E-368

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY AND GUIDELINES

FOR

THE ZAMBIA SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUND

MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

6t July 2000

7~ ^a Lb -Cc

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CESDC Chalo Environment & Sustainable- ________ ______ Development Consultants

No. 13 Paseli Road, NorthMead-- - ______ - Tel/Fax: 2384021753442

__-_ =____ -- ____ P.O. Box 35297________________ - - Lusaka, Zambia

_________ =____ _______ -- E-mail. cesdc@zamnet.zm_~- Z

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMER

In carrying out this study, we owe a very real debt of gratitude to many communities andmembers of the District Appraisal Committees who gave up their time to share theirknowledge with us. The MPU Regional Officers from Western, Northern, Southern andLusaka Provinces assisted greatly not only in the selection of Communities and Projectsfor auditing but also made logistical arrangements for the team's visit to the studyDistricts.

While the report is prepared for the Zambia Social Investment Fund (ZAMSIF) of theMinistry of Finance and Economic Development, the views and opinions expressedtherein are entirely those of the Consultants.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................... 1

SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS .......................... a

1 INTRODUCTION .......................... 11

1.1 Background ......................................................... 111.3 Nexus of Poverty, Environment and Infrastructure Development ............................... 111.4 Purpose and Objectives of Study ......................................................... 121.5 Approach and Methodology ......................................................... 121.6 Key Concepts ......................................................... 13

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE ZAMBIA SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUND ............................. 14

2.1 Scope of the Zambia Social Investment Fund ......................................................... 142.2. The Community Investment Fund (CIF) component .................................................. 142.3. District Investment Fund (DIF) ......................................................... 1.52.4. Poverty Monitoring and Analysis Component (PMA) ................................................. 152.5. Institutional Support ......................................................... 16

3 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL SOURCES OF IMPACTS FROM ENVIRONMENTALLYSIGNIFICANT PROJECTS AND POTENTIAL MITIGATION MEASURES ............... 17

3.1 Types of Projects ......................................................... 173.2 Community Natural Resources projects ......................................................... 173.3 Potential Environmental Impacts ......................................................... 203.4 Sources of Environmental Impacts ......................................................... 213.5 Consequences of Identified Environmental Problems ................................................ 26

4 INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT OF ZAMSIF PROGRAMME ....................................... 29

4.1 Policy Framework ...................................... 294.2 Institutional Framework ...................................... 294.4 Recommended Institutional Development Strategy ...................................... 32

5. GUIDELINES FOR MAINSTREAMING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ISSUES INZAMSIF PROJECT CYCLE .37

5.1 Purpose and Outline of Guidelines .375.2 The Environmental Modules .415.3 Project Identification and Application .475.4 Desk Appraisal .475.5 Field Appraisal .525.6 Costing and Budgeting .53

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5.7 Approval Process ................................................. 535.8 Project Launch Workshop ................................................. 545.9 Disbursement and Justification ................................................. 54

5.10 Implementation, Monitoring and Supervision..................................................5.11 Evaluation ................................................. 56

6. CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMME FOR ZAMSIF STAFF ............................... 606.1 Sensitisation and Environmental Management Skills Needs .................................. 606.2 Environmental Awareness and Analysis for ZAMSIF MU Staff ............................... 606.3 District Training Programme ................................................ 606.4 Environmental Awareness in Communities ................................................ 616.5 Materials and Financial Support ................................................ 656.6 Monitoring of the ZAMSIF Funded Selected Projects ............................................. 67

7. COSTS OF MITIGATION MEASURES AND FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS OFIMPLEMENTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY .58

7.1 Estimating Relative Costs of Environmental Mitigation Measures 587.2 Financial Requirements for Implementing the Environmental Strategy 59

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1 Summary of Technical Guidelines for MPU Funded ProjectsAnnex 2 List of Audited ProjectsAnnex 3 Profiles of Audited Community Based ProjectsAnnex 4 An Outline of an Environmental Impact Assessment ProcedureAnnex 5 Schedules To EIA Regulations, Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997Annex 6 Recommendations on Review of Existing MPU DocumentsAnnex 7 Districts Visited, Organisations and Individuals Talked toAnnex 8 Terms of Reference for the StudyAnnex 9 Zambia Agro-Ecological ZonesAnnex 10 Bibliography

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Possible Mix of Generic Investments to be financed under ZAMSIF with PotentialEnvironmental Impacts

Table 3.2 Sources of Environmental Concerns and Mitigation MeasuresTable 3.3 Sources of Impacts from Construction / ImplementationTable 3.4 Sources of Impacts from Operation of the facilityTable 3.5 Consequences of Environmental ImpactsTable 3.6 Estimate Costs of Selected Environmental Mitigation MeasuresTable 4.1 Institutional Concerns for Mainstreaming Environmental ConcernsTable 5.1 Mainstreaming Environmental Management In Community Investment Fund

Project CycleTable 5.2 Checklist for Community level Sensitisation and AssessmentTable 5.3 Institutional and Capacity Building ChecklistTable 5.4 Generic Projects Screening List

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Table 5.5 Example of Generic Review (Analysis) ChecklistTable 6.1 Summary of Proposed Environmental MANAGEMENT Training ProgrammeTable 6.2 Capacity Building: Training and AwarenessTable 7.1 Estimating Relative Costs of Selected Mitigation MeasuresTable 7.2 Financial Requirements to Support ZAMSIF Environmental Strategy

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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resource ManagementCBO Community-Based OrganizationCEMP Community Environmental Management Programme (within ESP)CSO Central Statistical OfficeDAC District Appraisal CommitteeDWA Department of Water AffairsDDCCs District Development Coordinating CommitteesDDSP District Development Support ProjectDEB District Education BoardsDEO District Education OfficerDHB District Health BoardsECZ Environmental Council of ZambiaED Ministry of EducationEF Environmental FacilitatorEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control ActESP Environmental Support ProgrammeFD Forest DepartmentGRZ Government of the Republic of ZambiaHQ HeadquartersLA Local AuthoritiesLIRDP Luangwa Integrated Resource Development ProjectMAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food and FisheriesMCDSS Ministry of Community Development and Social ServicesMCTI Ministry of Commerce, Trade & IndustryMoE Ministry of EducationMENR Ministry of Environment and Natural ResourcesMEWD Ministry of Energy and Water DevelopmentMLGH Ministry of Local Government and HousingMOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic DevelopmentMOH Ministry of HealthMOL Ministry of LandsMPU Micro-Projects UnitMWS Ministry of Works and SupplyNEAP National Environmental Action PlanNESC National Environmental Steering CommitteeNGO Non Governmental OrganizationNHC Neighbourhood Health CommitteesNRDC Natural Resources Development CollegePRA Participatory Rural AppraisalPTA Parents Teachers AssociationRHC Rural Health CentresROs Regional OfficersSCAFE Soil Conservation and Agroforestry Extension ProgrammeSRP Social Recovery ProjectWASHE Water Sanitation Health EducationZEEP Zambia Environmental Education Programme

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

The objective of the Zambia Social Investment Fund (ZAMSIF) is to contribute to thegovernment's strategy for poverty reduction by improving the welfare and the living conditions ofmany poor and vulnerable communities all over Zambia, with special attention to the needs ofwomen and children.

ZAMSIF will finance community grants for investment in social and economic infrastructure;improved natural resources management; special programs targeting disadvantaged and morevulnerable groups; and capacity building, basic skill training and other activities aimed atstimulating local productivity. ZAMSIF will also finance larger infrastructure benefiting more thanone community, such as district health facilities, market places etc. District authorities areexpected to take the lead in the implementation of these projects.

While no ZAMSIF project is expected to generate significant adverse environmental effects,some community and district investment may result in negative consequences if appropriatemitigation measures are not implemented. In addition, the cumulative environmental impact ofmany small investments supported by the project across the country may be significant. The longterm success of these investments is also closely associated with sustainability and minimisingpotentially negative environmental impacts since the poor are often most directly dependent ontheir natural resource base for supporting their economic livelihood. The purpose of this study isthus to provide clear and systematic guidelines for the effective assessment of any potentialenvironmental impacts that may result from microprojects.

The scope of the study is set out in the TOR (Annex 10). Specifically, the study focused on thefollowing specific objectives:

(i). Define the best way to mainstream environmental appraisal and monitoring as part of theregular ZAMSIF project cycle - screening, scoping, developing terms of reference,conducting and reviewing the results of environmental appraisals, and monitoring microprojects implementation.

(ii) Make proposals about how to increase the technical capacity of ZAMSIF staff, districtteams and other ZAMSIF partners and facilitators for environmental appraisal andmonitoring.

To achieve the above objectives the study team reviewed relevant document and conductedenvironmental audits of 15 micro projects funded mainly under Micro Projects Unit. The studyalso audited a rural health centre funded by the World Bank in Mpika with limited participation ofthe community and a community based irrigation and water wells project inKaole Village, Mpikato be supported by the Pilot Environmental Fund (PEF) under the Environmental SupportProgramme (ESP). The study focused on 5 closely interrelated key areas of concern including:key environmental and technical concerns of projects, institutions and other programmesdealing with environmental issues, mainstreaming environmental issues in the ZAMSIF projectcycle, environmental awareness and technical capacity of those working with communities toaddress environmental projects.

The following sections present summaries of key findings and recommendationsI

SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS

A) Significance of Environmental Impacts

The analysis of the various components of ZAMSIF and the 17 audited micro projects indicatethat the overall impact of ZAMSIF over the life of its implementation will be minimal andinsignificant. Although individual microprojects under both the Community and District InvestmentFunds may contribute to environmental degradation at local/site level, their aggregate andregional adverse impact will be minimal and insignificant. For example, It is estimated that, toburn pan bricks for the completion of a recommended 1 *3 classroom block, you would requireup to 2,535 kg dry weight wood (or about 8.4M3 which translates into an average of 0.002hectares of woodlands. Multiplying this figure by a factor of 10,000 classroom blocks over a 5year period would require only 20 hectares of forests. Zambia covers 75,261,400 ha (752,614km2. Of this land, an estimated 30% (256,000 kin2) is covered by forests and woodlands. 20 haof land required for brick kilns (assuming use of brick burning) translates into 0.00078% of thetotal forests and woodland areas in Zambia.

The report further demonstrates that if ZAMSIF implements the mitigation measures andprocedures proposed in this report, the programme will contribute to improving the quality of theenvironment and add value to the natural resources surrounding the project site by eliminating orminimising the environmental consequences associated with existing infrastructure.

The findings of the study distinguish between two broad environmental concerns: (i) those thatare associated with the existing infrastructure before Microprojects are conceived andimplemented and (ii) those that may result directly or indirectly from the implementation of anduse of new projects. Several factors have contributed to environmental concerns associatedwith the existing infrastructure (before the projects) including: poor location of infrastructure, poortechnical designs of the existing structures and inappropriate utilisation of the infrastructure.

(B) Major Environmental Concerns Associated with Existing Infrastructure

The key environmental issues related to existing community based social infrastructure can besummarised as follows:

1. Sheet and gully erosion of soils around infrastructure/project sites was the mostcommon problem on all project sites. 13 of the 15 MPU projects were recorded to havethis problem. Although the new projects (extensions and major rehabilitation) maycontribute to this problem, the significant part was associated with existing infrastructure(prior project conception and implementation). This problem was attributed in most casesto the practice of clearing all vegetation surrounding infrastructure. In some cases theerosion wears the external base of the building structures' foundation leading toweakening the stability of the structure and hence requiring high maintenance costs. Theproblem was often associated with siting of the infrastructure on the foot of hills withoutadequate mitigation measures.

2. De-vegetation around Project Sites: Several project sites and their surrounding areaswere found to be devoid of vegetation. MPU has often funded projects (rehabilitation andextension) on existing sites rather than new infrastructure. Discussion with projectbeneficiaries revealed that in all cases, the de-vegetation observed on project sites was

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not directly related to the MPU projects but to previous practices of clearing all vegetationaround existing infrastructure as a measure of environmental cleanness. Vegetation andtrees in particular act as wind breakers in places of strong winds, hence in de-vegetatedsites, roof covers of building structures are weakened and may be ripped off resulting inhigh maintenance costs.

3 Termite infestation around project site: Several project sites were found to be infestedwith termites. On the same site, the attack on infrastructure was severe on oldinfrastructure than the new ones. This problem highlights the adverse impacts thatenvironmental factors may impose on infrastructure where environmental factors are nottaken into consideration in selection of sites. Although the problem of termites iswidespread in most areas, some sites are more heavily infested than others andespecially those near anthills and on certain types of soils. Termites eat the buildingmaterials especially wooden roof support materials thus weakening the stability of thestructure and leading to high maintenance costs. (see photo gallery)

4 Poor siting/location of existing Infrastructure sitessuch as water points located neartoilets or on the down slopes of the toilets may result in underground water contaminationcontributing to high and rampant incidences of diarrhea diseases especially in children.Lack of consideration of local environmental factors that could have a negative effect onboth the existing and new infrastructure e.g strong prevailing winds, erosion prone areasand mosquito infested areas; etcThis problem was observed in 3 projects of the projectsaudited.

5 Shortage of land around project sites: Some extension building projects were beingimplemented on sites with inadequate land. For example, Kabweza Primary School areain Kafue is surrounded by a fast growing village which has no room for outwardexpansion and hence the school has been left with no room for further extension of theschool grounds. The community encroachment into the school has led to conflicts withina community and crowding of school buildings within the available small space;Nansenga Primary School in Mazabuka has had to request the community to allocate itmore land for future expansion as the existing land is not adequate to cater for even thepresent uses.

(C) Major Environmental Concerns Associated with new Micro Projects

The key environmental issues that are directly related to the development of new communitybased social infrastructure can be summarised as follows:

1. Quarries for stones and sand mining are left untreated (uncovered) or rehabilitated bycommunities. This problem was observed in all project sites where there was need tomould blocks for construction or rehabilitation. These quarries become breeding placesfor malaria parasite carrying mosquitoes and other vectors such as snakes. Somequarries are sited near perennial streams leading to siltation of the streams; e.g. inKabale Primary School ,Mpika where the quarry was sited near the stream and had beenleft uncovered.

2. Off-site deforestation: The current practice of communities using burnt pan bricks forconstruction of buildings entails use of wood fuel for making brick kilns. Often therequired wood is obtained from areas further away from the project sites contributing to

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both shortages of fuel wood in the immediate neighbourhood and localised deforestation.Women spoken to in 7 communities cited the distances of not less than 5 km to findfuelwood for their domestic use and other uses. Although the current contribution ofkilning (due to micro-projects) to off-site deforestation may be insignificant at regional ordistrict level, it is recognised that localised effects may be significant especially wherethere may be a concentration of new construction and major rehabilitation projects.

3 Lack of and inappropriate medical waste disposal facilitiesposes high risk of bothsoil and water contamination which may lead to the likelihood of disease outbreaks. Insome cases disposal of medical waste in open pits has led to both human and animalscavenging at dumpsites.

(D) Institutional and Programme Aspects

1. Except for the Department of Roads in the Ministry of Works and Supply, the otherMinistries that are involved in provision of social infrastructure do not have environmentalmanagement frameworks that link infrastructure development to their impacts.

2. The Environmental Council of Zambia which has the legal mandate for supervision andenforcement of Environmental Assessments does not have adequate in house capacitynecessary to plan and conduct EAs. Therefore, this may undermine its capability tosupervise EA execution, evaluate the EA reports produced by project proponents

3. There are few community based organisations with capacity to implement naturalresources management projects. CBOs and traditional institutions with potential toformulate and enforce environmental bye-laws often lack technical and managementskills to implement and enforce environmentally friendly practices.

4. There are few programmes working with communities on environmental managementprojects. Pilot Environment Fund, Community Based Natural Resources Managementprogramme are only operating in a few pilot districts. Village WASHE Committees are, byand large, only active in areas where some donors are funding water and sanitationprojects (this is especially true for rural areas). This in turn negatively affects thesensitisation of comuunities to environmental issues.

(E) Issues of Mainstreaming Environmental Concerns in Project Cycle

1. Although, MPU project cycle begins with community initiatives and actions, there is littleor no sensitization of communities on environmental issues both before and after theapplication forms are completed.

2. The current MPU application forms and implementation manual are not adequate inmeeting the environmental objectives of integrating environmental sustanability concernsinto the ZAMSIF project cycle.

3 Most projects (including those that are implemented by cther organisations) do nottake environmental concerns into consideration through out the project cycle.

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4 Lack of utilisation of, and compliance to MPU Project Implementationand MaintenanceManuals, especially on issues dealing with environmental hygiene and conservation, likegood sanitation practices, the importance of tree planting and erosion control throughdrainage systems.

(F) Environmental Awareness

1. Low awareness of environmental issues and hygiene by communities, especiallyenvironmental conservation \ protection, use of clean water and safe sanitation

2. Where communities were aware about environment issues associated with their projects,they were generally ignorant of sources of technical information for addressing theirproblems.

3. There is generallly lack of motivation and commitment to integration of environmentalconcerns into the project implemenetation activities of Project Committee members.

(G) Technical Capacity

1. District Teams lack the skills needed to integrate environmental issues into projectactivities. This is however, exceptional for 2 districts (Mpika and Mufulira) where PEF andCBNRM projects are being implemented. Several District Team members have beenexposed to some environmental sensitisation workshops.

2. The lack of environmental knowledge and skills by communities to manageenvironmental projects which is exacerbated by deeply-rooted cultural values andpractices promote insensitive attitudes to environmentally friendly practices. For examplechitemene systems is still being practiced in Kaole village of Mpika District (one of theproject sites visited).

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SUMMARY OF MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS

(A) Key Environmental Issues of Concern

To address the key and common environmental problems found on most project sites, the studyteam was careful in isolating the two major types of environmental concerns: those associatedwith the existing infrastructure and those that are directly related to the new micro projects. Toeliminate or minimise environmental problems associated with existing infrastructure and toprevent potential problems that may arise due to new microprojects, it is recommended thatmitigation measures need to be identified early and designed in the identification and applicationstages of the project cycle and implemented during the implementation stage. One effective wayfor ensuring mitigation measures are implemented is to include them in the financing agreementwhich will require either the communities or the contractors engaged on sites on behalf ofcommunities to consider these measures as part of their implementation schedules. Proposedguidelines specific to each type of project which may be used as contract clauses are suggestedin Annex 1

(B) Major Environmental Concerns Associated with Existing Infrastructure

The mitigation measures to address key environmental issues related to existing communitybased social infrastructure can be summarised as follows:

1. Sheet and gully erosion of soils around project sites should be identified and assessedby communities during the project identification stage. Communities should be assisted throughthe process of sensitization to realise the effects of soil erosion if not addressed in their projects.The District Teams should further assess the extent of sheet and gully erosion around proposedproject sites. Where its presence is verified, simple mitigation measures should be included inthe dsign of the projects. Examples of the mitigation measures may include:

- treatment or curing of gullies through planting of tree and grass around the gullies toavoid further cutting back of the gully banks and to stabilise the soils. This could bedone by communities as part of community contribution.

* Provide and enforce implementation of drainage provisions in designs; The site plansshould indicate the positions and directions of the proposed drainage.

* Avoid drainage systems discharging into the project sites; settled and cultivated areas.

2. De-vegetation around Project Sites: Where proposed project sites have been de-vegetated extensively, the project design should include the following mitigation measures:

* Re-vegetation around proposed project sites with fast growing multipurpose treeswhich may be used for both timber and other uses such as provision of wind break andstabilisation of soils;

* Communities may be asisted with seeds and technical information on how to establishtree nurseries.

* Employ selective clearance of vegetation on proposed project site. Clear only thosepotions of the site where its necessary to do so.

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Soil Conservation and Agroforestry Extension Programme (SCAFE) in the Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Fisheries (MAFF) may be useful source of information on tree species which may beuseful for planting around project sites.

3 Termite infestation around project site:

* Ensure communities and contractors who may be assisting communities observe thestandard designs when projects are implemented;

* Ensure treatment of termites in new buildings continue to be budgeted for in projects.* The requirement in MPU manuals on siting of the project must be enforced

4 Poor siting/location of existing Infrastructure sites

* Communities should be sensitised to the need for developing simple resource mapsand land use plans which show the existing location and use of existing infrastructureand various land resources including water points, dambos, hills, grazing areas,woodlands, etc

* Where projects may require new sites (in cases of extensions to existing buildings),communities should be assisted to take into consideration all the environmental factorsinto consideration such as existing water points, slopes, soiltypes and locate new infrastructure on suitable sites.

