6 ch6 sau nAy vh Anh h u h g cda n6 t6i tang t r u h g lh b nh*g n8 luc khac nhau cda c6c nhh thvc d h trong vi@c thi6t l$p c6c th6 ch6 ph5p ly van hhnh t8t. 6 My vh Niu Dilbn, n h h g ngubi djnh cu

    d6n v6i s8 l u p g lirn vh du nhap c6c th6 chk quen thuoc vh duqc da s8 ddn cu, chA y 6 ~ lh

    Hinh 1-2 sPu Uf chinh tao n6n tlng t r h g

    Tang t r u h g GDP trung binh 1960- 95

    Chu Ulich: Sb lieu dqa theo bi6u d66 phln b6 pt& tir& hdi quy c h b c6ng cy trong W, Levine va Loayza 2MK).

    d%n nhap cu hi6u r6. Tai n h k g nuirc nhy, chc th6 ch6 ph6p 19 d u nhbp duqc s h dung rong rZi, duuc thich h g v& tinh h u h g dja phumg, vh thay d8i chng v& s u ph6t tri6n kinh t6. M3t khhc, cic nuirc dang ph6t tri8n b t i t c i c6c luc dja c k g nhan duqc c6c h@ th6ng ph6p luat chinh thiic do c6c nhh thyc ddn d u nh$p vho. Nhung ddn s6 bAn xii c6 rht it khA n6ng tigp c$n hay hi8u bi6t vb nhilng he th8ng ph6p lu$t nhy. Vi v$y, c6c th6 ch6 nhy d% kh6ng duuc thich h g cho phh hqp v& tinh hu8ng dja phucmg. s i n g c h h g tir nhi&u qu8c gia cho thhy, chht luqng c6c th8 ch6 h6 trq t6ng t r u h g vh giim nghko d6i th6ng qua ph6t tri6n thj trubng b nhikg nubc nhy thip h m so v6i b nh6m t r h . Do vay, c h h g kh6ng th6 h8 tra tZng t r u h g kinh t6 vh giAm nghGo d6i 6 muc tucmg ducmg v& nh6m tr@n.

    Chc th6 ch6 tang Anh h u h g t6i vi@c c6c nubc giAi quy6t xung dot nhu th6 nho. Mot nghien clSru d2y chi ra ring, c6c k6t quA tZng t r u h g v i giAm nghko d6i b chdu A, chdu My La tinh vh chdu Phi C$n Sahara tir gillra nhikg n5m 1970 t6i nay, phu thuijc v io chit luqng c6c th6 ch6 quAn ly xung dot. 9Tai chc xZ hiji c6 tinh chia rG,

  • nhu c6 su phdn m b h d i n tac hay c6 bit bbinh d h g thu nhgp cao, thi c6c th6 ch& giii quy&t m8u t h u h y&u k6m- k6 c i c6c th6 ch; chinh phii y&u k6m vh h$ th8ng an sinh xi hai chua d i y dii - lhm khukch dai c6c cii s6c tir bGn ngohi, g8y ra c6c xung dat trong p h h ph6i vh tri hoin c6c p h h h g chinh s6ch. Su bit 6n k6o dhi trong m6i t r u h g kinh ta vh su tri ho2n thay d6i chinh sich kim him ting t r u h g kinh t6.

    Lam the" nao de" x i y dung thd che co hieu qua?

    Viri khung th6ng tin, hi+ luc thi h2d1 vh c& tranh, c6c nhh hoach d@h chinh s6ch xdy d q g thd ch& truhc tien tin phii thim d@h di&u gi dang c h trb su ph6t tri6n th t r u h g hay mang d&n nhiing k&t qul a t r u h g cu thd (hap 1.6). Thay vi tep trung vho met cbu triic cu thd, h9 c h phAi t$p trung vho cac chuc ning chua thuc hien dugc vh phii tim duuc cdu trH 1% tai sao. CBc nhh hoach dinh chinh s6ch cin phHi d#t ra n h h g c8u h6i:

    r Ai c$n th6ng tin v6 ca'i g?? Vi dy, lieu c6c ngdn h h g c6 thi&u th6ng tin v& muc do tin nhiem ciia ngubi vay ti&m n h g khang?