5 Shortage of land around project sites:

* The communities and the district teams should appraise the impact of new projects onexisting settlement pattems

* Where a need to resettle the population may arise, compensation for displacementshould be considered (displacement of people has not happened so far in any PMUprojects)

• Use of land use plans should be encouraged

(C) Major Environmental Concerns Associated with new Micro Projects

The mitigation measures to address key environmental issues that are directly related to thedevelopment of new community based social infrastructure can be summarised as follows:

1. Quarries for stones and sand mining

* Ensure that quarries are not left uncovered at the end of use to avoid water collectionin the quarry pit which may become a breeding place for malaria parasite carryingmosquitoes and other vectors such as snakes;

* Ensure that quarries are not located near streams and rivers to avoid siltation. Thedistance from the quarry to the nearest water source shall be not less than3Om;

* Ensure quarries are not located near human seKtlements. The distance from the quarrysite to the nearest settlement shall be not less than 300m.

* Ensure provision for adequate backfilling of quarries, where quarry pits are leftuncovered they could be used as landfills then rehabilitation is done afterwards once itis filled up. Rehabilitation could be done through planting grass or trees on top of thelandfill;

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2. Off-site deforestation:

* Beneficiary communities should be sensitised to the effects of off-site deforestationand be required to plant fast growing tree species where feasible.

* Use of concrete blocks rather than pan bricks in the current building where there isadeqaute materials (river sand) and cement for production of blocks should beencouraged by ZAMSIF.

3 Lack of and inappropriate medical waste disposal facilities

* Plan for specially designed systems for disposal of medical wastes; The project plansmust indicate the operational needs in terms of both equipment and disposal methodsand facilities

* Provide complete collection and disposal service; for example medical disposal sitesand waste carrying containers should be provided for in the planning andimplementation stages of the project;

* Separate disposal sites for medical or hazardous wastes from domestic waste;* Where necessary, encourage community participation in preparing appropriate

disposal facilities;- Consider adequate siting studies for waste disposal sites taking into account the

location of water points, seasonal and perenial streams, wetland areas, socialamenities such as children's playgrounds

* Sensitization of communities on risk of both soil and water contamination with medicalwaste if not properly disposed off.

(D) Institutional and Programme Aspects

i) ZAMSIF should hire a recognised consultant firm to sensitise and trainZAMSIF staff inenvironmental management aspects of ZAMSIF and especially in mainstreamingenvironmental issues in the appraisal and monitoring stages of the micro projects. Theconsultant should develop training modules for delivery to community projects and traindistrict staff in the delivery of these modules. The consultant should develop the NaturalResources Management handbook, which should be based on the modules. The trainingprogramme could be developed with input from the Environmental Support Programmeand the Pilot Environmental Fund.

ZAMSIF should consider strengthening linkages with the Environmental SupportProgramme through various existing institutional arrangements and programmesincluding the PEF unit and the CNBRM programme being implemented in pilot districts.At the national level, the approach would be for ZAMSIF to draw on the technicalexpertise and experience of the PEF Co-ordinator for environmental concerns of theZAMSIF funded projects. The Co-ordinator could be tasked with the responsibility ofraising awareness of environmental concerns of the various ZAMSIF stages of the projectcycle (presented in Section 5) through involvement in regular ZAMSIF MU TechnicalCommittee and Steering Committee meetings and provide input to the review of theapplications and the preparation of Terms of Reference for Environmental ImpactAssessments where there is need for such studies. The PEF Co-ordinator should liase

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closely with the ZAMSIF Capacity Building Manager on delivery of environmentalmanagement training discussed in Section 6.

(ii) Further to the above arrangements, the Environmental Council of Zambia and theEnvironmental Support Programme should be represented at the National SteeringCommittee of ZAMSIF as well as the technical sub-committees to provide guidance onlessons learnt about community based environmental and natural resourcesmanagement initiatives.

(iii) At the district level learn from the PEF regardiing their experience with facilitating CEAPsand PENAs. The partnership between PEF and ZAMSIF should be strengthened to allowcomparative advantages of both partners to support communities in the identification,preparation and implementation of NRM projects. The relationship should be reviewedperiodically.

(iv) Consult traditional leaders such as village headmen in Project Committees to provideguidance on issues of bye-laws on natural resources use and management andcommunity mobilisation for implementation of mitigation measures.

(E) Mainstreaming Environment in ZAMSIF Project Cycle

(i) All projects will be categorised A, B, or C. District staff will be trained to facilitate theenvironmental assessment during field appraisal for projects in category B. For thoseprojects which fall into category C, ZAMSIF should hire the services of a recognisedconsultant to undertake the full EIA. The Terms of Reference and choice of consultantshould be approved by the Environmental Council of Zambia who should also beresponsible for the review of the outcome of the EIA of Category C projects and approveor reject the project.

(ii) Environmental sensitisation and analysis modules should be developed andmainstreamed at various stages of the project cycle. It is recommended that at least 2-3modules should be presented within the communities by the district staff; the first beforethe community completes the application form; the second during the field appraisalstage, third at project launch.

(iii) To ensure in-house capacity building for mainstreaming environmental activities in projectcycle and expedition of environment reviews of projects funded under ZAMSIF, furtherenvironmental modules should be developed and ZAMSIF staff and District Teamstrained in simple environmental assessments. The details of these modules arepresented in section 6 of this report;

(iv) Natural Resource Management Handbook for use by communities and DistrictFacilitators should be developed. The handbook should give some realistic examples ofenvironmental problems and technical options of addressing the problems.

(v) ZAMSIF will implement an environmental assessment (screening, appraisal and projectmonitoring) system using checklists and format within the ZAMSIF supported projectcycle. The assessment may not necessarily result in a Natural Resource Managementproject per se, but the process may facilitate discussion of environmental issues. Thediscussion would in the first place identify mitigation measures, which will be

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environmental in nature and in the second place begin the process of projectidentification, that might result in a Natural Resource Management project. The screeningand appraisal mechanism proposed here ensures that any adverse environmentalconsequences are recognised early in the project cycle.

(vi) The ZAMSIF guidelines are integrated in the project cycle in such as way as to ensurethat an assessment of the possible environmental impacts of the project is routine.Projects will only be approved if the environmental impact assessment recommendationshave been satisfactorily incorporated into the project design and that these are budgeted.During project implementation, these will be monitored and any further required changesor additions to the design will be recommended if necessary.

(vii) It is strongly recommended that part of the community contribution should involveenvironmental mitigation measures such construction of storm drains around projectgrounds, planting trees around project sites, preparation of appropriate disposal wastesites and facilities such as incinerators.

(F) Environmental Awareness

(i) Support environmental awareness programmes by sponsoring existing community basedorganisations (such as Chongololo clubs in schools) and formation of new environmentalCBOs.

(ii) Specifically awareness raising meetings should be conducted for Project Committees andthe general community by District Team members to emphasise the effects of projects onthe environment and to reinforce the importance of putting in place environmentalconservation measures during planning and implementation of projects.

(iii) Use the IEC campaign presently being developed within ZAMSIF to inform communitieswhat NRM projects may be supported as well as how

(G) Technical Capacity and Training

(i) ZAMSIF in collaboration with Pilot Environmental Fund should undertake to develop andtest comprehensive environmental training materials and to benefit various stakeholders.Proposed course content is outlined in Section 6 of this report and could contain but notlimited to the following broad issues; environmental sensitization and analysis;environmental mitigation measures, mainstreaming environment in ZAMSIF ProjectCycles; communication for environmental management and institutional and policyframework for environmental management.

(ii) District Teams and ROs should maintain contact with communities during operationphase in order for them to provide technical guidance to communities. The lessons learntfrom such interactions should form the basis for planning \ review \ refinement of similarprojects elsewhere.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The objective of the Zambia Social Investment Fund (ZAMSIF) is to contribute to thegovernment's strategy for poverty reduction by improving the welfare and the living conditions ofmany poor and vulnerable communities all over Zambia, with special attention to the needs ofwomen and children.

ZAMSIF will provide community grants for investment in social and economic infrastructure;improved naturai resources management; special programs targeting disadvantaged and morevulnerable groups; and capacity building, basic skill training and other activities aimed atstimulating local productivity. ZAMSIF will also finance larger infrastructure benefiting more thanone community, such as district health facilities, market places etc. District authorities areexpected to take the lead in the implementation of these projects.

Efficient and sustainable management of natural resources is critical to the achievement of thisobjective since the poorest and most vulnerable sectors of the population are often the mostdependent on renewable natural resources for income generation and risk aversion.

1.3 Nexus of Poverty, Environment and Infrastructure Development

Studies have shown a strong relationship between poverty, infrastructure development, and theenvironment. In Zambia the poor have been associated with those who are unable to consume abasic quantity of clean water and are exposed to unsanitary conditions with limited access toproper health facilities and services. Poor communities are also associated with inadequateaccess to education and transport and communication facilities, input and product marketinfrastructure. Their production is very often dependent on the seasonal weather patterns andhave little or no irrigation facilities to buffer adverse weather variations.

Access to clean water and good sanitation has the most obvious and direct consumption benefitsin reducing mortality and morbidity and increases the productive capacity of the poor. Access totransport and irrigation can contribute to higher and more stable incomes for the poor, enablingthe poor to manage risks.

The relationship between each development infrastructure and the environment is complex.Development of certain infrastructure involves use of environmental resources and may lead tocertain activities and outputs which may lead to degradation of environmental resources andimpact negatively on human settlements . The most negative impacts of infrastructuredevelopment on environment and human welfare concern those that create waste (liquid andsolid) where waste disposal facilities are not planned and executed. For example construction ofa district hospital will require considerable planning and execution of a waste disposal system totake care of the hospital waste during the operation phase.

Construction of the improved pit latrines will require careful sitting of the facilities in relation to thesources of water. Not doing so may lead to underground seepage of the waste to the sources ofdrinking water leading to increased incidences of water borne diseases. Construction ofcommunity education infrastructure using burnt bricks may lead to serious localised deforestationwhich may lead to increased soil erosion on productive agriculture land. This may in turn lead to

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reduced agricultural yields for a particular community. Improved feeder roads located nearwildlife areas may lead to increased access to wildlife resources resulting in unsustainable andillegal exploitation of wildlife resources (due to easy access).

1.4 Purpose and Objectives of Study

While no ZAMSIF project is expected to generate significant adverse environmental effects,some community and district investment may result in negative consequences if appropriatemitigation measures are not implemented. In addition, the cumulative environmental impact ofmany small investments supported by the project across the country may be significant. The longterm success of these investments is also closely associated with sustainability and minimisingpotentially negative environmental impacts considering that the poor are often most directlydependent on their natural resource base for supporting their economic livelihood. The purposeof this study is thus to provide clear and systematic guidelines for the effective assessment ofany potential environmental impacts that may result from micro-projects.

The scope of the study is set out in the TOR (Annex 10). Specifically, the study will focus on thefollowing specific objectives:

(i). Define the best way to mainstream environmental appraisal and monitoring as part of theregular ZAMSIF project cycle - screening, scoping, developing terms of reference,conducting and reviewing the results of environmental appraisals, and monitoring microprojects implementation.

(ii) Make proposals about how to increase the technical capacity of ZAMSIF staff, districtteams and other ZAMSIF partners and facilitators for environmental appraisal andmonitoring.

1.5 Approach and Methodology

The study was carried out by a specialist team consisting of an Institutional/organisationSpecialist, Technical Expert with buildings planning, design and civil engineering knowledge,Environmental Management Expert with skills in environmental impact assessment andPRA/Trainer equipped with participatory learning techniques.

Available documentation on the Social Recovery Projects and other relevant documents werereviewed and an appraisal of sample guidelines was undertaken to determine theirappropriateness to the ZAMSIF Programme. The team reviewed the proposed activities of theZAMSIF Project Cycle and developed a checklist to standardise the assessment of the projectsand the information to be gathered during field visits to selected projects..

Field visits were conducted to 17 project sites during which visual inspection of the projecttargets were made, salient observations recorded on each project site along with an on siteratings of the state of the project with respect to environmental issues. Meetings wereheld withbeneficiary communities and participatory assessment and learning techniques were used to getvaluable insight into the state of the environment surrounding the projects.

The team developed a checklist (Annex 3 ) to be used for collecting and synthesising theinformation. The check list will be used to collect information on both the project related activitiesand also capacity building needs of the various stakeholders who will be involved in the ZAMSIFprogramme.

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A format for collecting and analysing capacity building needs of various stakeholders was alsodeveloped and is presented in Annex 3

1.6 Key Concepts

Construction activities in this study refers to construction of new infrastructure on new orexisting sites. It could also mean demolition of old structures to put up new ones.

Rehabilitation and or replacement of damaged or below standard parts include ripping up thebroken or damaged parts of the structure, addition of new parts or layers including strengtheningand widening of structures. Generally, existing alignments are followed but could includeimprovements to the vertical and horizontal alignments of isolated sections of a given structure.

Environmental Assessment as used in this report refers to a process of systematic reviewconducted (using a variety of tools) for the purpose of integrating environmental considerationsinto the programme, activity or project. In this context, it should not be seen as a single activity atone point in the life of a programme, project or activity, but as an ongoing process which isintegrated throughout the project cycle.

Environmental Sustainability in the context of ZAMSIF programme refers to the ability ofenvironmental resources (land and soils, surface and ground water, forests, air, etc) beingutilised in the construction and rehabilitation of projects continuously without depleting themeither in terms of quantity or quality

Community Based Projects in this report refers to projects that are located within communitiesand often initiated, implemented and managed by beneficiary members of a given community.

Sources of Impacts: Those features or elements of a project that typically cause environmentalimpacts.

Receptors of Impacts: Those features or elements of a receiving environment that may beimpacted upon by a project.

Environmental Impacts: The nature magnitude and significance of the impacts that the projectcauses to the receiving environment.

Mitigation Measures: Measures that may be taken to reduce, manage or compensate forenvironmental impacts

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2. DESCRIPTION OF THE ZAMBIA SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUND

2.1 Scope of the Zambia Social Investment Fund

The Zambia Social Investment Fund Road (ZAMSIF) aims to: (i) achieve sustainable improvedavailability of quality basic social services by beneficiary communities, (ii) build capacity forimproved local governance in the districts with worst social and poverty indicators and (iii)strengthen the capacity to provide timely information on poverty and social conditions and facilitateits use in policy making.

Objective (i) aims at empowering local communities through the financing of sub-projects identified,implemented, managed and maintained by the communities. Objective (ii) will support the processof strengthening the capacity of local government and administrations and their accountability tolocal communities.

Objective (iii) provides a framework for monitoring and analysis of poverty and provides anopportunity for linking this activity to policy making. The programme to be implemented over a 5year period consists of three main components:

2.2. The Community Investment Fund (CIF) component

The CIF will finance community managed projects following selection criteria detailed in theoperational manual. These will include basic social and economic infrastructure (indicated inTable 3.1 of Section 3) in the following sectors: education, health, rural water supply andsanitation, community roads and bridges; natural resource management; capacity building;basic skills training, and other activities aiming at stimulating local productivity; and specialprograms targeting the poor and vulnerable groups, such as orphans, persons affected byHIV/AIDS, female headed households.

Communities will identify, implement, manage and maintain these projects. They will be assistedby provision of 'on the job' training and manuals covering project implementation andmanagement, maintenance and other relevant issues. The implementing communities will alsobe assisted by district officers who will be trained in facilitation and relevant technical skills underthe District Investment Fund (DIF). Communities will be assisted by specialist Non GovemmentalOrganisations (NGO) or private sector for community based capacity in such areas as homebased care counselling, natural resource management, participatory planning techniques andliteracy.

The community project will become a focus for community development and informationresource base. 'Modules' of 'toolkits' will be developed, facilitators trained in their use anddelivered at different stages of the project cycle. This component will provide an opportunity formainstreaming environmental management aspects of the programme.

There will be various levels of district participation in the CIF project cycle, indicating variouslevels of responsibility and involvement. ZAMSIF Regional Officers will assist the districts in mostof the project cycle activities. ZAMSIF MU will disburse funds to communities and thecommunities will account for those funds to ZAMSIF MU. There will be a gradual handing over oftasks to district staff according to their assessment capacity reduction plan and will beresponsible for all project cycle activities including the disbursement and accounting of all project

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cycle activities including the disbursement and accounting of all CIF funds. Movement of a districtfrom one level to the next will be based on an annual assessment by a Provincial AssessmentCommittee

2.3. District Investment Fund (DIF)

The District Investment Fund (DIF) will provide the opportunity for districts to enhance theircapacity to facilitate community based development. An important and substantial capacitybuilding component will form a major component. The Capacity building Program will aim tostrengthen the planning, management, and implementation capacity of local authorities andcommunity members. Special attention will be given to planning, design and costing projects,financial management and accountability, planning and improving the ability to respond to thevaried priority needs of different communities. The success of these districts in accessing fundswill depend on their being effective in managing and facilitating CIF activities.

The District Investment Fund (DIF) component will also finance infrastructure benefiting morethan one community, such as district health facilities, market places, etc. District authorities areexpected to take the lead in the implementation of these projects, initially by managing resourcesallocated on a project by project basis, and eventually by managing a district allocation grant.This component will further provide an opportunity for mainstreaming environmentalmanagement aspects of the programme.

2.4. Poverty Monitoring and Analysis Component (PMA)

The aim of this component is to strengthen the capacity to provide timely information on poverty,social and environmental conditions and facilitate its use in policy making. The ZAMSIF PMAcomponent will improve the sustainability of data collection and analysis and will facilitateimproved linkages between policy formulation and available data. Specifically the project will:

* Support the functioning of a unit within MOFED to co-ordinate poverty monitoring andanalysis;

* Support the functioning of economic and social statistics at household level and qualitativeparticipatory information on poverty.

* Mainstream the analysis of poverty data, including the production of an annual poverty andsocial indicators monitoring report.

The PMA component will finance a range of activities which are designed to strengthen theinstitutional, technical and financial framework for sustainable monitoring and policy - use ofpoverty information. In the first five years, these activities will include:

(i) training and a pre - agreed cycle of house hold surveys, including one Living ConditionsMonitoring Survey (LCMS) and one Indicators Monitoring Survey (IMS), conducted byCSO;

(ii) Priority Policy Studies and Analysis of poverty using qualitative and quantitative data;

(iii) Preparation of an Annual Poverty Review which provides a poverty update synthesizingdifferent sources of information on social conditions including form household surveys,administrative systems, participatory assessment etc., including findings form the studies,

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(iv) Annual dissemination and consultation workshops on the Annual Poverty Review; (v)facilitation of and support to the preparation of a strategic plan and corporate plan forCSO;

(vi) Training, technical assistance, capacity -building and support to the operation of aStrategic and Operational Planning Unit in MOFED;

(vii) Piloting of a district Management Information System; and

(viii) Establishment of capacity for evaluation.

2.5. Institutional Support

ZAMSIF will be managed by a semi autonomous Management Unit established within theMinistry of Finance and Economic Development (MOFED). The ZAMSIF MU will be headed by aProgram Director supported by the necessary departments and staff, which will includeOperational Management, (Technical Services, Field Operations, Capacity Building, InformationManagement, Information and Education Campaign), Finance and Administration , Monitoringand Evaluation and Poverty Monitoring and Analysis. ZAMSIF will be represented in theProvinces by 13 Regional Officers and support staff.

Poverty monitoring will be implemented by the Living Conditions Monitoring Unit within CSO. TheZAMSIF Program Director will retain financial management and procurement responsibilities, thetechnical activities will be managed by the CSO Director, both supported by the PMA componentmanager. Poverty Analysis will be implemented by the study fund which will remain autonomous.It will co-ordinate its activities closely with the planning and Economic Management Departmentin the Budget and Economic Affairs of MOFED. All activities will be led and co-ordinated by thePMA component manager.

A series of committees will be established to overview, guide and monitor the project activities,and to enhance the flow of information through all levels of Government. A national level Steeringcommittee (SC) will be chaired by the Permanent Secretary for Budget and Economic Affairs , asthe controlling officer for ZAMSIF, and include as members the Permanent Secretaries and/orChief planners from all the relevant ministries, representatives from various non GovernmentalInstitutions, and donors to ZAMSIF. The role of the SC will be: (I) to guide, develop, andharmonize the program strategy; (ii) to review the efficiency and cost effectiveness of theManagement Strategy put in place by the MU; (iii) be informed of poverty issues and recommendrelevant policy change; (v) to advice on government policy and sector policy issues; and . (iv) toendorse programme activities.

Provincial Assessment committees will be set up and trained to assess the district performanceand agree the indicative planning figures. District level is the hub of all activities and is the placewhere co-ordination and information sharing is most important. There are several existingcommittees at the district level, which will be in ZAMSIF activities; the District DevelopmentCoordinating Committee (DDCC); the District Planning sub-committee of the DDCC; FullCouncil; and the Plans, Works and Development sub-committee of the Council. Each of thesecommittees has its own terms of reference, and will have different responsibilities for ZAMSIFactivities.

The Poverty Monitoring and Analysis component will be directed by relevant technical subcommittees reporting to a PMA Steering Committee which in turn will report to the ZAMSIF

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Steering Committee. Section 4 of this report provides discussion and suggestions on creatingenvironmental awareness and capacities for environmental management among the variousinstitutional arrangements highlighted in this Section.

3 ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL SOURCES OF IMPACTS FROM ENVIRONMENTALLYSIGNIFICANT PROJECTS AND POTENTIAL MITIGATION MEASURES

3.1 Types of Projects

The generic list of projects that have been funded by MPU and which may be funded underZAMSIF is presented in Table 3.1. Details of specific environmental problems associated witheach type of projects that were audited is presented in Annex 12 of the report. In this Section theexisting and potential generic environmental issues, their sources, impacts and mitigationmeasures are discussed. Most of the projects listed in Table 3.1 are represented in the sampleof those audited as shown in Annex 2. ZAMSIF has potential to fund 40-45 different types ofmicro projects ranging from construction of new structures to provision of equipment andtechnical services in 10-12 different sectors including income generating projects such assupporting agriculture production at community level and other natural resources managementprojects

3.2 Community Natural Resources projects3.2.1 Selection criteria of projects for funding

ZAMSIF will support community based natural resource and environmental projects based onthe following criteria:

i) project must be a national priority and address one of the 5 priority areas identifiedin the NEAP;

ii) the project must also be a District priority and address a priority area identified bythe district plan;

iii) project must be a community priority, the community must show evidence that it iscommitted to the project and should have already contributed to the project;

iv) For those districts where the District Environmental Facilitators (DEFs) are supported bythe PEF, it is expected that the communities will undergo a Participatory EnvironmentalNeeds Appraisal (PENA). The PENA will enable communities to formulate theirCommunity Environmental Action Plan (CEAP) which will form the basis for some of theproject activities to be funded. Those districts which do not have PEF support, ZAMSIFwill support communities to implement environment and natural resource projects withoutthose communities necessarily having a CEAP. There must however be some evidencethat a community planning process has been undertaken;

v) project must have tangible benefits which will benefit the poor and vulnerable.

vi) project must be simple enough for the community to be able to implement and managethe project. The proposal must show how the project will be maintained, operated andmanaged by the community.

3.2.2 Indicative list of possible environment projects

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a) Support to production activities which use natural resources in an efficient,sustainable and environmentally sound way; These may include;

* activities to promote and improve bee keeping practices;* sustainable and improved exploitation of non timber forest products;* developing land use action plans;* conservation farming techniques;* establishment of orchards;* improved and sustainable charcoal production activities;* small scale community based wetlands, swamps, lakes and river

management activities for sustainable fisheries development and biodiversity conservation;

* small scale water resources management activities, small dams, smallscale irrigation for tree nurseries and horticulture activities;

b) Support to community based projects which control soil degradation;* projects addressing water and soil conservation;* watershed management activities to control erosion and produce

benefits;* project which encourage the use of compost;* activities to control forest and bush fires;a community activities which increase drought preparedness;* improved management of communal grazing.

c) Support to community based projects which address deforestation:* establishment of community managed wood lots* agroforestry activities;* reforestation activities, such as tree planting for fodder trees, timber etc.* establishment of tree nurseries;* improved use of fuel resources e.g. fuel efficient stoves;

s community based forestry management;* creation of green space in urban areas.

d) Support to community based projects which control air and water pollution:

* projects which improve sanitation;* community managed water supply systems;* solid or hazardous waste disposal;* garbage collection* waste recycling activities;* activities which improve drainage;

-0 environmental sanitation, including communal latrines and small scaledrainage works to improve sanitation;

* improved environmental management activities which decrease theincidence of diseases.

e) Support to community based projects which aim to preserve wildlife:* sustainable wildlife management and protection in combination with small* scale eco-tourism development;

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* communal game farming activities;* small scale activities dealing with national heritage conservation.

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Table 3.1 Possible Mix of Generic Investments to be Financed Under ZAMSIF withPotential Environmental Impacts

Project Type Potential Environmental ImpactsEducation* Construction of new buildings Potential environmental impacts associated with* Major rehabilitation of structures each of these projects may arse at different stages* Minor rehabilitation structures of the project: (i) siting, (ii) construction and* Supply of equipment and furniture to the school (iii) operation .For most new constructions and major

rehabilitation projects the impacts are similar butHealth may differ in magnitude due to local conditions* Construction of new Health Centres The impacts on representative audited projects were* Major rehabilitation identified and noted (See following sections and* Minor rehabilitation Annex 3 of this report)* Supply of medical equipment & utilities

Note also that the environment itself may impactTransport negatively on the project. For example, a new* Construction of new bridges & rural roads building sited in a termite infested area will be* Major Rehabilitation of bridges and roads impacted negatively by the termites if mitigation* Minor Rehabilitation of bridges measures are not considered in the design and

construction phase of the projectSupply of Rural and Urban Drinking Water*** Sinking of new boreholes, water wells* Rehabilitation of old boreholes* Supply of equipment

Sanitation*** Construction of ventilated Pit Latrines (VIP)* Construction of medical waste disposal facilities* Construction of rubbish pits* Construction of small waste water treatments

Community Infrastructure* Construction of Community structures (markets)* Major rehabilitation of structures,* Minor rehabilitation of infrastructure

Community Natural Resources Projects**

** Community Natural Resources projects -See detailed section above on Community Natural Resources Projectswhich will be supported by ZAMSIF

3.3 Potential Environmental Impacts

This great variety of different project types under ZAMSIF pose a special challenge to thoseresponsible for assessment and evaluation of environmental impacts. Most challenges arise fromnew constructions and major rehabilitation projects such as rual access roads, water supplypoints, bridges, small irrigation systems, schools, clinics and hospitals. It is perceived that suchsmall construction projects will not cause significant impacts individually; however, they shouldbe screened for potential environmental considerations such as involuntary resettlement,contamination from waste materials during construction, disturbances during construction (dust,

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noise, etc.), and environmental contamination during operation of the facilities (caused, forexample, by inadequate sanitation facilities).

Environmental impacts from these community based projects were atttributed to various activitiesand outputs associated with siting, construction, and operational/use phases. The findings fromthe field study revealed that the most common environmental problems associated with projectsites/area were the following:

1. Erosion around premises/project site;2. De-vegeted surroundings around project sites3. Abandoned stone and sand quarries4. Inadequate santation facilities5. Inappropriate medical and other solid waste sites;6. Unsafe water sources;7. Inadequate land for future developments;8. Shortage of firewood in selected communities.9. Malaria prevalence in some project sites;10. Termite infestation on both old and new project sites

The causes of these environmental problems were not confined to one stage of the project cyclebut rather spread out across the three broad stages; siting, construction and operational/use.The problems and the consquences (if not addressed ) are presented in Table 3.2. Table 3.3presents the possible mitigation measures to consider for implementation at appropriate stagesof the project cycle.

3.4 Sources of Environmental Impacts

3.4.1 Impacts associated with siting/preparation of projects

Site identification will largely determine the type and magnitude of environmental and socialimpacts that will result from the project. For all construction projects that were audited,environmental impacts of siting and preparation phase came primarily from quarrying, sandmining, vegetation clearing and back filling.

The findings from the field study also revealed that in many the decision by the communities toselect the project site was based on factors other than land use plan and environmental factors.As such this pose a danger of siting projects near ecologically sensitive areas such as the waterbodies, steep slopes, erosion prone soils, wetlands, sites of historical or cultural importancewhich may impact negatively as a result of project activities. Similarly the environment alsoimpact negatively on the project which is not properly sited. Therefore decision on siteidentification must be based on land suitability and resource use patterns of the sites proposedfor construction and should involve a wide range of line agencies and levels of organisations atthe district level.

Once the site for the project is chosen, care must be taken to avoid involuntary displacement oflocal settlers from land occasioned by the construction of a project. Care must also be taken toavoid constructing on steep slopes, unstable soils and places where runoff and drainage will beproblematic. An example of this case was during the field visits to Mpika District Hospital fundedby MPU where some new constructed blocks (extension) were sited on a steep slope which hascreated erosion problems around the buildings. Kafue District hospital is also sited at the foot ofa steep hill which is cleared of vegetation by surrounding small scale farmers. Sheet and gully

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erosion is evident around the project site. Where the selection of a particular site may not beavoided appropriate mitigation measures must be put in p[ace to avoid the negative results thatmay result. For example in case of Mpika and Kafue District Hospitals, proper drainage systemaround the buildings should have been considered important mitigation factors in the wholeproject design and construction processes. Typical environmental problems associated withsiting and preparation are presented in Table 3.2.

For extension to or rehabilitation of existing structures, it is imperative to take simple correctivemitigation measures to stop the degradation that may have occurred due to previous designoversight. In some cases, it may prove cheaper to locate the project in a new site from themaintenance cost point of view. For example, where it is cbserved that a building has degradeddue to termite infestation, it may be better to completely abandon the structure and locate thenew structure on a different site.

Table 3.2: Sources of Environmental Concerns and Mitigation Measures

Environmental Concern/Cause Mitigation Measure

Siting/Preparation PhaseI In some instances, the design and siting * Integrated planning to incorporate all

phase of project does not take into environmental aspects; eg slope, windconsideration environmental factors such as direction, ground water flow systems, etc.slope of land, wind direction and speed, * Involvement of natural resource and planningground flow directions agencies in review of siting; for example

MoH , Department of Water Affeirs, LandUse Planners from MAFF, Nat. Resources

2 Inappropriate selection of some project sites * Locate boreholes 50m away from toilets andin relation to other structures/facilities; for waste disposal facilities;example, siting of boreholes close to toilets, * Consider preparing simple land use plans;disposal of medical waste close to water * Ensure borehole is located away frompoints pollution sources;

3. Inadeqaute consideration of full service * Consider provision of full service delivery indelivery; for example construction of hospital the des5gn of the project. Aspects likewithout a relatives shelter or waste disposal provision of relatives shelter, waste disposalfacility and service delivery facilities (waste site) must be included in the

design of projects.

4 Inadequate measures to mitigate against soil * Enforce implementation of spoon drainserosion around the existing infrastructure requirements provided in building designs;

* Use of fast growing, intermediate tree crops;* In cases of new project sites, no clearing on

steep; unstable slopes or highly erosive soils;* Where clearing has been done, stabilization

of exposed soil with grasses or other groundcovering;

* Limitation of site preparation to dry season;* Design terraces on hillside minimising

surface erosion;* Proper design and layout of furrows;* Levelling of land at project site;* Control of grazing near project sites22

5 Lack of integration of environmental concerns * Basin-wide integrated planning andin the design phase of the projects management of dam to avoid overuse,

misuse, and conflicting uses of water andland resources;

6. Downstream effect of dam construction not * Equitable allocation of water between smalltaken into consideration. and large holders;

Adequate consultation and participation of allpotentially affected communities

Note that these concerns are not only confined to the assessed MPU projects but are common to manyprojects where environmental concerns are not considered in the project cycle.

Table 3.2 Common Environmental Concerns and Mitigation Measures (Cont'd)

Environmental Concern Mitigation Measure

Siting/Preparation Phase

11. No land use plans in all areas of project. * Assist communities to develop simple land-use plans which must encompass suitabilityof land and its alternative uses as part of theappraisal process.

12. Poor technical designs/guidance which fail to * Develop environmenntal manualsaddress specific environmental factors.

* The existing MPU requirement of using ant13. Lack of ant guards in buildings sited in a guards in all buildings should be enforced

termite infested area14. Constructing buildings without provision for * Conduct adequate siting studies;

wind vents in an area with high speed winds * Ensure use of MPU Technical Manuals onbuilding constructions;

* Involve the relevant district buildingdepartment

15. Lack of consideration of future development * Assess future developments needs byneeds of an area applying integrated planning and

management16. Scattering structures such as toilets on a * Project design to include use of double or

small project site triple latrines to maximise use of space.17. Lack of comprehensive mitigation measures * Community should discuss and develop

of observed environmental problems such as simple environmental mitigation plans duringsoil erosion, deforestation; overgrazing the identification and field appraisal stages

(CEAPs);* Environmental awareness campaign;* Control of cattle grazing; deforestation.

18. MPU is not involved in providing guidance on * MPU must get involved through out thesite selection but focus on technical aspect of project cycle where applicable;the design * Assist communities to develop simple

community based land use plans.19. Shortage of land for expansion is not * Integrated land use planning approach;

considered in planning of MPU project * Site selection must be based on land useplan.

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3.4.2 Impacts from Construction/Preparation Phase

Impacts from construction/preparation phase with a special suite of environmental considerationsis associated with material mobilisation which may involve sand mining, tree cutting,kilning. Theend products such as quarries left from the construction can pose a health hazard as theybecome sources of breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

Construction of rural bridges can offer a host of benefits on the local populations which mayinclude improved access to markets; increased government services such as health servicesand education evidenced by the proposed Sikaneta bridge/causeway sub project in MachaRural, Southern Province where the findings showed that presently some communities havedifficulties in accessing these services mentioned above during rain season becauseSikanetastream become flooded with storm water thus making it impassable due to non availability of aproper bridge at the stream.

However many constructions which require the use of burnt bricks impact on the air quality,water and forests due to cutting of trees. It was observed during the field visits to Schools suchas Kabweza, Namaanza, Siamakando and many more schools where burnt bricks were used inthe construction they had to cut down trees, mine sand in the area thus contributing todeforestation and land degradation. Also the process of kilning bricks result in great amounts ofsmoke gas containing carbon monoxide which may impact directly on the health of peopleworking closely around the kiln and air quality in the surrounding environment. It is estimatedthat, on average, deforestation of 1 hectare of land contributes some 100 tons of carbon andother pollutants to the atmosphere in a single year where the timber is burnt up. It has beenfurther estimated that, to burn pan bricks for the completion of a recommended 1 *3 classroomblock, you would require up to 2,535 kg dry weight wood (or about 8.4if which translates into anaverage of 0.002 hectares of woodlands. Multiplying this figure by a factor of 10,000 classroomblocks over a 5 year period would require only 20 hectares of forests. Zambia covers 75,261,400ha (752,614 km2.) Of this land, an estimated 30% (256,000 krrf) is covered by forests andwoodlands. 20 ha of land required for brick kilns (assuming use of brick burning) translates into0.00078% of the total forests and woodland areas in Zambia.

Typical findings are presented in the profiles in the annex12 and the possible mitigationmeasures are presented in Table 4.3.

Table 3.3 Sources of Impacts from Construction/limplementationConstruction/lmplementation Phase

Environmental Concern Mitigation MeasureBuilding wastes/products are left unattended to * Provision for adequate filling of quarries, control of

after project, e.g quarries, kiln residues, land clearing and disposal of spoil;stones, sand and lack of alternative use of . Minimized use of borrow pits;these products * Clean up of construction sites;

Community participation in mitigation measures aspart of their contribution towards project.

2. Incomplete project planning implementation * Select materials and design criteria according to localwhich affects operation phase; e.g. conditions and availability of resources;constructing a school with out adequate * Review capacity of local resources to provide forwater, constructing water borne toilets project material;without adequate water supply

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3. Implementation of projects not following * Ensure and monitor implementation of appropriatedesign for specific environments; eg design and technologies that take into considerationconstructing a school without wind vents in a environments factors;place with strong winds.

4. Offsite effects are not fully taken into * Careful selection of building materials, and location ofconsideration for example, quarrying of sand borrow pits, quarries, spoil and disposal sites;from Kafue to construct a school in * Rehabilitation of quarries;Lusaka(Chitanda), kilning near a river bed * Community participation in mitigation measures as5km away from school in Kabale/Mpika part of their contribution to the project, e.g. treecompound planting;

* Consideration of alternative sites

5 Downstream impacts of small dams and * Ensure total catchment and hydrology studies areirrigation for agriculture purposes eg, drying done and communities are sensitised on the impactsup of streams, downstream chemical of their action on downstream populations.pollution due use of agriculture chemicals

3.4.3 Impacts from Operation Phase

The types of end product and the size of the operation determine the type of quality and quantityof waste produced. This in turn determines the necessary type of pollution control measures. Themeasures used in pollution abatement cannot be specified for all possible projects. Generallypollution problem arising from the operation/use phase would depend on the type of project.While projects may have similar environmental problems at the siting and construction phasetheir impacts at the operational and use phase would be significantly different and would largelydepend on the nature of the project.

In many MPU and non MPU projects that were surveyed during the study the potentialenvironmental problems at the operation and use phase were associated with management ofmedical waste from hospital and health centres. The handling and disposal of medical waste atthe hospital and clinics need to be addressed during the design of the project and monitoredduring operation of the facility. Solid and effluent discharges which may include among otherthings infectious medical waste such as human body parts, blood, used needles, blades andsyringes from the treatment rooms and operating theatre need to be disposed of in a sanitaryand hygienic fashion using facilities such as waste disposal sites located further away from watersources and away from dangers of scavenging by human beings and stray animals such as dogswhich may bring about disease outbreak. Waste disposal sites must be sited properly to avoidsmells which can severely affect people living in adjacent neighbourhoods.

The findings from the field visit to Mpika District Health Hospital by the study team revealed thatdue to non availability of the incinerator at the hospital, medical waste which among other thingsinclude human body parts from the theatre are disposed of in an open ditch giving chance tostray dogs to exhume and scavenge at the dumpsite. The hospital project was funded underMPU but this project failed to take into account aspects of medical waste disposal facility in themanagement of medical waste such as an incinerator.

The findings from Mpika District Hospital were similar to Mpepo Rural Health Centre in Mpikawhere the project was funded by World Bank but did not provide proper medical waste disposalfacilities. In this case needles, syringes and placentas are disposed off in a disused pit latrinewhich is close to the borehole for the hospital thus posing a risk of groundwater contaminationand possible health problems. Details of the findings are contained in the profiles in the Annex 3.

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Table 3.4 Sources of Impacts from Operation of the Facility

Operational/Use Phase

Environmental Concern Mitigation Measure1. Improper waste disposal methods; * Specially selected sites for disposal of

e.g. using open pits or pit latrines for disposing medical waste sites such as enclosedof medical waste from hospitals and health landfills located further away from watercentres sources and possible scavangers;

. Separate disposal system for medical wastesand other non infectious waste;

* Education in proper sanitation, health andhygiene

2. Erosion resulting from access roads which * Provide drainage along the access roadshave been cleared off vegetation withoutdrainage

3.5 Consequences of Identified Environmental Problems

The consequences of environmental impacts from the observed common environmentalproblems may have adverse effects on the local environment. Soil erosion which was found to beone of the common environmental problem in the study areas has an effect on the fertility of thesoil and also on the stability of the structure. Where soil erosion has not been controlledstructures become exposed and weaken overtime thus posing danger of collapsing. InMpika atKabale Primary School the foundation of the school has been heavily eroded and this mayweaken the stability of the school.

It is recommended that the problem of undercutting of building foundations by erosion beaddressed at both design and implementation stage. Where the infrastructure is existing, thetechnical staff together with the community should conduct an environmental appraisal andsuggest possible mitigation measures such as constructing storm drains around the existinginfrastructure and planting of trees. Where new buildings are being considered futureundercutting of building foundations may be minimised by avoiding location/siting of buildings onsteep slopes. Where projects involve extension or rehabilitation of existing projects, constructionof spoon drains should be implemented around buildings. If buildings are located at the foot ofsteep slopes, storm drains should be constructed a distance away to drain water away from therehabilitated buildings.

Kaoma Cheshire Community Care Centre rehabilitation project serves has an example of anexiting infrastructure located in an environmentally unsuitable area. At the time of initialconstruction of the infrastructure, the developers did not pay attention to the environmentalfactors such as the swampy conditions of the area and the prevalence of mosquitoes in the areagiving rise high incidences of malaria. This problem serves as an example to ZAMSIF theimportance of using simple land use plans for an area before siting the project. It isrecommended that where ZAMSIF will be required to support construction of new projects theplanning sections of district councils be consulted for existing land use plans. Where they do notexist, the project beneficiaries should be encouraged to prepare one. The mitigation measures

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for already existing infrastructure would be to consider including a spraying programme andcontrol of stagnant water around the project area following the rehabilitation programme.