    rn Li~uquy~nsbhr7u,ciingnhuca'chppd6ng cia moi ngrr6i cd d u ~ c dii d u ~ c xa'c &nh 1-6 r2ng v2 c6 M u lyc thi hiinh kh6ng? Vi du, lieu c6c n6ng d i n c6 quybn hqp ph6p d8i v6i d i t dai ho sI3 dyng b a n g ?

    H Lieu c6 qua' it hay qua' nhi6u cgzh tranh? Vi dy, lieu c6 doanh nghiep doc quy&n nghnh ca & ha ting nho dang ngin c k su gia nhep nghnh ciia cic doanh nghiep kh6c khBng, hay lieu c6 phli c6c doanh nghicp hien kh6ng ti&n h a c6c nghien clSru sinh l@ cao vi h9 thiy thi&u n h k g bien ph6p b60 v$ quy&n sb hiiu tri tue?

    Mat khi 18 h8ng t . 6 cha d i d u w x6c d@h r6, thi b u k tigp the0 1h thi&t k& th6 ch& phh hqp. C i hai n h h t8 cung vh ciu d&u quan trong. H m niia, mat khi cic qu8c gia thay d6i vh ph6t tri%n thi c6c th6 ch& phd hqp c h g sZ ph6t tri6n tumg

    h g . I36 c6 hi+ quH, mat th% ch& cin duqc thiat k& sao cho dang ca ciia cic d8i t u p g tham gia thi t r u h g gin li&n v6i k&t q u i mong mu8n dat duqc. ~ 6 n phumg ph6p tikp c$n quan trong d8i viri viec xdy d q g th6 ch& c6 thd 6p d w g duuc b tAt cA c6c khu v t ~ c vh c6c qu6c gia Ih: bb sung nhiing gi dang tan tai, ddi miri nhim x6c dinh c6c th6 ch& c6 th6 hoat dong duqc, lien kit c6c cang dang thang qua c6c lu6ng th6ng tin vh thumg mai, vh thiic d i y c& tranh.

    B& sung nh Cng gi dang t6n tai CBc n&n kinh ta t& t r u h g phit tri&n c6 cbu triic thd ch& phu thuac d6ng k% vho mat nhh nu& c6 ning luc. Nhh nuuc nhy d6ng vai trt, cung cbp h h g ho6 c6ng cang, di&u ti&t v i phdn x&. Nhmg su tham gia cia nhh nu& vho t h t r u h g tin phii tumg x h g v6i ning luc ciia n6. Ba'o cio Phit tn'6n ~ h 6 gi& 1997 nhin manh su hrang x h g giiia ning luc c ia nhh nu& v6i n h k g c6ng viec mh c6c ca quan nhh nuuc tian hhnh. B6o c60 nhy duuc xdy d m g trCn ca sb phiin tich 66 b h g c6ch xem x6t cic th8ng tin hien c6, chi phi thi h M , chi phi xdy d m g vh duy tri th6 ch& c6 bh h u h g nhu th& nho t6i c6ch chinh ph6 h6 tru cho c6c giao dich tu nhdn tren tM t ruhg . B6o cio cihg nghien clSru xem sy ph6t tri6n t n r h g chiu lnh h u h g nhu th& nho muc d@ p h h h g cia c6c ca quan nhh nukc d8i v6i c6c th6 ch& dugc xdy d w g . Khi c6c nutrc ph6t tri6n trhi c6c hinh thuc thd ch6 mh c6c nukc cin vh dbi h6i c ikg thay d6i theo.