Poor waste management and inadequate sanitation may impact on the quality of water bymaking it unsafe for drinking. Pit latrines and disposal facilities located close to the main watersupply are likely to contaminate the water sources such as boreholes. This feature was commonin several projects visited during the study. Of the 16 MPU funded projects, 9 projects had toiletconstruction components. Over 50% had questionable location related problems. At manyproject sites it was found that the decision for selecting a site for the purpose of constructing a pitlatrine was based on wind direction (direction of smells from pit latrines) and not on the hydro-geology of the site proposed hence posing a risk of groundwater contamination.

The table 3.5 below gives a summary of the environmental consequences and possible effects.

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Table 3.5 Consequences of Selected Environmental Impacts

Environmental Impact Significance of Impact WithoutMitigation Measures

1. Erosion of lands around project sites Loss of soil fertility essential for vegetationgrowth around the project site;Building structures' foundation is eroded thusweakening the stability of the structure;High maintenance costs.

2. Infrastructure sited in areas prone to High incidence of malaria disease;Mosquito infestation e.g. Kaoma Cheshire Community Care Centre

is sited in a swampy area prone to mosquitoes.

3. Quarries for stones and sand mining Become breeding places for Mosquitoes;left uncovered or rehabilited. Likelihood of disease incidence;

Siltation of nearby streams e.g. in Mpika KabalePrimary School sited a quarry near the streamand left it uncovered.

4. Deforestation around infrastructure and Trees act as wind breakers in places of strongimmediate area surrounding the project winds, hence in deforested sites the roof cover

of the building structure is weakened and maybe ripped off resulting in high maintenancecosts;Shortage of fuel wood for local community.

5.Poor management of medical waste High likelihood of disease outbreaks;Scavenging at dumpsites;Huge budget for medical treatment costs;Likelihood of high death rates.

6. Unsafe water sources Rampant incidences of diarrhea diseases;Shortage of safe drinking water;High water treatment costs

7. Termite infestation around project site Building material especially wood is eaten by(an example of what environment can do ants thus weakening the stability of theto a project if measures are not take to structure;protect the building) High maitenance costs.

8. Shortage of land around project sites Lead to encroachment of project sites by local(Common in both rural and urban areas people which may lead to:where extensions are made on existing conflicts within a community a

sites crowding of buildings with a small space

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4 INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT OF ZAMSIF PROGRAMME

4.1 Policy Framework

Provision made under national policies and legislation could be used to address specificenvironmental concerns that may arise from the construction and rehabilitation of social andeconomic infrastructure. Notable policies and pieces of legislation with specific provisions onenvironment include: - The National Environmental Pollution Plan (NEAP), EnvironmentalGuidelines for Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Work, Environmental Pollution andProtection Control Act, Forest Act, National Parks and Wild life Act (Zambia Wild life AuthorityAct), Water Act, National Heritage Conservation Commission Act, The Lands Act, Mines andMinerals Development Act, Roads and Traffic Control Act, Factories Act, Petroleum Act andEnergy Regulation Act.

Specifically Statutory Instrument No 28 of 1997 - The Environmental Protection and PollutionControl (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 1997, Regulation 3(2) (a) provides thatall major infrastructure development projects require an environmental impact assessment (ElAs) to be conducted . This provision entails that construction and rehabilitation projects thatmeet specified thresholds irrespective of the significance of anticipated interactions betweenproject activities and environmental components would require to be subjected to and EIAprocess.

4.2 Institutional Framework

4.2.1 Institutional Framework for Infrastructure Development

The review undertaken by this study indicate that there are currently 7 major ministries who havebeen involved in the development of social and economic infrastructure (either at policy planningor implementation levels ) in Zambia with relevance to ZAMSIF Programme. They include:

1. Ministry of Local Government and Housing through the District Councils.2. Ministry of Works and Supply through the Roads and the Buildings Department3. Ministry of Health through the Department of Physical Planning4. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries through the Planning Division and the Rural

Investment Fund Programme5. Ministry of Energy and Water Development through the Department of Water Affairs6. Ministry of Health through the Department of Physical Planning7. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development through the Micro Projects Unit provides both

funds and technical support to community initiated infrastructure development.

At regional and district level, the Water Supply and Sanitation Act (1997) gives theLocalAuthorities or District Councils) the responsibility water supply to its residents. It is furtherrecognised that being responsible does not necessarily mean they must physically do itiemselves. Several organisations have been involved in water supply and sanitation to the rural:eas. It is however, government's policy to have Rural Water Supply and Sanitation managed at

community level. Government through the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) in collaborationwith some donors has provided water points to the rural communities. While communities maynot be expected to pay for capital investments in water supply, they are expected to pay for

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maintenance through water committees. The water committees are being supported through theDistrict WASHE committees which are intersectoral committees formed at District level for thepurpose of planning for rural water supply. The Micro Projects Unit (MPU) has funded andfacilitated the supply of water and sanitation facilities to communities especially the schools andrural health centres.

The Ministry of Health (MoH) in collaboration with some donors through its Physical PlanningSection has been involved in construction of rural health centres including supply of water andsanitation facilities. For example, the Rural Health Centre visited by the study team in chiefMpepo's area was constructed by a contracted funded by the World Bank through the Ministry ofHealth.

For ZAMSIF community managed is broad term which does not include classified roads. Thecriteria is that the roads should lead to basic services such as schools, clinic, water points,markets and local court. The road should improve access to productive areas and improve publictransport opportunities. Access improvement related infrastructure that may be supported underZAMSIF include; earth roads, drainage, footbridges, culverts, causeways, drifts and splashes.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries (MAFF) through the Rural Investment Fund havebeen responsible for facilitating the construction of a variety of rural infrastructure includingcommunity storage sheds, irrigation furrows and small dams, livestock dipping facilities.

Except for the Department of Roads in the Ministry of Works and Supply, the other institutionsboth at national and regional levels do not have environmental management frameworks that linkinfrastructure development to their impacts. Although the Ministry of Agriculture food andFisheries undertake provision of extension in soil and water conservation on productiveagricultural lands, the link to the impacts of the social economic structures being implementedcan not easily be determined and the programmes are oriented to mitigating against productioneffects. For example, the team did not come across any MAFF programme in schools whichaddress soil erosion and gully formation around school premises in the districts visited.

The Buildings Department under the same Ministry (MWS) provides technical and advisoryservices on various government infrastructure related maintenance, rehabilitation andconstruction projects and there is no provision for environmental assessments in theirprocedures and requirements.

4.2.2 National Institutional Framework for Environmental Management

The study revealed that there are currently 3 major ministries which are seriously involved withenvironmental management issues in Zambia:

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENP9: Established in 1991, the MENRincludes the Departments Forestry and has responsibility for the Environment Council of Zambia(ECZ) which is responsible for regulation and enforcement of Environmental ImpactAssessments (ElAs). The ECZ is an autonomous statutory authority which reports to Cabinetthrough the Minister of Environment and Natural Resources.

Other than staff allocated to the ECZ, the MENR has few technical environmental staff of its own.Further, it has been observed that the ECZ which have the legal mandate for EAs, does not haveadequate in-house expertise necessary to plan and conduct EAs. This undermines its capability

30

to assist line agencies in scooping EAs and preparing Terms of Reference, its credibility insupervising EA execution, and its capacity to evaluate the reports which may be produced byproject proponents. To go round the problem the ECZ has encouraged establishment of deskoffilces in institutions with activities which may lead to adverse environmental impacts.

%Iiinistry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH): The Department of Town andCountry Planning: The Department of Town and Country Planning, located at the Ministry ofLocal Government and Housing, is responsible for the preparation and implementation ofphysical land use plans for cities, towns and other major settlements in the country. TheDepartment also sets out standards for population distribution, land zoning, networksdevelopment such as roads, water sewerage, traffic circulation, environmental hygienic systemsin the areas covered by the Town and Country Planning Act CAP 475 which the Departmentadministers. Most rural areas are however, not covered by this Act. It was observed that even inurban settings covered by the Act, land use plans were not available to indicate the suitability ofthe location of project sites

Ministry of Health (MoH): The Ministry of Health has the mandate of monitoring wastemanagement in health institutions through health boards. The environmental health techniciansunder the Ministry of Health are supposed to assist in the supervision of the handling andstorage of medical waste. Radiation Protection Services of the Ministry of Health is responsiblefor monitoring equipment that use radioactive material and how this is disposed of at the end oflife such as X-rays equipment in hospitals. The Ministry and its relevant institutions however,have neither the system of controlling medical waste management generated in hospitals nor themeans to enforce it. The legislation that exists cover hospital/medical waste management ingeneral but does not adequately cover hospital/medical waste management in particular. TheMOH should consider establishment of a system of environmental assessment guidelines forhealth infrastructure and disposal of medical health in both rural and urban health centres.

4.2.3 Local Institutional Framework for Environmental Management

Non Governmental Institutions and Private Sector

The field survey and audit of the 17 projects conducted revealed that there were few CBO andNGO initiatives dealing with community-level environmental activities, such as land use planning,reforestation, tree nurseries, environmental education, wildlife conservation, etc. The few existinglocal NGOs mostly at district level need considerable support and training, to develop their skillsin environmental management and participatory planning and assessment techniques, as well astheir managerial, financial, project implementation, networking and co ordination skills. Theprivate sector capacity to undertake community-based environmental and natural resourcemanagement is also relatively weak, but there is interest and potential for further development.

4.3 Ongoing Environmental Management Programmes

The Zambian government through the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources iscurrently implementing an Environmental Support Programme (ESP), which was prepared toaddress the issues identified in the National Environmental Action Plan. The ESP, Phase I(1 998-2002) was designed to first address critical issues that are needed before other actionscan be undertaken. It focuses on building national-level capacity, by harmonising institutional,policy and legal issues, building environmental information systems, strengthening environmentaleducation, and undertaking pilot activities to strengthen community-level environmentalmanagement.

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The ESP has several closely inter-linked investment components of which 2 components arerelevant to the facilitation of the implementation of community based environmental activities.These include; the Pilot Environment Fund (PEF) and the Community EnvironmentalManagement Programme (CEMP). The main aim of the PEF and the CEMP is to encourage andsupport development, ownership and management of community based micro projects whichare oriented towards sustainable natural resources and environmental management. The CEMPprovides a framework for community involvement in identification preparation, implementationand monitoring of projects while the PEF provides matching grants for community initiatedprojects and for environmental studies which provide practical solutions to natural resourcesmanagement issues. It must however, be noted while ZAMSIF will be operational in almost allthe districts at the same time, ESP sub programmes is currently operating in only a few districts.Even the expansion of the programme to other provinces will only mean incorporation of theprogramme in one district per province. However, ZAMSIF should adapt the experiences andlessons of these programmes to its natural resources management programmes in other nonPEF and CEMP supported districts where communities wish to initiate similar projects.

Other environmental and natural resource management programmes exist and include; theAdministration Management Design (ADMADE) programme for wildlife management in GameManagement Areas has been operating for twelve years. The Provincial Forestry ActionProgramme (PFAP) is supporting community-based forestry management efforts in 2 provinces.Community-based approaches to fisheries management are ongoing in Lake Tanganyika andLake Kariba. The Soil Conservation and Agroforestry Extension (SCAFE) Programme iscombating soil degradation and undertaking integrated (agriculture and forestry) extensionefforts with communities in 4 provinces.

Although the environmental problems facing urban communities may differ in some importantrespects from those in rural communities, as will the patterns of socialorganization of thesecommunities, nonetheless it would be useful for ZAMSIF to learn from such approaches andstrategies. Widespread consensus exists that it is important to link such programmes with oneanother, through means such as creation of networks and sharing of information through mediasuch as newsletters and study tours.

Coordination of environmental issues in different sector activities is very difficult, with numerousstakeholders operating more or less independently. The Environmental Support ProgrammeNational Steering Committee (NESC) has been formed to provide greater co ordination onenvironmental issues. The MENR and ECZ are expected to play major roles in co ordination onenvironmental issues but actual implementation will continue to involve a wide range ofgovernment ministries, non-governmental organisations, the private sector, and localcommunities

4.4 Recommended Institutional Development Strategy

The discussion of the existing institutional arrangements and framework and programmes both atnational and district levels point to the weak institutional linkages and capacities at both nationaland district levels and the community level to handle speedily and adequately a very largenumber of proposed micro projects that may be generated from the communities with respect toenvironmental reviews. Therefore, it is recommended that the following strategic actions need tobe undertaken and promoted by ZAMSIF to address the imbalances in the interest ofmainstreaming environment in its programme activities;

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4.4.1 Strengthening ZAMSIF linkages and co-ordination with existing environmentalmanagement programmes and institutions.

The terms of Reference requires purpose options for the creation of an environmental screening,evaluation and supervising mechanism within ZAMSIF's Management Unit which will ensure thatfunded projects are environmentally sound and sustainable. The TORs also require formulationof a mechanism for forging and strengthening programme synergies. One of the fundamentalsteps towards achieving these objectives is to promote and strengthen the linkages with existingrelevant environmental management programmes and institutions operating at both national anddistrict level.

Its is recommended that selected pre-project preparations and sensitisation activities currentlycarried out by the Pilot Environmental Fund (PEF) be adopted by the ZAMSIF District Teams.The PEF Co-ordinator and the District Environmental Committee members be actively involvedin the ZAMSIF project cycle. In many cases, it was found that the members of theDECs andthose of the District Planning sub-Committee were the same. Therefore, it would make sense forZAMSIF to simply use the same personnel to facilitate community participatory environmentalreviews and sensitization prior application and assist the communities in completing theenvironmental checklists. Where these members are not the same, Regional Officers andDistrict Planning Sub-Committee should be provided with the environmental training being givento the DEC members

4.4.2 Encourage formation of ZAMSIF sub-Committees at Community Levels

At community level, the current practice is to form Project Committees which oversee theimplementation of the MPU. It was observed that in a number of projects visited thesecommittees consisted of various sub-committees. Common among these were financecommittee and maintenance committees. It is proposed that within each PC, a committee toaddress natural resources and environmental issues be considered. This committee will ensureall environmental issues are taken into consideration during the implementation of the project.This committee would also be responsible for spearheading formulation of community bye-lawsregarding use of natural resources and other environmental resources. It is proposed that localand traditional leadership within a community should form the core membership of such a sub-committee of the PC.

4.4.3 Strengthen Linkages with the Environmental Council of Zambia

The Environmental Council does not have adequate capacity to review, assess, monitor andenforce the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act. It currently encourages the linedepartments implementing programmes and projects with potential adverse impacts to set updesk offices using the existing officers within an organisation who then are oriented toenvironmental issues through short term training, workshops and seminars. These then becomethe link with the ECZ and are responsible for ensuring the ECZ requirements are not overlookedduring both the preparation and execution of the project. The PEF Co-ordinator may take up thisrole on a daily basis. However, an ECZ representation at both the ZAMSIF MU TechnicalCommittee and Steering Committee should be considered essential to the ZAMSIF processes.

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Table 4.1 INSTITUTIONALIORGANISATION CONCERNS FOR INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN ZAMSIF PROJECT CYCLE

INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS MEASURES METHODS TARGET INTERVENTION STAGE

_ Most projects do not take * Project proposals * Joint meetings between all stakeholders to * MPU At Planning an,environmental concerns into should include an discuss revision of project proposal forms to * Regional Officers Implementatiorconsideration analysis of the potential include environmental concerns * DACs Stages

impacts of projects on * Community sensitisation meetings * Communitiesthe environment * Meetings between DTs and other NGOs (to * Other NGOs

* Formation of encourage them to revisit their projectEnvironmental implementation strategies)Committees to be sub-committees of DACs

* Part of 25% communitycontribution to includeenvironmentalmitigation measures

2. Train Hospital Management * Facilitation techniques * Hospital AdministrationFailure to mobilise communities and Project Committee in * Focus Group Discussion * Health Committeesto implement identified project facilitation and community * Problem/ Atactivities. eg. failure of mobilisation Opportunity Matrix IdentificationCommunity at Mpika District * Needs Identification * Problem Ranking StageHospital to construct incinerator and Assessment

3. Weak linkages between Establishing links between Regular joint meetings between all stakeholders. MPU, NGOs, DACs, R.Os, Atinstitutions and natural resources MPU, DTs, and other Information sharing between all stakeholders. DEFs implementatiorprogrammes Little or no organisations. District and operationnetworking between MPU Environmental Facilitators stagesprojects and other organisations should be members of DTs.working on environmentalissues.

4. Lack of community bye-laws to * Facilitation of enacting * Workshop involving District Technical * DACs At Planning,govem the use of environmental bye-laws Committees * Communities Implementatiorprojects/resources. E.g. Dams, * Community * (DACs) and community to formulate bye-laws * Project Committees and Operation;furrows etc sensitisation * Regular consultative meetings between * Traditional Leaders Stages

communities and DACsMonitoring implementation of bye-laws

5. Inadequate involvement of local MPU to revisit policy on Joint meetings between MPU, Regional Officers, * MPU Before start ofcommunities in identification and identification and selection DACs and Project Committees * Regional Officers ZAMSIFselection of suppliers or of suppliers of materals and * DACsequipment and materials equipment * Project Committees

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Table 4.1 INSTITUTIONAL/ORGANISATION CONCERNS FOR INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN ZAMSIF PROJECT CYCLE

INSTITUTIONAL MITIGATION MEASURES INTERVENTIONASPECTS METHODS TARGET PERIOD/ STAGE

6 Inconsistency of Policy guidelines on uniformity of Joint Meetings between * World Bank Durng Identification butapproaches to community approach to community contribution Donors and ZAMSIF * ZAMSIF before completion of thecontribution between * Other Donors applicationdifferent donors. E.G.World Bank and ZAMSIF inMpepo (Mpika)

7. Communities' ignorance of * Sensitisation of communities to * Focus Group * Project Committees At Project Planning Stagealternative sources of other sources of assistance Discussion * CBOsassistance * Regional Officers sharing * DACs Meetings * District Teams

information with DAC members * Regional Officers

8. V-WASHE Committees not D-WASHES to be encouraged not to Meetings between Local NGOs, CBOs, At planning,widespread in rural areas limit their activities to specific areas DACs and D-WASHE DACs, R.Os implementation andexcept where some Donors only. Committees. Sensitising operational stages.are funding Water and NGOs and CBOs to be encouraged CBOs throughSanitation activities to form V-WASHE committees meetings. Community

MPU to encouraged to work with D- awareness meetings.WASHES

9. Little or no involvement of Traditional leaders to be ex-officios Nomination of traditional Project Committees. At all stages.traditional leaders in on Project Committees. Sensitisation leaders to Project Traditional leaders.management of projects. of communities on role of traditional Committees. Community

leaders in projects. awareness meetings.10. No enforcement institution Task District Planning Sub- Meetings of all DEFs, DACs, schools, At all stages.

on environmental issues, Committee with responsibility for stakeholders. Project Committees,especially in rural areas. enforcement of agreed mitigation Sensitising school CBOs, V-WASHE

measures. children andcommunities about

Strengthen Linkages established environmental issues.between Project Committees, V-WASHE, Environmental Committeesand other CBOs

11. Communities' ignorance of Training Project Committees in Workshops Project Committees. DACs At planning stageother sources of financial proposal- writing. Training in CBOssupport resource mobilisation. Training in

management of income generatingprojects.

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5. GUIDELINES FOR MAINSTREAMING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTISSUES IN ZAMSIF PROJECT CYCLE

5.1 Purpose and Outline of Guidelines

This Section of the guidelines is prepared for three types of users:

(i) those concerned with the preparation, approval, monitoring and supervision of ZAMSIFfunded community based projects-ZAMSIF Regional Officers, District Teams-relevantline departments;

(ii) those directly involved in executing or implementing the projects and those involved infacilitating community participation in project execution-community members, membersof project committees and other CBOs, district based NGOs working with communitiesand

(iii) those concerned with environmental impact assessments and evaluation of mitigationplans of ZAMSIF funded projects-Environmental Council of Zambia and the ZAMSIFManagement Unit staff.

A major aim of this Section is to provide specific guidelines on how to create environmentalawareness at all levels and integrate environmental concerns associated with ZAMSIF fundedprojects into the whole project cycle. It complements the general Environmental ImpactAssessments developed by the ECZ. It can guide the preparation of contracts with communitiesand can be used for monitoring and supervision of major construction works such asconstruction of District Hospitals and medium scale irrigation schemes such as dams andirrigation furrows.

ZAMSIF project cycle begins with community initiatives and actions (project identification andpreliminary project preparation) and ends with community (when communities begin andcontinue to use the facility). Other actors including ZAMSIF staff and District line staff facilitatethe preparation and supervise the implementation of the projects.

Mainstreaming environment in the project cycle entails use of Environmental Assessments FAs)as being part of the project identification and design process and thus contributing directly tocreating awareness about environment; being used to identify potential adverse impacts andassessing their significance; analyse and select mitigation alternatives (for example, in design,technology or siting); recommend modifications in project design to avoid or minimise adverseimpacts and design mitigation, management, and monitoring plans to reduce or manage adverseimpacts or compensate for those that are unavoidable.

Therefore, EAs in the ZAMSIF cycle will neither be used independently of other designprocesses nor be used to feed into the final stages of the project design only but will beintimately linked to project identification and early preparation and hence will be used more as apreventive tool. Figure 6.1, provides the overview of the ZAMSIF project cycle. Table 6.1provides an outline of the stages of the ZAMSIF cycle and the detailed proposed activities to beundertaken in each stage. It also provides an outline of environmental activities that may beundertaken at each stage of the project cycle to ensure design of projects with minimal adverse

37

environmental impacts. The following sections describes the proposed process of conductingenvironmental assessment activities indicated in Table 6.1.

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Fig. 5.1 Mainstreaming Environmental Management in ZAMSIF Project Cycle

Community Environmental Sensitisatlon Module (ESA) by DT & NGOs"MT5e7416§,',,3T7 T.6T, _ r1nmmunity assessments of resources by communities assisted by CBOs

vironmental impact assessments of proposed projects by communities

EVALUATION ~::~ Assessment of effectiveness Use of environmental analysis checklists~~,,EVALUATIONII'~ -1 _i ^ ..r"C ~~ of mitigation measures by communities (EMM-2)Facilitate use of MEM . Identification of mitigation measures

Completion report by ZAMSIF

i* l5!S; . --- . cogSUse environmental analysis checklist by

CIF Project screening by D.Teams

_ PROJECT CYCLE

Monitoring implementation of mitigation measures Environmental Action PlansFacilitate use of EMM and MEM Facilitate ESA & EMM

module

- ~ ~ Monitoring Impact of ImplementationFacilitate use of EMM and MEM

L - p WF-z / Costing mitigation measures.. ,;7 6I_b. &S-6t .- t.L.96 (Use EMM module)

Facilitate use of ESA and EMM /Community environmental awareness campaigns

L - -- J / Contract to include agreementon mitigation acUvities

Realise of funds for mitigation measures Signing of contracts with communitiesMobilisation of community contribution

\--<.4t5}. jS-6itil -.94 S-R-7;- <-* + / Facilltation of Environmental Smnsitisatlon Module (ESA)

Review of action plan & commitments by whole community

Note: The Environmental Modules and Detailed Content are presented on next page

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5.2 The Environmental Modules

The following modules are proposed for drawing on by ZAMSIF technical staff and DistrictTeams for facilitating the various mainstreaming activities proposed in this Section. Themodules will form the core content of the proposed training course to be fully developed anddelivered to various ZAMSIF stakeholders including; ZAMSIF technical staff, District linedepartment staff, NGOs, CBOs (Project Committees) and the general community as partcapacity building programme proposed in Section 6 of this report. 5 modules are proposed andeach module is further divided into various sub-modules.

Each module is self standing and could be delivered separately or in clusters of modulesdepending on objective and the type of participants. The proposed training programme in Section6 suggests the target group for each module, duration and stage of the project cycle andprovides and indication of who may facilitate the implementation of the module.

Module 1: Environmental Sensitization and Analysis (ESA)

The objective of this module is to expose participants to environmental issues that may beassociated with various project activities. It is intended to create appreciation of the linkagesbetween human induced activities and the environment. The various contents of themodules will be arranged in sub-modules as follows:

M1.1 Understanding environmental components and their importanceM1.2 Overview of ZAMSIF supported projects,M1.3 Identifying specific project inputs, activities and outputsM1.4 Environmental problems associated with project inputs, activities and outputsM1.5 Exploring significance of environmental adverse effects of projects

Module 2: Environmental Mitigation Measures(EMM)

The objective of this module is to introduce participants to a range of measures or a tool box ofsimple technical solutions which may be implemented to address the identified environmentalconcerns. Each environmental concern resulting from use of specific inputs, activities andoutputs will be addressed. It is envisaged that a menu will be developed to suite differentsituations. Trainers may select relevant project examples for their participants. The variouscontents of the modules may be arranged in sub-modules as follows:

M2.1 Identifying project inputs, activities and outputs associated with specific projectsM2.2 Identifying technical solutions for addressing environmental problemsM2.3 Quantifying material and financial values of the technical solutionsM2.4 Selecting technical options for implementation of options (criteria for selection)M2.5 Implementing the technical options in community initiated projects

Module 3: Mainstreaming Environment Management In Project Cycles (MEM)

The objective of this module is to equip participants with techniques and procedures forinternalising environmental management considerations into ZAMSIF project cycles including theCommunity Investment Fund cycle and the District Investment Fund cycle.

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The module is intended to expose participants to a range of tools, forms and procedures whichmay be used to ensure identification of environmental concerns and mitigation measures aretaken into consideration through out the project cycle. The various contents of the modules maybe arranged in sub-modules as follows:

M3.1 Overview of ZAMSIF supported projectsM3.2 Introduction to ZAMSIF projects cyclesM3.3 Basic concepts and essentials of mainstreaming environmentM3.4 Step by step mainstreaming activities and toolsM3.5 Reporting requirements for mainstreaming environmental activities

Module 4: Communication For Environmental Management (CEM)

This module is intended to equip participants with communication skills and participatorytechniques and methods for involving communities in identifying environmental issues, appraisal,implementation, monitoring and evaluation of projects. The various contents of the module maybe arranged in sub-modules as follows:

M4.1 Definitions and basic communication conceptsM4.2 Essential environmental information for communicationM4.3 Appropriate communication toolsM4.4 Using PRA/PLA for environmental educationM4.5 Planning and executing an environmental sensitisation meeting

Module 5: Institutional and Policy Framework for Environmental Management (IPF)

The objective of this module is to expose participants to the existing institutional arrangementsand policy requirements for the management of environmental concerns at national level and atwithin ZAMSIF programme. It is intended to be an overview of policy, legal and institutionalaspects of environmental management in Zambia. The focus however, is to apply the keyaspects to ZAMSIF. This module will also highlight contractual obligations of the communitiesand will provide understanding of the basis for managing common properties such as communityinfrastructure which may contribute to environmental degradation of communal resources suchas water, soil and forests. The various contents of the module may be arranged as follows:

M5.1 Historical perspectives of environmental policy and management in ZambiaM5.2 Overview of national and local Institutions for environmental managementM5.3 EIA guidelines for Zambia and ZAMSIF programmeM5.4 Building partnerships for mainstreaming environment in ZAMSIFM5.5 Preparing and implementing project contracts for environmental'

management aspects

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Table 5.1 Mainstreaming Environmental Management In Community Investment Fund Project CycleStage of Project Main Project Activities Key Environment Activities to Potential Tools for

Cycle be Carried Out Actors/Facilitators MainstreamingEnvironment

IDENTIFICATION 1. Inform communities about available Create motivation and empower District staff, Councillors, Community meetings& APPLICATION opportunities through ZAMSIF. communities with skills for sustainable use Church

of community resources through NGOsenvironmental campaigns and training Drama performances

2. Situation analysis, identification Actions: Communities, CBOs, Cause-Effect Analysisand preliminary formulation of . Sensitisation through use of PRA NGOs Social mappingprojects. tools Institutional analysis

3. Identification and Prioritisation of . Community resource inventories and Priority rankingneeds -baseline resource surveys Activity profile

. Environmental assessments using Access & Control tochecklist resources & benefits

3. Mobilisation of community * Community identify projects and CBOs, NGOs, Traditional Community resourcescontribution. environmental components of such Leaders Inventory

projects Pyramid of* Community identify mitigation Action/Resources

measures and develop initial plan4. Facilitation of decision making by * Community agree on contributions for District Appraisal Decision making matrix

communities on aspects of project environmental management objective Committee Members Focus group discussioncycle. Regional Officers

* Complete provided checklist5. Preparation and submission of Communities Environmental Analysis

application forms. Checklist attached to. . Application Form

Use environmentalsensitisation module

.________________________________ ______________________________________ ________________________ Train district staff

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Stage of Project Main Project Activities Key Environment Activities to be Potential Tools forCycle Carried Out Actors/Facilitators Mainstreaming

EnvironmentObjective is to ensure communities have DAC members

DESK APPRAISAL 1. Review project proposals considered environmental issues in the Planning Sub-Committee of Environmental Analysisidentifaction stage. DDCC Checklist to be added toActions: Line department & senior the Desk Appraisal Form* Ensure checklist is completed council staff(Forms EA I and EA 2)* Screen the proposed project and

complete screening checklist (form EA3)* Ensure environmental criteria has been

used for environmental projectsFIELD 1. Community priority project The objective is ensure communities have District Planning Officer Environmental AnalysisAPPRAISAL assessment considered environmental issues in the Checklist to be added to

identifaction stage. the Field Appraisal Form

2. Assessment of community Actions: District Officer in charge of Deliver environmentalparticipation in project decision * Review checklist with the communities sector Sensitistion and Analysismaking. * Conduct an Environmental Assessment Technical Officer Module

3. Social Assessments using proposed checklist (form EA 4) Officer from PlanningSection of MLGH

4. HIV/AIDs Assessment * ER results form part of the appraisal ZAMSIF Regional Officer5. Community contribution forms

assessment* Mitigation measures identified, agreed

and costed6. Future maintenance assessment * Where necessary, TORs for EIA study

will be prepared7. Community participation analysis

contract

8. Technical appraisal of proposedactivities & collection of relevantsector & design data

| Stage of Project 1 Main Project Activities Key Environmental Activities to be Potential ActorslFacilitators Tools forCycle Carried Out Mainstreaming

Environment44

1. Checking of appraisal forms The objective is to encourage DTs andCOSTING AND communities to consider cost implications ZAMSIF MU * EnvironmentalBUDGETTING of proposed mitigation measures Analysis Checklist

2. Preparation of budgets, plans and Actions: * Budgetsschedules * Include costs of mitigation measures in

agreement3. Preparation of Financing Agreement. * Prepare budgets for environmental

components of the projectAPPROVAL 1. Scrutiny of project proposals The objective is to evaluate the validity ZAMSIF Microproject Tech. * Environmental

and feasibility of the proposed mitigation Committee Analysis Checklistplans.Actions: The Plans Works & * Field Appraisal

2. Approval of project proposals . Review the documents and provide Development Committee Formreport District Council

3 Send Financing Agreement to Environmental ReviewCommunity - Committee

PROJECT 1. Conduct Project Launch Workshops Objective is provide a further opportunity ZAMSIF Microproject Tech.LAUNCH for sensitization and get community CommitteeWORKSHOP commitment to the implementation of The Plans Works &

environmental targets DevelopmentActions: Committee/District Council* Sensitise PC to environmental issues* Conduct environmental sensitisation ZAMSIF Regional Officer

activities/Modules for the community Relevant members ofPlanning Sub-Comm.

DISBURSEMENT 1. Community account opened Objective is to ensure funds earmarked Community Monitoring Form i& JUSTIFICATION for environmental activities are spent and Environmental

2. F.A sent to ZAMSIF MU justified on those activities Community Checklist3. Disburse funds directly to community Action ZAMSIF MU/District Council

* Conduct simple audits of project4. Justification of previous instalments accounts /Impact Monitoring ZAMSIF MU/District Council

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Stage of Project Main Project Activities Key Environmental Activities to be Carrie Out Potential Tools for MainstreamCycle Actors/Facilitators Environment

The objective is to ensure environmental targets Facilitate the delivery oIMPLEMENTATION Implementation of project activities are implemented. Community members environmental mitigatio

moduleActions: Trained members of* Implement agreed targets CBOs, DACs Implementation schedu

MONITORING, 1. Quarterly monitoring visits to The objective is to ensure mitigation measures ZAMSIF RO, Provincial Facilitate the delivery oREPORTING projects outlined in contracts are being properly Regional Planning of environmental mitigatio& SUPERVISION implemented. MLGH & relevant district module

officersMonitoring targets

1. Monthly monitoring visits to Actions: Relevant DAC membersprojects * Implement agreed targets

2. Expenditure versus physical . Take action if variance between plan & resultsprogress are significantly different

3. Technical quality assessments * Visit project sites by DACs

EVALUATION 1. Conduct participatory The objective is to determine how well knownevaluation in project environmental impacts were minimised and Extemal Consultants Environmental Impactcommunities evaluate the significance of unsuspected or Audits

unexpected impactsActions CommunitiesConduct participatory evaluation exercises in Evaluation FormscommunitiesReview annual and baseline reportsAnalyse results before and after implementation

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5.3 Project Identification and Application

Environmental activities in this stage will serve 2 principal purposes;* To sensitise communities about the state of their environment and available resources in theircommunity;* To assist communities in understanding how to do preliminary environmental assessments(by themselves) of the proposed projects by use of simple checklists

The ZAMSIF application forms will be accompanied by a simple environmental checklistpresented in Table 5.2. The application form should encourage Communities to invite theDistrict Team to go and conduct an environmental sensitisation workshop for 1 day before theycomplete an application form and environmental checklist.

The District Team will facilitate a participatory environmental awareness workshop using PRAmethods and will assist communities to understand the various aspects of the checklist as part ofthe sensitisation activity. The team should not be involved in completing the checklist for thecommunity.

Community will complete the application and the environmental checklist and submit to ZAMSIFthrough the District Team.

Information dissemination could be done, through the proposed Information, Education andCommunication activities to raise the general awareness of community members about thepotential environmental impacts of various activities that communities may undertake. Proposedtools for sensitisation may include drama, group discussions, resource mapping, cause effectanalysis, institutional analysis. The expected output from this phase is a completedenvironmental checklist and a short brief indicating the mitigation measures and plan foraddressing identified environmental concerns. These outputs will be used for conducting apreliminary environmental assessment during the desk and field appraisals by the ZAMSIF staffand members of the DAC.

5.4 Desk Appraisal

Environmental activities in this stage will serve 2 principal purposes

* To ensure communities have considered environmental aspects of their proposed projectsbefore detailed designs are considered;

* To provide initial screening by determining if the proposed project need

No environmental assessment (Category A)Environmental Assessment-EA (Category B)Full Environmental Impact Assessment -EIA (Category C)

The DAC will review the environmental checklist and ensure all aspects of the project have beenaddressed by the community. The team will make professional judgement on the potentialadverse impacts that may be caused by the project and recommend on whether anenvironmental review will be required. A simple generic screening criteria is suggested fordetermining if a project should be subjected to an environmental review during the field appraisalstage. Most infrastructure development projects to be funded by ZAMSIF would qualify forenvironmental reviews, category B.

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Table 5.2 Checklist for Community Level Sensitization and AssessmentChecklist Questions Additional

Data needsPROJECT SITING

1. Who identified the project

2. Who selected the site of the project

Yes No

3. Has the land use plan been prepared for the area in which the project is sited?

4 Is the project sited near conservation worthy ecosystems, flora or fauna (.g protectedareas, wetlands, forests, sites of historical or cultural importancewhich may be impacted negatively as a result of project activities? _

5 Is the project sited near major water bodies (rivers, lake, lagoons, wetland, etc)?

6 Is the project sited near main domestic/commercial use such as borehole, water well,spring etc?

7. Is the project sited in an area prone to soil erosion (see guideline No. 12)

8. Is the project site easily accessible to the majority of the potential beneficiaries?

9. Are there people who will be displaced/removed from the project site? (see G14

10. Will the project lead to migration into the area?

11. Who owns the land where the project is sited?

12. Does the siting require any legal permits/clearances from relevant institutions

PROJECT INPUTS13. Will the project require large volumes of construction materials to be taken from local

sources (eg gravel, stones, water, timber, fire wood) See G2014 Will project require use of heavy machinery and equipment ?

15 Require significant levels of service amenities to support the workforce?

16 Will any chemicals/oils be used in the project? G13

PROJECT ACTIVITIES17. Will the construction/implementation activities lead to degradation or loss of quality of

any environmental component such as forests, air, soils, water, wildlife, fish, plain,swamp/wetland, etc?

18. Will the project construction activities present dusV chemical/ smoke pollution risks orlead to a significant increase in noise pollution in neighbourhood?

19. Will project Implementation activities lead to significant employment opportunities?

ANTICIPATED PROJECT OUTCOMES

20. Will the project result in significant quantities of wastes or eroded material? G21

21 Will the project lead to significant changes in land use pattems G22

22 Lead to unplanned/squatter settlements or access to conservation-worthy ecosystemsor over exploitation of natural resources (eg land, forests?

23 Be likely to require mitigation measures that result in the project being socially orfinancially unacceptable

Table 5.3 INSTITUTIONAL AND CAPACITY BUILDING CHECKLIST

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Checklist QuestionsCommunity

AdditionalYes No Data Needs

1 Has the community been sensitized to environmental issues in the area beforeproject preparation/implementation? G22

2. Is the community aware of the major environmental issues in the area? G22 L1l l 1 I3. Does the community have any environmental management activities

incorporated in their daily/weekly/monthly/yearly programmes? G23

4. Is there any interactions between the community and District based line staffpost project completion and project hand over? G24 LiIl iII

5 Are there any other organisations working on environmental/natural resourcemanagement projects/issues in the area? G24

Low medium High6. Overall assessment of environmental awareness and capacity to manage

environmental aspects of projects/programmes

District

7 Have the District line staff been exposed to environmental awareness/trainingworkshops? G24 IZIZ IIZ

8 Do the line staff have any environmental management activities incorporatedin their daily/weekly/monthly/yearly programmes? G25

9 Is there any interactions between the community and District based line staffpost project completion and project hand over? G24

10. What are the key environmental issues/problems in their area of operation?

Low medium High11. Overall assessment of environmental awareness and capacity to manage

environmental aspects of projects/programmes

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Table 5.4 Generic Project Screening List_______________________________ Detail of Environmental Assessment/Category

Project Type/Sector None (A) Environmental EnvironmentalReview (B) Assessment (C)

Education* Construction of new buildings* Major rehabilitation of structures* Minor rehabilitation structures* Supply of equipment and furniture to the schoolHealth* Construction of new Health Centres* Major rehabilitation* Minor rehabilitation* Supply of medical equipment & utilities *Transport* Construction of new bridges & rural roads* Major Rehabilitation of bridges and roadsMinor Rehabilitation of bridgesSupply of Rural and Urban Drinking Water* Sinking of new boreholes, water wells* Rehabilitation of old boreholes* Supply of equipmentSanitation* Construction of ventilated Pit Latrines (VIP)* Construction of medical waste disposal facilities* Construction of rubbish pits* Construction of small waste water treatmentsForestry* Establishment of new woodlots* Reforestation of degraded and deforested areas* Tree planting for wind breaksWildlife Areas/Protected Parks/Wetlands* Construction of new structures in these areas* Major rehabilitation of old structures* Minor rehabilitation of old structuresAgriculture* Construction of small scale irrigation canals* Rehabilitation of existing canals and dams* Construction of new small dams* Soil conservation and Agroforestry _

* Community Agro-products processing plants* Construction of small fish pondsFlood Protection Barriers* Construction of new storm drains* Rehabilitation of flood control barriers* Vegetation planting for flood controlCommunity Infrastructure* Construction of Community structures (markets)* Major rehabilitation of structures,* Minor rehabilitation of infrastructureRural and Urban Settlement* Resettlement of sizeable number of households

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| * Upgrading of human settlement l l

5.5 Field Appraisal

Environmental activities in this stage will serve 4 principal purposes;

* To ensure communities have considered environmental aspects of their proposed projectsbefore detailed designs are considered and to collect required data for the project design;

* To review and verify the contents of the environmental checklist and the feasibility ofimplementing the proposed mitigation measures

* To carry out an environmental review or limited environmental assessment for the projects incategory B.

* To provide an opportunity for further environmental sensitisation

The District team will review the checklist and the mitigation plan with selected members of thecommunity during the field appraisal meetings. Where the results do not significantly differ fromthe submitted checklist and the plan, the project will continue being considered in the categoryrecommended at the desk appraisal. A project may change the category based on the results offield verification. For projects falling under category B, an environmental review should becarried out during the field appraisal stage.

Environmental review is a simplest level of environmental assessment and does not generallyrequire sophisticated environmental expertise and may be completed in a participatory mannerby the district team with the beneficiary community. An ER will go beyond the screening stage byrequiring the use of a checklist to identify the sources of impacts being: type of inputs to be used;activities to be undertaken ;and the expected outputs. It will further provide a description ofimpacts associated with activity and provide mitigation measures. A sample analysis checklistformat is presented in Table 5.5

There are 2 broad benefits for conducting an environmental review or limited environmentalanalysis by District Team;

(i) ER verifies and highlights the potential environmental significance of projects at thisearly stage in the project cycle; and

(ii) Provides technical input to the design of an environmentally sound project at an earlystage;

(iii) ER prevents financial and human resources from being applied to the full EA of theproject that is likely to have little environmental significance.