    Mat trong n h k g th8ng diep c6a Bio c6o lh, cic th6 ch& hoat dong t8t b n h k g nutrc c6ng nghiep c6 th6 kh6ng dem lai n h k g k&t q u i tumg tu b c6c nuuc nghco do su kh6c nhau trong:

    H C6c th& ch& bd sung, c h k g han cic th& ch& khuyhn khich tinh minh bach vh hi& luc ph6p ludt

    H Mirc do vh c6c quan di%m kh6c nhau v& tharn nhikg . Chi phi cha viec thi&t l$p vh duy tri cic th6 ch& SO v6i thu nh$p trCn d i u ngu%

  • phii c6 th8 Iim gi6m nhigu thht bai thj t ruhg , n h m g chinh p h i ciing c6 th8 thht bai khi c8

    h6 trq cic giao djch thi t ruhg . Vi dy, chinh phii c6 ths dua ra quy djnh bii d i p lai thit bai t b t r u h g hay d6 han ch6 hoat dong ciia khu vuc tu n h k . Lw chon g i h thht bai thj t r u h g -irh thht bai c6 th6 ciia chinh phJ kh6ng phii 12 d8 d b g , nhung c6 th6 ti6n hinh c6c bien ph6p d6 han ch6 cA hai loai thit bai niy. Tuy nhi$n, ning luc han ch6 ciia chinh phJ c6c nuirc dang phit trign trong viec thuc hien c6c quy d m c6 nghla lh nhi&u hoat dong 6 cic nuirc dang phit trign bj digu ti6t qu i mirc.

    ~8 cho c6c he th8ng di&u ti6t & cic nuirc dang ph6t trign c6 ca hoi thinh c6ng, chimg cin phii d m giin, kh6ng c h h dyng qu6 nhi&u th8ng tin vh kk.6ng phy thuoc qu6 nhi&u vho toh An. Tuy v$y, nhigu nuirc dang ph6t tri8n c6 xu h u h g c6 thJ Wc thu h8i nq rht phirc tap, bi t chip he th8ng tu ph6p cbn y6u kkrn cJa minh (hinh 1.3).

    Quy djnh 6 c6c nuirc c8ng nghiep c h g c6 th8 r i t phirc tap n h m g c h b g kh6ng giiy th$m nhi&u chi phi nhu 6 nh*g nubc nghko vi mot s8 19 do: Ning luc thuc thi & nhiing nubc giiu tat hcm vh cic quan tba phii d8i m3t v6i c6c dong luc c6 i n h h u h g ttri c6ng viec vh hi& n h g hoat dong tu ph6p ciia ho (chucmg 6). C6c nh i quin 19 nhii nuirc c6 tr6ch nhiem cao hcm v i nhiing th8 ch6 b8 sung ( chhg han c6c th6 ch6 Anh h u h g .t& ti&n lucmg hay d u h g c6ng danh ciia quan toi hay c6c 'thz ch& khuy6n khich su minh bach) d6ng vai trb kigm soit v i ciin bing nhim bio ve c6c d8i tuqng tham gia tK t ruhg . CBc nuirc dang ph6t tri6n t h u h g c6 it c6c th8 ch6 h% trq hcm (ching han c6c toi An y6u kkm hay kh6ng duqc tin nhiem). Do v$y, mat giii ph5.p d8i v& cic nuirc dang ph6t tri&n 1i cin soan thio c6c quy dinh d m gi%n v i n$n c6 it qu,y djnh hcm.

    Trong t r u h g hqp c6c thz ch6 kh6ng chinh thirc hoat dong c6 hi+ qu6, ho$c khi cic th8 ch6 chinh thirc dbi h6i ph6i c6 c6c thg ch6 h6 trq thi viec xiiy dyng c6c th6 ch6 chinh thirc m6i c6 th8

    Hinh 1-3 Sq phirc tap trong cac thir tuc thu h6i nu

    Nin kinh te'

    Philippin

    Peru

    Xenhgan

    Mbdambich

    Bungari

    ~chent~na

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    Gana

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    Canada

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    0 1 2 3 4 M k do p h k tqp cha thh tyc ki@n tyng