Only one generic checklist is proposed for all project types at this level of ER process. Theperson conducting a review would, however, need to prepare supporting material that providesan outline of typical impacts and mitigation measures of each type of the source of impactsidentified for the project.

5.5.1 Environmental Impact Assessment

During field appraisal the team will also confirm the results of the desk appraisal classification ofprojects in category C. The environmental assessment at field appraisal may also lead toupgrading of a project from category B to C which would require a full EIA. Such projects wouldgenerally be subject to the EnvironmentaU Council of Zambia EIA requirements. Most ZAMSIFprojects will rarely need a full EIA. Projects requiring this kind of analysis will be very large both

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in scope of activities and funding and may fail to meet the requirements of the ZAMSIF withrespect to community contributions. Examples of such projects would include construction of newDistrict and Rural Health Centres, medium scale water dams for irrigation purposes orconstruction and rehabilitation of feeder and district roads or infrastructure in critical andecologically sensitive areas like natural parks and wetlands.

In the rare case that the project will require a full EIA, the team will recommend involvement of aspecialised team of experts including environmental specialists. Once commissioned, the studymay take anything from 4-6 weeks to complete. Several site visits will most likely be involved.Detailed supervision and monitoring plan would need to be developed. The study may becontracted out to an external consultant. Developing TORs for the study would be critical andwould require expertise of an environmental specialist (within or contracted outside ZAMSIF).Adetailed generic procedure of conducting a full Environmental Impact Assessment is presentedin Annex 10

5.6 Costing and Budgeting

Communities will be encouraged to cost their proposed mitigation measures and plan priorapplication. The environmental review or EIA done during the field appraisal stage shouldfacilitate the collection of data on cost implications of the identified measures and discuss thecost implications for community contribution. Its proposed that the cost of some simpleenvironmental mitigation measures be factored into community contribution. It is furtherproposed that District based NGOs and existing CBOs must be assisted with training for them toassist communities in identification and costing of environmental actions and benefits.

5.7 Approval Process

5.7.1 Evaluation of Appraisal Reports

The results of the ER (for category B) will be submitted to the District Planning Sub-Committeefor evaluation and approval. Initially, the Regional Officers will be responsible for this exerciseuntil adequate capacity has been built at District level. In the unlikely event of a full EIA, thereview will be conducted by ZAMSIF Technical Committee where ECZ will be represented forevaluation .The objective of this exercise is to appraise the mitigation measures and themitigation plans. The Planning Sub-Committee at the District level will review the checklists andensure technical viability of the measures proposed and verify community commitment andcapacity and may undertake visits to randomly selected sites. In some cases accompanyingtechnical feasibility information may be required from other line department specialists, forexample hydrology of a catchment where a furrow irrigation system is being proposed.

In cases of a full EIA, ZAMSIF may facilitate contracting an external specialist to undertake adetailed evaluation of the EIA report.

The typical ZAMSIF application for funding will admit three possible outcomes of the appraisalstage: acceptance, request for reformulation, or refusal. The decision whether to approve theproject must be based on a broad range of criteria determined by ZAMSIF to allow it to bestaccomplish its mandate as a poverty reduction financing mechanism. The idea of integratingenvironmental assessment procedures into the cycle is not to stop projects but to enhance themaximum benefits to the communities by minimising the adverse environmental effects whichmay mitigate against poverty alleviation objectives.

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Therefore, the criteria to approve or not to approve a project must include non technical elementssuch as conformity with targeting guidelines and evaluation of community support andcommitment. Technically and financially the project must be sound and sustainable. Typicallythere is little consideration of environmental feasibility at this stage, therefore it is important toadequately address these issues during project formulation and appraisal. However, a mandateat the approval stage to evaluate environmental aspects of the project creates an importantcheck on the quality of work of the project evaluation; therefore ZAMSIF should ensure aminimum capacity for environmental review at the project approval stage. We recommend thatZAMSIF include an explicit evaluation tasks by the District Planning -Sub-Committee, and asampling of projects at the level of an Environmental Review

Upon approval, arrangements regarding implementation of the mitigation plan should be part ofthe legal contracts to be signed between ZAMSIF and the community. It is critical that the resultsof the EA process (special mitigation measures, design specifications, supervision plans, andmonitoring arrangements) be duly incorporated into the legal contract.

5.8 Project Launch Workshop

Environmental mainstreaming objective of this stage should focus onsensitizing the communityon identified environmental concerns in their community, consequences if mitigation measuresare not implemented, obligation of the community based on signed contract and the communityin the selection of committee members who are sympathetic to the cause of environmentalmanagement.

5.9 Disbursement and Justification

Environment mainstreaming objective of these activities will focus on ensuring funds andresources earmarked for environmental activities are released, spent and justified on thoseactivities. Community contribution for environmental mitigation will be demonstrated beforesubsequent fund releases are made for project implementation.

5.10 Implementation, Monitoring and Supervision

Although Figure 5.1 seem to separate Monitoring from Implementation, actually the monitoringprocess begins with supervision of implementation. The bulk of the monitoring activities may takeplace during the implementation stage of the cycle. The environmental objectives of theseactivities are to ensure mitigation measures outlined in the contracts are being properlyimplemented, that environmental contractual measures are being respected, construction isgoing in accordance with the agreed design standards, and that no unforeseen negative impactsare occurring as a result of project execution.

Environmental mitigation measures and specific monitoring requirements will be determinedduring the project formulation/preparation stage and finalised during project appraisal. To avoiddeliberate creation of gaps between what is reflected in the mitigation plan and what actually getscarried out on the ground, the contracts must spell out the sanctions for non compliance withmitigation measures. Standardised form for monitoring mitigation measures should be completedin parallel with the reporting ZAMSIF cycle (See proposed Environmental Monitoring parametersin Fig. 5.1 which should be appended to the existing Monitoring form)

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Monitoring will involve field visits by the DT members to selected project sites. It is proposed thatone of the following District Team members could be tasked with monitoring responsibilities;District Environmental Facilitators (MENR); District Forestry Officer (MENR); District Land UsePlanning Officer (MAFF); District Water Engineer (DWA)

The community through the Project Committee should designate one or two people to beresponsible for monitoring implementation of environmental mitigation plan during projectexecution. These people must be trained in environmental management aspects of projects.

Fig 5.1 ZAMSIF Environmental Monitoring Visit Summary Report

Example:

Identified Environmental Problem: Undercutting of building foundations by storm water

Agreed Mitigation Measure Activities to be carried out Responsibility1. Site the storm drain-pegging Contractor / District Team

1. Develop a storm drain around project site 2. Dig a storm drain around building Community

1. Construct spoon drain around buildings Contractor2. Ensure spoon drain in buildings Community

Agreed mitigation measure Activity carried out Completionprogress_(%)

1; Site the storm drain-pegging 1001. Develop a storm drain around project site 2. Dig a storm drain around project site 0

1. Construct spoon drain around buildings 802. Ensure spoon drain in buildings

Agreed mitigation measure: 1. Develop a storm drain around project siteActivity not completed Constraint (reasons for non completion) Agreed Follow Up

1. Community not mobilised by PC/local leaders | _|

2. Dig a storm drain around project site 2. PC not advised where/when to start

Agreed mitigation measure: 2. Ensure spoon drain in buildingsActivity not completed Constraint (reasons for non completion) Agreed Follow Up

1. Stones and sand run out1. Construct spoon drain around 2. Community not informed about additional

buildings requirements of material by contractor

Other observations and comments

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This information is in addition to the basic project data incorporated in existing Monitoring Forms

5.11 Evaluation

In the context used here evaluation refers to the ex post review one year after the project todetermine if it has met the objectives of the project and to assess the extent (if any) ofenvironmental degradation due to project activities. Participatory community evaluation exerciseswill be conducted to determine how well known environmental impacts were minimised andevaluate the significance of unsuspected or unexpected impacts. If problems are identified, theevaluation process should assist beneficiaries in identifying further mitigation measures that maybe used to resolve the problems.

The proposed participatory evaluations will be conducted on project sites. This exercises shouldbe done 2-3 times during the operation stage of the project. An external evaluation should alsobe performed during the mid term review of the whole ZAMSIF programme.The evaluation should also be concerned with measuring the level of environmental awarenessamong the beneficiary community as a measure of capacity building. Fig 5.2 indicates thevarious parameters to be addressed by an evaluation exercise.

Fig. 5.2 Issues for environmental Evaluation

Evaluation Issue Evaluation question

I Expected Environmental 1 What anticipated problems (at the time of projectProblems identification and appraisal) resulted from project

inputs/activities /outputs

2 To what extent were the identified and well knownproblems minimised/reduced by mitigation measures?

3 Who has benefited/lost due to mitigation measuresimplemented in the project?

4 What were the most effective mitigation measures inaddressing the problem/s?

2 Unexpected 5 What were the unexpected environmental problemsEnvironmental Problems resulting from implementing the project.

6 What is the significance of the problem to the longterm sustainability of the benefits to the community?

7 What mitigation measures should be implemented toaddress the problem?

8 How will the measures be implemented and by who?

3 Capacity Building 9 To what extent is the community aware of thepotential environmental problems associated with theirproject?

10 How did the community participate in implementingthe environmental mitigation measures

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11 What is the level of knowledge and skills acquired bythe PC and community for resolving a problem ofsimilar nature if it occurred in another project?

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Table 5.5: Example of a Generic Environmental Review (Analysis) ChecklistSource of Impacts

(Project input, activity, output) eg Quarrying sand near a river bank for construction of schoolblock

Receptor of Impacts Description of Impacts Proposed mitigationmeasures

BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTSOILS

WATER

AIR

VEGETATION

WETLANDS

WILDLIFE/WILDLIFE HABITATS

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

HUMAN SETTLEMENT &COMMUNITY LIFE

CULTURAL HERITAGESITES

AESTHETICS &LANDSCAPE

EMPLOYMENT &PRODUCTIVITY

Notes:1. Project inputs (with potential to give rise to significant impacts) refer to those materials and supplies that arerequired for execution of the project. They may include, construction materials, machinery, chemicals, labor, energy,social amenities

2. Project activities (with potential to give rise to significant impacts) refer to those actions required to implement theproject. They may include, siting, surveying, digging, clearing area, quarrying, machinery movement, construction,cutting trees, dumping waste;

3. Project outcomes refers to the residues, materials and processes with potential to give rise to significantenvironmental impacts. These may include excess construction material, medical waste, domestic refuse and

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sewage waste, chemical spillages, de-vegetated areas, quarries, drainage systems, abandoned structures, improvedstructures, new settlements

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6. CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMME FOR ZAMSIF STAFF

6.1 Sensitisation and Environmental Management Skills Needs

Issues related to training and awareness found in the study were as follows:

* Lack of pbst implementation technical support to communities by District staff whichleads to additional inappropriate structures.

* Low awareness of environmental issues and proper hygiene by communities,especially use of clean water and safe sanitation

* Poor or lack of technical guidance on construction of structures.* Lack of skills for management of environmental projects like dams and furrows.* Lack of skills for integration of environmental issues into the project activities by* Deeply-rooted cultural values and practices which promote insensitive attitudes to

environmentally friendly practices within communities* Lack of commitment by Project Committees to implement conservation measures* Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) not being used in the management of resources

The institutional issues discussed in section 4 and the mainstreaming strategy and activitiesproposed in Sections 5 and the above sensitisation and technical skills needs assessed point tothe need for a comprehensive capacity building programme targeted at various stakeholdersinvolved in the ZAMSIF Project Cycle. The challenge of the capacity building programme lies indeveloping an effective mechanism for delivery of environmental managementknowledge,skills and material resources to key stakeholders in ZAMSIF and especially the communitiesand those who work with the communittes (DACs, NGOs and CBOs). The following Sectionshighlight the various capacity building needs for different stakeholders.

6.2 Environmental Awareness and Analysis for ZAMSIF MU Staff

All ZAMSIF MU staff should be exposed to an environmental awareness appreciation course. Anenvironmental awareness module should be developed and should focus on highlighting thevarious environmental impacts which may arise from various types of projects which will befunded by ZAMSIF. The course should take place during a ZAMSIF staff orientation and briefingworkshop early in the life of ZAMSIF. The new members of staff who may join ZAMSIF will alsoneed to undergo this sensitization and appreciation course.

6.3 District Training Programme

The audits and site visits to 17 projects revealed that the problems of poor siting of projects,inappropriate or environmentally unfriendly construction of projects (eg lack of wind vents inbuildings located on high wind sites, bore holes located near sanitation facilities) were oftenattributed to poor technical guidance on siting and construction of structures. Personal interviewswith members of the District Teams and and CBOs revealed that they lacked environmentalmanagement skills for integrating environmental concerns in their project implementationfacilitation work.

It is recommended that both the District Teams and those involved in facilitating projectimplementation (RO), supervision and monitoring be equipped with technical and environmental

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management information and skills for doing their work. To this end it is recommended thatZAMSIF in collaboration with Pilot Environmental Fund undertake to develop and test acomprehensive environmental training programme and materials to benefit various stakeholders.Course content could contain but not limited to the broad issues indicated in Table 6.1. Thiscomponent of the sub programme should be managed by the ZAMSIF Capacity BuildingManager.

In addition to facilitating the transfer of knowledge and skills, there is need for ZAMSIF to includesubstantive material and financial resources support for environmental managementcomponents of the projects once mitigation measures have been identified and agreed. Oneoption is to identify what communities can provide and do to mitigate against environmentaladverse impacts and building into the project costs these aspects as part of communitycontributions. For example, many communities can rehabilitate sand and stone quarries fromwhich they obtain building materials. The contracts could acknowledge the cost of either filling orre-vegetating the quarry as part of the community contribution.

This training should be supported in liason with the ESP through the PEF and the CEMPprogrammes. Members of the District Teams in existing PEF and CEMP project areas couldbenefit from the training activities being offered by these programmes. However,

6.4 Environmental Awareness in Communities

A comprehensive training and awareness creation programme for communities requestingforZAMSIF support needs to be developed to address the environmental issues. Theimplementation of the programme will require ZAMSIF establishing close links with organisationsthat are implementing environmental projects. This component of the capacity buildingprogramme should aim to support the Identification and Application stages of the project cycleby directly and more generally working with communities who intend to apply for financial andmaterial support from ZAMSIF and those who subsequently get funded. It will aim to increase theconsciousness of the beneficiaries from the project. Although this sub programme should bemanaged by the Regional Officers, the communities should be encouraged to request for theDistrict Team to conduct the various sensitisation and training activities in the communities.

Table 6.1 and 6.2 show the main features of a proposed training programme. It gives an outlineof the modules, contents and potential beneficiaries, duration and timing and provide andindication of problems being addressed by each module.

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_ie 6.1. 'MARY OF PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TRAINING PROGRAMMEModule Name/Description of Proposed Content of Module Target Duration When Who should conductNo. Training Module Beneficiaries I the modulesI Environmental Sensitization & * Overview of projects funded by ZAMSIF MU staff 2-3 days Any time but most Consultants

Analysis ZAMSIF Regional Officers suitable at an early DEFsObjective: Understanding * Overview of project specific District Teams stage of ZAMSIF Trained Rosenvironmental problems associated inputs, activities and outputs PEF Coordinator programme launch District Teamswith ZAMSIF funded projects * Potential environmental effects DEFs

associated with specific projects PCs, Other CBOsCommunities

.2 Institutional & Policy \framework * Environmental policies in ZAMSIF MU staff 2 days Any time ECZ staffFor Environmental Management Zambia Regional Officers PEF Coordinatorin Zambia (IPF) * Legislation and Legal framework District Teams ConsultantsObjective: Understanding the * Overview of institutions DEFsInstitutional and Policy Framework * EIA guidelines for Zambiaof Environmental Planning & * Building ZAMSIF PartnershipsManagement in Zambia for environmental management

3 Mainstreaming Environmental * Overview of ZAMSIF Project ZAMSIF MU staff 2-3 days At project Trained RosManagement in Project Cycles cycles Regional Officers identification but District Teams(MEM) * Step by step mainstreaming of District Teams before application DEFsObjective: How to mainstream environmental issues DEFs forms are filledenvironment in ZAMSIF funded CIF * Key stakeholders in ZAMSIF PCsand DIF Project Cycles Project cycles Other CBOs

4 Communication for * Exploring key environmental Regional Officers 2-3 days Any time but most ConsultantsEnvironmental Management messages District Teams suitable at an early DEFs(CEM) * How to develop and deliver a PCs stage of ZAMSIF Trained ROsObjective: Communicating sensitisation campaign Local Leaders programme launchenvironmental management * Useful tools for communicating Other CBOsinformation in ZAMSIF funded environmental messagesprojects * How to involve communities in

environmental management5 Environmental Mitgation * Inventory of technical solutions Regional Officers 2-3 days At project Consultants

Measures (EMM) for selected projects District Teams identification but ROsExploring Technical Solutions for * How to select technical solutions PCs before application District TeamsPotential environment problems in * Costing of technical solutions Local Leaders forms are filled DEFsCommunity initiated Projects I I I_I_I

A full course covering all the modules may take up to 1 0 to I11 full session days. Note however, that each module could be offered independent of others. Note also that newmembers of ZAMSIF staff should be oriented to the relevant course modules.

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rable 6.2: SUMMARY OF PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TRAINING PROGRAMMEModule NamelDescription of Capacity building needs addressed by the module Anticipated MethodsNo. Training Module of Module Delivery

Environmental Sensitization & * Low awareness of environmental issues by communities, * Focus Group DiscussionsAnalysis especially environmental conservation, use of clean water and * Role-PlaysObjective: Understanding safe sanitation, potential adverse impacts of projects and impacts * Dramaenvironmental problems associated of environment on projects * Problem identificationwith ZAMSIF funded projects * Cause-Effects Analysis

2 Institutional & Policy \framework * Lack of understanding of the existing policy and legal implications * Lecture methodsFor Environmental Management of implementing environmentally unfriendly project activities. * Group discussionsin Zambia (IPF) * Case studiesObjective: Understanding theInstitutional and Policy Frameworkof Environmental Planning &Management in Zambia

3 Mainstreaming Environmental * Lack of knowledge and skills for integration of environmental * Focus Group DiscussionsManagement in Project Cycles issues into the project activities by Communities * Role-Plays(MEM) * Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) not being used in the e DramaObjective: How to mainstream management of resources * Problem identificationenvironment in ZAMSIF funded CIF * Cause-Effects Analysisand DIF Project Cycles * Flow diagramming

4 Communication for * Poor/ lack of environmental information dissemination techniques * Lecture presentationEnvironmental Management and approaches * Focus Group Discussions(CEM) * Deeply-rooted cultural values and practices which promote * Role-PlaysObjective: Communicating insensitive attitudes to environmentally friendly practices * Dramaenvironmental management * * Documentary videosinformation in ZAMSIF fundedprojects

5 Environmental Mitigation * Poor or lack of technical guidance and skills on construction of * Lecture presentationMeasures (EMM) structures: E.g. extemal waste disposal reticulation at Kaoma * Focus Group DiscussionsExploring Technical Solutions for Cheshire Community Care Centre * Slide showsPotential environment problems in * Field trips/site inspectionsCommunity initiated Projects * Lack of post implementation technical support to communities by

District staff which leads communities to additional inappropriatestructures I

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*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:

6.3 Materials and Financial Support

The study revealed that communities have little or no material and financial capacities for projectmanagement. Many communities are always at a loss as to where to source material andfinancial support. Sometimes this may be due to their inability to present their needs even if theyknew where to go. On the other hand they may wish to raise funds on their own by engaging insome Income Generating Activities but may lack skills in managing these.

It would encourage communities, especially farming communities, if this financial supportreinforced their own agricultural activities such as farming so that they would gain in bothfarming skills and promotion of environmental conservation on their farms.

The above then calls for concerted efforts to train in and expose the communities to methods ofaccessing own financial and material resources. But where such materials are in the form oflarge and expensive equipment which they cannot afford to obtain on their own, it should bemade easy for them to be able to access this support from the co-operating partners.

Table 6.3 indicates mitigation measures to address the above issues and outlinesmethodologies for the mitigation measures, the target groups and the stage at whichinterventions could be done.

TABLE 6.2: Capacity Building - Material and Financial SupportCAPACITY MEASURES TO SOLVE METHODS TARGET INTERVENTIONBUILDING ISSUES THE PROBLEM PERIOD I STAGE

1 Communities' * Training Project * Project At Planning Stageignorance of other Committees in Workshops Committeesources of financial proposal writing ssupport * Training in resource * DACs

mobilisation * CBOs* Training in

management ofIncome GeneratingActivities

2 Lack of financial and * MPU offering * Funding * MPU At Planning andmaterial resources to financial and * Provision of * Project Implementationenable communities material support to materials Committee Stagesintegrate promote * Workshops senvironmental environmental * CBOsconcerns into conservation * DACsprojects around projects * DEFs

sites* Promoting income

.____ _generating projects I I

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6.4 Monitoring of the ZAMSIF Funded Projects for Impacts and Management Plans ofSelected Projects.

Monitoring environmental effects of selected projects

While it is important to carry out impact assessment, append environmental contract clauses toContract Documents, and have terms of reference for design ready for use, these will only be ofvalue if monitoring of project effects, is part of the implementation process. Monitoring effectsarising from project implementation should be a key activity during the whole ZAMSIF projectcycle.

It should be pointed out that the monitoring activity to be conducted may not entirely conform tointernationally accepted standards and norms due to initial capacity constraints and the largerproject potifolio expected to be funded under ZAMSIF. But a start must begin using the results ofthis study. It should be a process that should aim at ensuring that all stakeholders learn thevarious concerns arising from project implementation and how these could be minimised wherenecessary. Initial monitoring activities should target selected number of projects to learn lessonsfor evaluating performance or effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures and compliance bycommunities, contractors and DAC members regarding implementation of the proposedmitigation measures. To this end, its recommended that the proposed screening and reviewchecklists be immediately incorporated with other forms which are being prepared for theimplementation of the programme.

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7.0 COSTS OF MITIGATION MEASURES AND FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS OFIMPLEMENTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

7.1. Estimating Relative Costs of Environmental Mitigation Measures

The exercise of estimating the costs and budget for mitigating the adverse environmental effectsof micro projects and at this stage is difficult and could prove to be merely an academic exercisebecause of the various factors that need consideration.

First, the type and size of mitigation measure selected will depend on the environmentalconditions of the area. The type and size of a storm drain to control water around a project sitewill be determined by the amount of rainfall received in an area, thesteepness of the slope andthe vegetation cover in the area.

Second, the type of mitigation measure selected will determine the materials and the quantity ofthe materials used. In turn, the quantity and the type of the material used will in turn determinethe cost of the measure which may also be influenced by the source of the material. It istherefore, recommended that careful attention be given to the selection of mitigation measuresand to the selection and estimation of the bill of quantities. Although the study was not able toestimate the actual financial ($) costs of the various proposed mitigation measures due to theabove reasons, it is possible to give an indication of the relative cost in terms of the extent (lowmedium and high), that may be expected by implementing selected measures.

For the purpose of this report and based on project costs elsewhere, it is estimated thatenvironmental mitigation measures can take up an average cost of 4-6% of the total microproject. Table 7.1 provides estimate of relative costs of selected measures.

Table 7.1 Estimate Cost of Selected Environmental Mitigation MeasuresIndication of

Environmental Concern/Cause Mitigation Measure relative cost

Inadequate community based Integrated planning to incorporate allland use plans and siting of environmental aspects; eg slope, wind direction,projects ground water flow systems, etc.

Consider wide consultations of relevant HighstakehoLders who may be affectedConsider appropriate project site surveys andpreparing simple land use plans

Inadequate waste disposal Adequate planning for waste disposal systems Lowsystems

Provide specially designed systems for disposal Highof medical waste

Soil erosion around the projects Selective vegetation clearance on new sites Lowsites.

Plant fast growing trees and grass around the Mediumold project sitesConstruct drainage systems around buildings Medium

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Control animal grazing around project sites Low

Table 7.1 Estimate Cost of Selected Environmental Mitigation MeasuresIndication of

Environmental Concern/Cause Mitigation Measure relative costUndercutting of building Enforce implementation of spoon drains Mediumfoundations by soil erosion requirements provided in building designs; to High

Low awareness about Conduct sensitisation workshops for Mediumenvironmental issues community -

Provide information bulletins on environmental Mediumissues relevant to microprojects.

Soil erosion on agriculture fields Construction of drainage systems along the Mediumdue to water from access roads roads

Abandoned building wastes Use the abandoned waste to backfill the LowquarriesUse waste for landscaping around Lowsurroundings

Abandoned quarries Provision for adequate filling of quaMes Low

Plant quarries with vegetation Medium

Termite infestation on buildings Enforce MPU technical designs and Mediumrequirement of termite treatment in buildingsfoundations and materialsAvoid siting of projects close to anthills Low

7.2 Financial Requirements for Implementing the Environmental Strategy

Capacity building in environmental assessment and management of potential environmentaladverse effects of ZAMSIF activities should form the core of activities of the strategy tomainstream environment in the project cycle of both the Community Investment Fund and theDistrict Investment Fund. Financial requirements should be directed to the following activities;

* development of training manuals, and a Natural Resources Handbook;* development of sensitisation and environmental management skills building modules* delivery of training modules to both ZAMSIF and District staff,* facilitating community participation in environmental assessments of their projects,* delivery modules to communities during different stages of the project cycle

69

* implementation of identified mitigation measures by communities and;* monitoring of projects by district staff to ensure mitigation measures are implemented.

An indicative cost of implementing these activities including supporting community basedenvironmental and natural resources based projects is estimated at about $3,110,750 andbroken down as shown in Table 7.1

Table 7.1 Financial Requirements to Support ZAMSIF Environmental and NaturalResources Strategy

Activity | Indicative Input Estimate Plannedl Cost Time

I Capacity Building1.1 ZAMSIF MU Orientation Consultants, 2 day training for all 5,000 Y2000

Environmental assessment staff

1.2 Develop manuals for Consultants 5,000 Y2000Facilitators and community

1.3 Develop modules for facilitation Consultants 5,000 Y 2000 -1

1.4 Develop training programme for Consultants 2,000 Y2000 - 1Facilitators

1.5 Implement training programme Consultants, accommodation, 100,000 Y2000 -2in all provinces transport 9 provinces, 30 persons

per province for 5 days each

1.6 Delivery modules to 500 Visits per project for 500 projects, 3 300,000 Y2000 -6communities district facilitators, per diems and

transport costs. US$ 150/visit

1.7 Delivery of manuals Printing 1,000 @ 10 /manual 10,000 Y2001 -6

1.8 Environmental Sensitisation for Consultants, 72 districts 2 days, 20 100,000 Y2002local Leaders per district, accomod. & transport____________________________ ($30*20*72)

2 Mainstreaming Environmentin all Projects

2.1 Environmental Appraisal District Facilitators, 600 projects @ 22,500 Y2000 -6$1 50/projects visit. 25% of total costDistrict Facilitators 500 projects 18,750 Y2000-6

2.2 Design and costingDistrict Facilitators 500 projects 18,750 Y2000-6

2.3 MonitoringDistrict Facilitators 500 projects 18,750 Y2000-6

2.4 Evaluation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Printing forms, 25% of total cost 50,000 Y2000 - 6

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2.5 Develop Forms .

Total 15 projects @ US$ 5,000 75,000 Y2000 - 62.6 Full Environmental Impact

Assessment

3 Mitigation* 3.1 Design mitigation measures Consultant 5,000 Y2000

3.2 Implement mitigation measures Average 5% of average project 1,875,000 Y2000 -6cost, (500 x 75,000 x 5%)

4. Environmental Community 25 over 5 years at average 500,000 Y2000 -6Based Projects US$ 20,000TOTAL 3,110,750

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Annex 1: Summary of Technical Guidelines for MPU Funded Projects

|::chikl$am. d 'ira noitm Biuc idgs .

Siting / Preparation Stage:

* Choose an appropriate site for your project.* Avoid dumpy or water logged sites* Look at other alternatives and weigh the advantages against disadvantages of different sites* Avoid termite infested areas. Where there are no alternatives take measures against termites in the

designs and during construction.* Consider other existing structures on site in relation to your new project* Remember to clear only the affected site and not to cut trees when not necessary* Ensure a holistic design approach, taking into account the operations of the existing building , buildings

to be added and support facilities like water supply, sanitation and the environment* Base design criteria and selection of materials according to local conditions and availability of

resources* Design for maximum efficiency in materials and energy use* Incorporate indigenous customs and building techniques in project designs* Consider adapting layouts to fit natural patterns on project sites

construction Stage:

* Ensure you have the MPU Project Implementation Manual volume 2* Always take measures to attend to off site effects like quarries, debris, tree cutting* Rank your projects according to the most pressing needs* Ensure all your building waste is attended to - do not bury paint tins and plastics as they do not

decompose* Incorporate permanent erosion control plans on the site - provide a drainage system in the areas close

to the school and always include dish drains around your buildings* Ensure that the sand digging is done a good distance away from the school buildings and make sure

you bury the quarries regardless of distance and area affected* M/ake sure you clear all the debris or broken bricks from the kilning site and use them in the construction

f'or back-filling (when crushed ), brick drains construction of paved walkways etc.* Avoid massive disruption of top soils during construction* Cover haulage trucks carrying cement or lime and avoid vegetation destruction to create temporary

access roads to the construction site* Provide enclosed storage for cement, lime and oils* Outline safety techniques and accident emergency measures during construction activities* Collect only adequate wood for brick making (kilning) - consider altemative brick making technologies

e.g. Compressed earth blocks* Use water to minimise the dust generation* Remove excess materials of laterite, stone aggregate, concrete blocks, bricks, timber pieces

Operation Stage:

* Dig a pit for ordinary waste, do not through tins, glass and plastics in pits* Plant trees and flowers around the school* Do not cut and trees unnecessarily around the premises* Do not allow animals to use the school premises for grazing

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Siting / Preparation Stage:

* Choose an appropriate site for your project.* Avoid dumpy or water logged sites* Look at other alternatives and weigh the advantages against disadvantages of different sites* Avoid termite infested areas. Where there are no alternatives take measures against termites in the

designs and during construction.* Ensure the Incinerator is included among the targets and corsider an appropriate site for It* Ensure the relatives shelter is given due consideration and cater for the sleeping area, cooking and

laundry areas* Make sure you consult experts on the equipment required for the full operations of the hospital / health

centre and if not among the project components, find out the cost and who will provide it uponcompletion of the project

Construction Stage:

* Avoid chopping down trees if you can* Remember that the activity of digging soils from any part of the land will result in quarries.

* Dispose the paint tins and plastic containers properly

* Ensure you dispose of the paint tins, plastic containers for oil based paints and kerosene properly. Donot bury them nor throw them around, as they do not decompose, as they are an environmental and firehazards.

* Ensure you have the MPU Project Implementation Manual vo,ume 2* Always take measures to attend to off site effects like quarries, debris, tree cutting* Rank your projects according to the most pressing needs* Ensure all your building waste is attended to - do not bury paint tins and plastics as they do not

decompose; consider recycling e.g flower pots etc.* Consider the drainage system in the areas close to the school and always include dish drains around

your buildings and ensure rain water is taken away from the buildings as much as possible.* Ensure that the sand digging is done a good distance awayfrom the school buildings and make sure you bury the

quarries regardless of distance and area affected* Make sure you clear all the debris or broken bricks from the kilning site and use them in the

construction for back-filling (when crushed ), brick drains construction of paved walkways etc.* Clean construction sites daily and provide adequate building waste disposal methods* Use water to minimise the dust generation

Operational Stage:

* Make sure the incinerator for medical waste is available and functional* Consider and manage the relatives shelter as part and parcel of the overall facilities of the hospital /

health centre* Planting another tree in the community for every tree cut is a good environmental practice.* Separate disposal systems for medical or hazardous wastes; put in place safety procedures* the trees should only be cut if other solutions to save the building are not viable. Trees should be

planted away from buildings

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1., . . . . .Siting I Preparation stage

... I . ..E e.l l.P..... ig.bWBt.:do6hill from the well and bore-hole to reduce the chances of ground water

* Incorporate into larger waste disposal systems where possible* Select appropriate technology for waste water disposal* Weigh siting alternatives with environmental considerations in mind* Check the type of soils at the site - construction on of a VIP latrine in sandy soils shall require extra

care and expertise* Design centralised systems to avoid leakage - do not scatter pit latrines around the site unnecessarily,

this spreads ground contamination on site

Construction Stage

* Make sure you read the MPU project Implementation technical manual and understand how a VIPlatrine works

* Study the VIP technical drawings carefully before starting to build* Take measures to avoid the collapsing of the foundation walls while building, especially in sandy soils* Make sure you have the technical drawing all the time on site* Incorporate permanent erosion control plans on the site

Operation Stage

* Ensure hygiene education on the uses of the facilities* Do not through toxic or hazardous waste in pit latrines - as this could lead to ground water pollution

upon which most communities rely for domestic water supply* Keep the pit latrine clean all the time

. .Sall . . Supply . : ... . rrsati6 Pjro. j

Wells and Bore holes

Siting:* Always site your wells or bole holes at a higher ground level compared to the pit latrines or septic tanks

and soak-aways.* Weigh siting alternatives with environmental considerations in mind* Select workable water extraction or booster systems* Make efforts to have the water tested periodically

Construction stage* Provide effective drainage for water spills at water pumping or collection points* Install adequate pumping systems* Confirm water yielding levels before implementation* Dig wells only in the dry season

Operation Stage* Provide adequate protection from livestock* Regulate the use of water points through local bye laws e.g. no washing at water points, no water wastage, user

fee payments* Keep adequate tools and learn how to maintain the water systems

Irrigation Water Furrows

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Siting

* Site irrigation subprojects properly and seek a carefully designed and appropriate irrigation system* Proper design of canals; monitor water quality; operation and put maintenance plans in place* Select appropriate crops and agricultura[ technology* Ensure adequate siting and hydrology information studies* Consider alternative sites* Ensure there is no or minimal dislocation of habitants

Construction

* Construction during dry season ; take measures to minimise erosion of river banks* Minimise the disruption of natural streamflows

Operation Stage

* Control land uses, wastewater discharges, and agricultural chemical use in watershed to avoiddeterioration of water quality

* Limit retention time of water in reservoir to uphold water quality* Planning and management of dam in context of carchment area* Control resettlement to avoid surpassing carrying capacity of land* Ensure the water is not stagnant nor moving too slowly - water stagnation can lead to water-borne

diseases

., ....- Mm,N.Res',rv'i,r....,.|----. -.-. -. . . . . -. . - . . . ....... ..... -.......

* Ensure that the layout of the furrows or field is not too steep (gradient)Ensure the siting of the project avoids or minimises encroachment on swamps and other ecologicallysensitive areas

* Avoid dislocation of populations and communities

Construction Stage

* Use lined canals or pipes to avoid disease vectors* Provide access to canals for removal of weeds and sediments* Use lined canals or pipes avoid seepage

Operational Stage

* Maintain furrow by periodic removal of weeds and sediments* Take measures to avoid waterlogging or water stagnation* Apply 'soft" engineering techniques to achieve soil stabilisation in the canals and avoid erosion

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I . . . .cief . . .;nlu:my ... va

Siting

* Select your road route such that there are no or less disturbances of human communities* Consider alternative options* Make adequate consultation and ensure participation of all potentially affected communities* Pay particular attention to the drainage along the road* Minimize loss of natural vegetation during construction* Incorporate adequate and effective drainage works in the designs* Ensure careful siting and management of construction camps to avoid environmental and social

disruption

Construction Stage

Carry out earth movements during the dry seasonProtect drainage channels with bermsConsider a good number of drainage outletsAvoid the use of heavy equipment and vehicles if you can during construction

Operation Stage

Provide for anti-littering or anti-dumping local bye-laws on roadsides

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............. . .. . . .. . . .

Siting

* Consider alternative bridge sites* Ensure that special attention is paid to the drainage system along the road leading to the bridge* Regulate through local bye laws the transportation of materials though the bridge* Ensure safety is considered in the design e.g. the provision of bridge side barriers

Construction

* Cleanup construction sites, recycle building waste materials* Construction during dry season; take measures to minimise erosion of river banksMinimise the disruption

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Annex 2: List of Audited Projects

LOCATION OF NAME OF PROJECT LOCATION/ SECTOR PROJECTPROJECT SETTLEMENT CYCLE

STAGEPROVINCE DISTRICT

1 Lusaka Lusaka Chitanda Middle Basic Urban Education On-goingSchool

2 Kafue Kafue District Hospital Urban Health Approval

3 Kafue Kabweza Primary Rural Education On-goingSchool

4 Northern Mazabuka Nansenga Primary Rural Edcation CompletedSchool

5 Choma Namaanza Primary Rural Education CompletedSchool

6 Choma Siamakando Primary Rural Education CompletedSchool

7 Choma Sikaneta Bridge / Rural Road FieldCauseway Appraisal

8 Northern Mpika Kabale Primary Urban Education On-goingSchool

9 Mpika Kaole Water Furrow & Rural Water FiledWells Appraisal

10. Mpika Mpepo Rural Health Rural Health CompletedCentre

11 Mpika Mpika District Hospital Urban Health Completed

12 Mpika Mundemwa Primary Rural Education CompletedSchool

13 Western Kaoma Kashokoto Primary Rural Education CompletedSchool

14 Kaoma Kaoma Cheshire Urban Community Completed/Community Care On-goingCentre Orphanage

15 Kaoma Mahilo Primary School Urban Education Completed

16 Kaoma Chilombo Bridge Rural Road Completed

17 Kaoma Kalale Dam Rural Water/ ApprovalAgriculture

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Annex 3: Profiles of Audited Community Based Projects

The following checklists were used to generate information on the state of the environment surrounding theprojects and were useful for sensitization of the people who were interviewed. This checklist should beused as a preliminary tool at community level. The results generated may also be used for screening andclassifying projects into categories A, B or C. Responses to the checklists are presented in the followingprofiles.

Checklist Questions AdditionalData needs

PROJECT SITING1. Who identified the project

2. Who selected the site of the project

Yes No3. Has the land use plan been prepared for the area in which the project is sited?

4 Is the project sited near conservation worthy ecosystems, flora or fauna O.g protected areas,wetlands, forests, sites of historical or cultural importancewhich may be impacted negatively as a result of project activities?

5 Is the project sited near major water bodies (rivers, lake, lagoons, wetland, etc)?

6 Is the project sited near main domestic/commercial use such as borehole, water well, spring etc?

7. Is the project sited in an area prone to soil erosion (see guideline No. 12)

8. Is the project site easily accessible to the majority of the potential beneficiaries?

9. Are there people who will be displaced/removed from the project site? (see G14

10. Will the project lead to migration into the area?

11. Who owns the land where the project is sited?

12. Does the siting require any legal permits/clearances from relevant institutions

PROJECT INPUTS

13. Will the project require large volumes of construction materials to be taken from local sources(eg gravel, stones, water, timber, fire wood) See G20

14 Will project require use of heavy machinery and equipment ?

15 Require significant levels of service amenities to support the workforce?

16 Will any chemicals/oils be used in the project? G13

PROJECT ACTIVITIES

17. Will the construction/implementation activities lead to degradation or loss of quality of anyenvironmental component such as forests, air, soils, water, wildlife, fish, plain, swamp/wetland,etc?

18. Will the project construction activities present dust/ chemical/ smoke pollution risks or lead to asignificant increase in noise pollution in neighbourhood?

19. Will project Implementation activities lead to significant employment opportunities?

ANTICIPATED PROJECT OUTCOMES

20. Will the project result in significant quantities of wastes or eroded material? G21

21 Will the project lead to significant changes in land use pattems G22

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22 Lead to unplanned/squatter settlements or access to conservation-worthy ecosystems or over _exploitation of natural resources (eg land, forests?