    ChJ lhich:V& djnh nghia sy phuc tap xem chuang 6. Trung binh miu dqa trhn 96 nuirc. ~gubn: ~ i k u Ira thuc hien nhhm phycvy 8 6 cao Phat triQn Th6 gihi 2002 trhn cU d k6t hqp vm Lex Mundi, mot hiep hOi d c dng ty lust qu& t8.

    kh8ng ph6i 1 i mot uu ti$n cho c6c nhi hoach dinh chinh s6ch.

    a Nghien ciru v& sir h6-u dht dai & nhi&u nuirc cho hiy, quy&n sir h6-u chinh thirc c6 th8 kh6ng mang lai c6c tic dong mong mubn khi m i thj t r u h g d i u vio, dhu ra v2 tin dung vgn cbn kkrn ph6t tri8n v i nhu ciu v& c6c s in phim n6ng nghiep & mirc thip (chucmg 2). Trong nhiing t r u h g h q niy, c6c co ch6 truy&n th6ng dua v i c tong d6ng

  • ti5 ra c6 hi@u qua hcm trong vi@c xic [email protected] c6c quy&n sb h k . Q u k tri c6ng ty lh mat v in d& kh6 khin b n h k ~ g nuirc ngheo, do h@ th8ng phip lust y6u kern va thi6u c6c hung gian th6ng tin tu nhzn. Trong tinh hu6ng nay, ciu truc sb ~IILI t$p trung vh c6c nh6m, hi@p hai doanh nhdn c6 th6 sZ thyc hi@n chuc n h g ki6m so6t hoat dong c6ng ty hi@u q u i hcm so vbi chu truc sb h k p h h t h .

    Chi pku: na'ng luc vi tham n h k g . Chi phi di&u ti6t cha chinh phh, dii tinh the0 chi ti@u thi chinh hay the0 chc chi ti@u kh6c cihg cin phAi phh h~rp V& thu nhgp d i u ngu& &a qu6c gia d6 d h b io tinh hi& qua. Vi du, mat nghi6n ctiu g in ddy b 85 nu& cho thiy, b nhi&u nu& dang ph6t trisn, chi phi thi chinh d6 t u h thh c6c quy djnh d ing ky kinh doanh rht cao so vbi t ing s6n qu6c d i n (GNP) tr@n d i u ngutri (hinh 1.4a) va cao hcm so viri chi phi trung binh cha c6c nu6c c6ng nghi@pu. ~ i & u d h g ngac nhi@n 12 cic nu& dang ph6t trign c6 ning luc hhnh chinh y6u kkm hcm lai dbi h6i nhi&u thfi tuc d ing ky kinh doanh hcm (hinh 1.4a)

    Chi phi cao, d h tinh the0 s u phuc tap hay the0 ngu6n lyc, ngin cAn vi$c gia nhgp khu vuc chinh thirc, han ch6 cgnh tranh, vh tao th@m chi phi do lhm gia t ing tham nhiing (hinh 1.4~)". Mat nghi@n c t h cha Ngdn hhng ~ h 6 gibi ciing cho thgy, tai nhi&u nuirc chdu Phi, c6c quy djnh vh thuc t6 han ch6 kinh doanh t h u h g nhim vho vi@c tao n@n ngu6n Iqi cho cic quan chuc vh thien vi cho mat s6 c6 nhdn hay tap dohn tu nhdn, trong khi cAn trb cic hoat dang kinh doanh i3 c6 l?nh vyc n6ng nghi@p va c6ng nghi@pI3.

    Do viec xdy dung th6 ch6 t8n kkm vh c& phAi c6 mat ngu6ng nhu ciu t8i thigu tru& khi c6c th6 ch6 c6 th6 v* hhnh hi@u qua n@n nhi&u nuirc nh6 c6 th6 gap phhi kh6 k h h . Cic nu6c nh6 vh cac nuirc mong mu& tang khA n h g tihp can th6 ch6 c6 th6 mu6n dya V ~ G C ~ C th6 chk tii b@n ngohi - ching h e c6c ngin h h g nuirc ngoai hay ni@m y6t c h h g k h o k ~ b c6c thj

    Hinh 1.a Chi phi d5ng Ij kinh doanh (tinh the0 ph6n trirm GNP tren dsu ngrr6i) 1611 hon d6i v6i cac n w c thu nhap thap h m

    Chi phi ding Q (%) 140 -

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    Hinh 1 .& Cac n ~ k c thu nhep thgp h m co nhieu thir tuc hon

    GDP tr&n d6u ngubi trung binh (nghin d61a Mjr) 25

    1-5 6 1 0 11-15 16 va nhibu han

    $6' lupllg cac thh tuc

    Hinh 1 .4~ ~ h i 6 u thG tuc h m di kem v6i nhieu tham nhClng h m

    Chi sgtham nhiing (cao hon nghia la tBi 90 -

    6 1 0 '1 1-15 16 vB nhlku han

    Sb luqng cac t h l tuc Chu 1hich:CAc chi phi duqc dlnh nghia la n h h g chi phi chinh thuc tinh lheo p h h lrhm c i a GNP tr&n ddu nguai nam 1999 Ngudn: Djankov va cac tsc g i i khac, s8 xu& bin, tai lieu ca sb c i a Bao cio Phal l&'n Thdgid1' 2002.

  • t r u h g c h h g khohn nu& ngohi - thay vi xdy d m g nsng luc diku ti8t vh gi6m s6t trong nukc (chumg 4). ch ing h w , Hunggari vh ~txt6nia khuy6n khich sy gia nhijp thj trubng cJa chc ngdn hang nukc ngohi chju sy gihm si t vh diiu ti8t tai d i t nu& c h i quhn.

    Na'ng lvc con ngu6i. D6 SG dung chc th6 ch6 thj t ruhg- ching han chc bien phhp tu phhp chinh thhc d6 giii quy6t chc tranh chip - ciing nhu d& quin 19 chc quy dinh hay xiy dung chc ti6u chuin cin c6 nhiku v8n con ngubi h m (hop 1.7). Vi dy, c6c chhc trhch di&u ti6t c+nh tranh dbi h6i phii c6 n h k g ngubi hi& rb chc chi tist phuc tap trong chc tinh hu8ng canh tranh. Khi xiy d w g nsng lyc con ngubi, chc nukc phai xem xet c h tap trung SIJ quan tim ciia minh vho diu. v6n con ngubi vh he thang chc th6 ch6 thj t r u h g trong nkn kinh t6 c6 m8i li6n he nZng dong v6i nhau. Cic tic n h h cin phii c6 v6n d6 c6 th& h u h g lqi tir n h k g th6 ch6 nhit djnh. Ciing v6i thbi gian, khi chc tic nhin nghy cing c6 kinh nghiem, thi chc th6 ch6 tin phbi duqc s&a d5i, di&u chinh. Nhu chiing ta dZ thiy hi kinh nghi@m b D6ng A, viec khuy&n khich ning cao trinh do hoc v h vh giho duc ti& hoc c6 th6 mang lgi phkn t h u h g x h g dhng 1i chit luwg vh s u thhnh c6ng vk sau cGa chc thd ch8 chinh thuc, b6i lG, nhb n h k g thhnh c6ng trong gi6o duc m i cb ngubi sir dung vh ngubi diku hhnh th6 ch6 d iu c6 khi niing lhm viec v6i chc th6 ch6 thj t ruhg .

    C6ng nghe. Quy dinh d6i v& ca sb ha ting cho thiy, c6c tieu chuin c6ng nghe sfi d q g 6 n h k g nuuc c6ng nghiep c6 th6 kh6ng phii h p v6i cic nukc dang phit tri6n (chuong 8). Tai n h k g nukc nghko, nh*g ngubi cung tip djch vu s h dung chc c6ng nghe chi phi thip t h u h g hoat dong trong linh vuc k


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