23 Be likely to require mitigation measures that result in the project being socially or financiallyunacceptable

INSTITUTIONAL AND CAPACITY BUILDING CHECKLIST

Checklist QuestionsCommunity

AdditionalYes No Data Needs

I Has the community been sensitized to environmental issues in the area before projectpreparation/implementation? G22

2. Is the community aware of the major environmental issues in the area? G22 l ljjj=

3. Does the community have any environmental management activities incorporated intheir daily/weekly/monthly/yearly programmes? G23

4. Is there any interactions between the community and District based line staff postproject completion and project hand over? G24

5 Are there any other organisations working on environmental/natural resourcemanagement projects/issues in the area? G24 D Zl

l.ow medium High

6. Overall assessment of environmental awareness and capacity to manage environmentalaspects of projects/programmes

District

7 Have the District line staff been exposed to environmental awareness/trainingworkshops? G24 |IJZl_

8 Do the line staff have any environmental management activities incorporated in theirdaily/weekly/monthly/yearly programmes? G25

9 Is there any interactions between the community and District based line staff postproject completion and project hand over? G24 W i| |]

10. What are the key environmental issues/problems in their area of operation?

Low medium High11. Overall assessment of environmental awareness and capacity to manage environmental

aspects of projects/programmes

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PROJECT PROFILE I

1. PROJECT: Mahilo Primary School

2. SECTOR: Education

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

The earlier existing 2no. class room blocks were poorly built and they needed improvement especially tothe roof and mending of developed cracks on the walls. The targets under the MPU project were:

* Rehabilitation - 2No. classroom blocks* Rehabilitation of 5No. staff houses* Construction of 5No. staff houses* Construction of 8 VIP toilets* Provision of furniture* Water improvement - supplying water to the school and* Staff houses by connecting to the district main water supply system.

Most of the materials like sand, stones and timber are from local sources. The completed buildings are ofgood technical quality as compared to the earlier buildings.

4 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro zone 2Soils: sandyVegetation:

5 PROJECT BENEFITS* Increased school places* Better school infrastructure* Better accommodation for teachers* Better learning environment* Availability of portable and clean water within easy reach* Improvement of sanitation

6 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Extensive sand mining leading to quarries* Inadequate sanitation leading to use of open spaces* Uncontrolled cattle grazing leading to soil erosion* Unprotected water well around the school* Siting of project not based on environmental technical features* Access road to school is in a bad state; it is impassable especially during rainy seasons

7. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS/CAPACITY

* PTA* Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) Program* BESSIP which also has Health and Nutrition components in Schools which includes tree

planting and school gardening.However, it was noted that

* There was little or no coordination between the organisations working on environmentmanagement issues

* Most programmes are operating on pilot basis- hence only a small number of areas or peoplebenefiting from the project

78

8. KEY FINDINGS:* Sand mined quarries have been left unattended to, becoming potential breeding ground for

mosquitoes and snakes* Inadequate sanitation facilities leading to use of open spaces which become sources of diffuse

pollution and sporadic outbreak of diarrihoea diseases.* Formation of WASHE Committees are only restricted to water points funded by NORAD.* Uncontrolled cattle grazing has led to erosion around school premises* Low sensitisation on environmental issues by Community Based Natural Resources

Management (CBNRM) Program* CBNRM Program started sensitisation activities in the school.

9. CHECKLIST: RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA1 PTA/Administration 1 No

2 Based on old existing site 2 Yes3 No Land Use Plan (LUP) 3 No4 No 4 No5 No 5 Yes6 Yes 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 No9 No 8 Yes10 No 9 No11 Traditional Chief 10 Water

SanitationSoil erosionDeforestation(Refer to Kaoma Cheshire Community Care

______ _____ ______ ______ ______C entre)

12 No _

13 Yes, soils14 No _

15 No16 Yes, tins, plastics, wood

preservatives17 Yes18 No19 No20 Yes21 No _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

22 No23 No _

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PROJECT PROFILE 2

1 PROJECT: Chilombo Bridge

2 SECTOR: Road

3 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro zone: 2Soils: Sandy soilsVegetation?

4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This bridge is on the Luena river Kasempa Road in Chilombo area which falls under chief Mutondo. The oldbridge was destroyed by the river current and collapsed in 1997 creating problems of access to the sides ofthe river in the communities living in the area. The bridge reconstruction project was funded by the DistrictDevelopment Support Programme ( DDSP) financed by the Netherlands government. The works consistedthe following:

* Reconstruction of bridge on the Luena River* Improvement of the road embankments

The construction involves the positioning and fixing of huge timber poles which serve as structuralbeams across the river supported at intervals by already existing huge concrete pillars whosefoundations go through the river base. On the timber beams rests other big timber pieces closely tiedand the gaps filled with concrete and gravel. The community participated in the preparation of thenecessary building materials like timber, sand and stones for the works. However, this bridge is on atrunk road that links the districts of Kaoma and Kasempa . For this reason the responsibility formaintenance is not clear and is assumed to fall under the Roads Department

5. PROJECT BENEFITS* Chilombo community and Kwalumwange Settlement linked to town by the bridge* Road shortcut to Kasempa* Access to school* Easy access of inputs to markets

5. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Sand mining around the Bridge* Gully sheet erosion on sides of the bridge* Animals trampling around the area as they get to the river* Lack of dredging by the Bridge side as measure for flood control* Poor bridge construction not allowing free flow of water* Lack of maintenance of the Bridge environment to facilitate water flow* Presence of weed in the river near the Bridge

5. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYResponsibility for the management and maintenance of the Bridge is not clearCouncil claims it's Road Department responsibility. However, Roads Department have not has nottaken the responsibility to maintain the bridge.

6. KEY FINDINGS:* Poor drainage around the bridge leading to soil erosion, hence threatening stability of the bridge* Quarries left unattended to leading to weakening the stability of the area around the project site* Quarries may present potential breeding ground for mosquitoes* There is no program to control gullies* No institution has responsibility for the maintenance of the bridge.

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9. CHECKLIST: RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA1 DDCC and Community 1 No

2 Based on old existing site 2 Yes3 No Land Use Plan (LUP) 3 No4 No 4 No5 Yes, Luena River 5 Yes6 Yes 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 No9 No 8 Yes10 No 9 No11 State land 10 Same as Cheshire Community Care Centre

and presence of weeds12 Yes13 Yes (timber, sand, stones)14 No15 No16 No17 Yes, (soils)18 No __l

19 No20 Yes21 No22 Yes, exploitation of timber

and increased use of otherresources

23 No

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PROJECT PROFILE 3

1 PROJECT: Sikaneta Bridge/Causeway

2 SECTOR: Road

3 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro-zone: 2Soils: sandyVegetation:

4 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThis Bridge construction project is at Field Appraisal stage and is located in Choma rural within chiefChikanta's area. The bridge shall be located on the Sikaneta River and is intended to link a total of 60villages some of which need to cross to the other side for school, health facilities, markets and hammermeals. The community has already collected stones, river and building sand for the bridge. The technicaldrawings for the bridge have been prepared although they have not yet been handed over to thecommunity. It is expected that concrete pillars, blocks and timber beams shall be used in the constructionof the bridge.

1. 1. PROJECT BENEFITS* Improved accessibility to hospital, markets, hammer mill and schools for 60 villages in Chief

Chikanta's area* Enhanced social interaction and exposure to other communities

5. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Erosion of the road/path to the project site on Sikaneta River* Scooping of sand and stones from the river bed* Extensive clearance of vegetation on the upper catchment area of the project

5. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYProject and Maintenance Committees existAwareness

6. KEY FINDINGS:* Appraisal did not address the other issues which may affect the bridge. For instance, state of

drainage along the road where the bridge was sited (upper catchment area)* Lack of knowledge on requirements in terms of technical specifications, quantities of materials,

drawings not available* No efforts made to control erosion* The Bridge is sited at a point of the river which is prone to flooding (lower point)* No consideration of alternative site. Site is based on traditional practice.

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CHECKLIST: RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA1 Community 1 No

2 Based on old existing site (no 2 Yesanalysis) _

3 No Land Use Plan (LUP) 3 No4 No 4 N/A5 Yes, Sikaneta River 5 No6 No 6 Low7 Yes. DISTRICT8 Yes 7 Yes9 No 8 No10 No 9 N/A11 Traditional land 10 * Soil erosion

* Incidents of malaria* Unsafe drinking water

12 No13 Yes (timber, sand, stones)14 No15 No16 No _

17 Yes18 No__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

19 No20 No l_ l21 No __l__

22 No ____-

23 No

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PROJECT PROFILE 4

1. PROJECT: Kalale Dam, Kaoma

2. SECTOR: Water

3. LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro-zone: 2Soils: sandy soilsVegetation:

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThe project is on approval stage technical designs have been done.The construction of earth dam site is on the Kalale stream near tobacco Board of Zambiasettlement scheme about 61 km from Kaoma district and about a kilometer from the Mongu Lusakaroad in chief Kahale's area. The dam will be 3.5 m in height and more than 207m crest length anda reservoir capacity of 46 x 103m3. Although the catchment area is reasonably large, the damwould not contain large reservoir capacity due to the shallow basin at the project site. This projectshall be funded under the Rural Investment Fund being managed by the Ministry of Agriculture.The spillway width shall be 45m and shall be lined with concrete over a length of 25m to avoidexcess erosion. The intake structure will measure 2mx 2m and will be constructed of concrete whilethe foundation will be layed with stones to avoid cracks at the base. Only clay soils from the anthillswill be used in the construction while chimney drains will be done with sand and rocks or star grassshall be planted to avoid erosion.

5. PROJECT BENEFITSThe area has little potential for water availability in the streams and rivers. Therefore theconstruction of a dam will* support both livestock and domestic water use.* irrigated agriculture especially vegetable gardening.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Downstream effects of Dam: Drying up, pollution from animal feacal* Clearing of vegetation* Siltation* Soil destabilization by animals* Overgrazing around the site* Eutrification from animal waste as site is in the depression water* Soil erosion from farming on slope

1. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYProject Committee in place but may require skills/knowledge on Dam management during operationphase

2. KEY FINDINGS:* Unwillingness of community to use safe sanitation and clean water sources* Lack of understanding of how the dam will affect people downstream. Hydrology information

although available is not disseminated to wider communities* Despite the lack of clean water sources for domestic use, the project has focused on supply of

water for animals indicating low priority placed on safe domestic water.

9. CHECKLIST: RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTI C/No. I DATA I COMMUNITY

C/No DATA

84

I Community 1 No

2 Community selected site 2 No3 No Land Use Plan (LUP) 3 No4 Yes, wetland 4 N/A5 Yes, Kalale River 5 No6 No 6 Very Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 No9 No 8 Yes10 Yes 9 No11 Chief/Traditional land 10 . Unwillingness to use pit latrines and safe

water12 Yes- abstraction of water 11 Very low13 Yes14 Yes - bulldozer15 No16 No17 Yes18 No19 No _20 No21 Yes22 Yes _23 No

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PROJECT PROFILE 5

1. PROJECT: Mpika District Hospital

1 SECTOR: Health Stage: Completed and operational

2 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro-zone: 1Soils: Loamy clay, sited on a slope

Vegetation

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThe Mpika hospital has always depended on the Chilonga Mission Hospital for the surgical facilities. This isdue to inadequate facilities and qualified staff. It was therefore very important to extend the facilities of thehospital. The project targets funded by the micro projects unit were as follows:

* Construction of a theatre block* Construction of X-Ray Block/room* Construction of surgical ward - male and female* Provision of overhead water tank* Rehabilitation of some existing structures

The construction of the hospital was done by a contractor while the designs were commissioned toconsultants. Despite the efforts made to improve water supply, the hospital is still experiencing waterproblems. This is mainly due to the overall district low water supply on which the hospital relies. Thehospital is also still depending on Chilonga mission hospital despite the completion of the buildings as theministry of health has not fully equipped the hospital and there is no adequate staff.The hospital has no incinerator for medical waste and the existing patients' relatives' shelter is in adeplorable state. The community intends to build an incinerator but currently are concentrating on theconstruction of the relatives' shelter.

1. PROJECT BENEFITS* Improved medical facilities i.e. X-Ray and theatre facilities* Reduced distance to nearest hospital* Conducive working environment for hospital staff leading to efficiency and effectiveness.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Lack of incinerator and other medical equipment* Inadequate water supply* Soil erosion on project due to slope* Dumping of rubbish in the drainage* Unsatisfactory conditions in mothers' shelter* Improper and Inadequate medical waste disposal facilities* Inadequate/no water sources in the area

2. 2. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY* Project Committee not operational* Inadequate capacity by management to organise/mobilise the community* Community members participated in donating money to the project.

1. KEY FINDINGS:* Hospital not operating at full capacity as there is no equipment* Lack of waste disposal equipment (incinerators and facilities) has led to disposal of medical waste

in open pits leading to scavenging of dangerous and infectious waste* Siting of medical waste disposal close to both the clinic and the water points

86

+ Improper medical waste disposal methods / using old p t latrines* Lack of planning for disposal facilities / methods in the preparation and implementation stage* Failure of mobilisation of community to construct incinerators for the clinic by neighbourhood

committee* Community not aware of other organisation that may help them* Unresolved water problem - dry bore-holes (2).* Inappropriate water extraction technology (use of windmill)* District staff not going back to assist communities post project implementaion* Wasted effort by communities in building additional buildings which are technically unsound and

difficult to improve.* Lack of political / local authority representation* Low awareness of environmental issues* Mothers' shelter have always been an after-thought/ past project implementation and usually left to

the community* Quarries left unattended to within the clinic premises* Environmental health aspects are not taken seriously in mothers'/relatives shelters. The shelters

are considered as not being part of the health centre* People's needs are not incorporated into the design, e.g. in the case of relatives' shelters:

activities like cooking and laundry are not taken into account, leading to pressure on hospitalfacilities

* The toilets were designed to discharge waste by pouring water in the pit latrine hole and the toiletsare not operating with poor sanitation due to lack of sufficient water.

9. CHECKLIST: RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA1 Community 1 No

2 Old site 2 No3 No Land Use Plan (LUP) 3 No4 No 4 No5 No 5 Yes - PEF and others6 No 6 Low7 Yes - (soil) slope DISTRICT8 Yes-urban 7 Yes9 No 8 Yes10 Yes 9 No11 State 10 * Water,

* erosion* waste disposal

12 Yes- Local Council 11 Medium13 Yes14 Yes1 5 Yes ___

16 Yes17 Yes18 yes19 Yes__ __

20 Yes21 No _-22 No _______ ________ ________ _________87

23 No _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

87

PROJECT PROFILE 6

I PROJECT: Mundemwa Primary School

2 SECTOR: Education Stage: on-going, almost complete, operational phase

3 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgrozone: 1Soils: Sandy/clayVegetation:

4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION* Major rehabilitation* Construction of VIPs* Construction of workshops* Bore-hole drilling not yet done

5. PROJECT BENEFITS* Improved sanitation* Provision of potable water to the school and the surrounding community* Skills training e.g. woodwork* Improved school infrastructure thus making the learning and teaching environment conducive.* More children given an opportunity to go to school

5. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Erosion around premises/ground as evidenced around trees* Abandoned quarry* Abandoned burnt bricks/ residue* Scattering of pit latrines / spread underground contamination

3. 3. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

5. KEY FINDINGS:* Toilets scattered - lack of technical guidance on siting of projects* Scattering of ground pollution* Does not take into consideration future developments* Sheet erosion is not taken seriously as no measures taken* Absence of tree planting around school premises* No alternative use for the quarries resulting out of the sand digging* Low environmental awareness and lack of training in environmental management* Lack of consideration of specific environmental factors and adapting of technical standard drawings

- under the assumption that all sites are the same

88

9. CHECKLIST: RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA1 PTA 1 No

2 Existing/Old site 2 No3 No 3 No4 No 4 No5 No 5 Yes- PEF6 Yes 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 Yes9 No 8 No10 Data required? 9 No11 Chief Chikwanda/ Mission 10 Deforestation

land12 No 11 Medium13 Yes14 No15 No16 Yes, paint17 Yes, soil quarrying18 No19 No20 Yes-brick at project site21 Yes-sanitation22 No =-23 No ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___ ___89

89

PROJECT PROFILE 7

1. PROJECT: Kaole Community Water Wells and Furrow

2. SECTOR: Water Supply / Irrigation

3. LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro-zone: 1SoilsVegetation:

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONMPU shall fund the following works:* Construction of furrow* Construction of wells* Construction of weir* Construction of road

5. PROJECT BENEFITS* Increased food production for benefit of the 6,000 people in the area.* Increased environmental awareness as the people will be involved in an environmental project.* Availability of potable and clean water for the people

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Vegetation clearing / deforestation* Quarrying* Resettlement: intensive agriculture

Firewood* Improved accessibility to resources+ Downstream cutting off population* Change in the habitat

5. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY* Use of concrete on side and base* Poor sequencing of projects* Design not (done?) by villagers* Hydrology not known

5. KEY FINDINGS:* Massive clearance of vegetation to create access road* No community bye-laws to govern management of the furrow (Natural resources etc.)* No land use plan in place* Little or no consideration of downstream effects* Little or no understanding of the Hydrology of the larger catchment area* Full implementation of the project and settlement patterns not fully understood by the community.

90

9. CHECKLIST: RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

___ _ C/No DATA1 Community 1 Yes

2 Existing/Old site? 2 Yes3 No land Use Plan 3 Not yet4 Yes 4 Yes? ? not completed5 Yes 5 Yes - PEF /DEC6 Yes 6 Yes7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 79 Yes (one x 3 family) 8

10 Yes 9 g11 Traditional land 1012 yes 1113 Yes _-14 N o_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

15 No ___

16 No17 Yes18 No19 N o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

20 Yes21 Y es__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

22 Y es__ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

23 ???? need more data = __

91

PROJECT PROFILE 8

1. PROJECT: Mpepo Rural Health Centre Stage: operational

2. SECTOR: Health

3. LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro zone: 1Soils; sandy / clayVegetation

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Initially the site only had one block which was a health centre. Thecommunity used to travel to other areas for medical attention. The world bank funded the following:* Construction of new buildings* Construction of road* Construction of staff houses, toilets, windmill and raised water tankThere was no community contribution to the project as all the works were done by a contractor engagedthrough the Ministry of Health's Physical Planning Unit.

Special: World Bank funded project through Physical Planning Unit of MOH

5. PROJECT BENEFITS* Provision of potable water* Improved medical services within easy reach of the community* Increased staff accommodation* Access to safe sanitation

5. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Improper disposal of medical waste* Abandoned quarry used for block molding* Inadequate water on the project* Lack of drainage along the road* Vegetation clearance along the road and on site

5. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

6. KEY FINDINGS:* Discrepancy and inconsistency in approaches between MOH and MPU although both are funded

by same donor (World Bank)* Siting of medical waste disposal close to both the clinic and the water points* Improper medical waste disposal methods / using old pit latrines* Lack of planning for disposal facilities / methods in the preparation and implementation stage* No plans to construct incinerators for the clinic by neighbourhood committee* Unresolved water problem - dry bore-holes (2).* Inappropriate water extraction technology (use of windmill)* District staff not going back to assist communities post project implementation* Wasted effort by communities by making extra/ additional buildings which are faulty and may have

to be demolished* Lack of political / local authority representation* Low awareness of environmental issues* Mothers' shelter have always been an after-thought/ past project implementation and usually left to

the community* Quarries left unattended to near within clinic the premises* Environmental health aspects are not taken seriously in mothers/relatives shelters. The shelters

are considered as not being part of the health centre

92

+ People's needs are not incorporated into the designs e.g. Mothers' activities like cooking, laundry,are not taken into account in their shelter leading to pressure on the hospital facilities

* Due to inadequate water operations at the hospital are lacking hygiene

9. RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATAI MOH and Community through 1 No

the Chief2 Existing small centre 2 No3 No 3 Not4 No 4 No5 No 5 No6 Yes 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 Yes9 No 8 No10 Yes?? Data not fully 9 No

operational11 Chief 10 Waste/erosion

Waste disposal

12 No 11 Low13 Yes14 Yes15 Yes16 Yes17 Yes / soils18 No19 Yes - not community

contribution20 No21 No22 Yes, to firewood, forests for

mothers' shelter23 ???? need more data

93

PROJECT PROFILE 9

1. PROJECT: Kabale Primary School

2. SECTOR: Education

3. LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro zone: 1Soils;Vegetation

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThe school had a 1x3 class room block which was in a very poor state of repair and a 1x4 CRBwhich was started by the PTA but had not been completed. There was also 7 existing teachershouses . MPU funded the following works:* completion of 1x4 CRB* construction of 1x2 CRB* construction of type a Ablution block* rehabilitation of 2no. 1 x3CRB* bore hole drilling and equipping with hand pump - to be done

1. PROJECT BENEFITS* Improved school infrastructure* Provision of potable and clean water* Safe sanitation* Conducive learning environment.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Erosion around building and school premises* Generally lacks trees around the school* Erosion on kiln sites and river banks* Poor kiln sites* Clearance of vegetation to access kiln site

Left debris, quarries

1. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYPoor structure design - spoon lackingLack of knowledge on sequencing of components: ablution block or Bore-hole? Which first?Lack of land use plan for the school area, no site plans

2. KEY FINDINGS:* Problem of soil erosion is not adequately addressed* Siting the projects (sequencing) has not been adequately taken into consideration* The drainage around the buildings is not being taken into consideration at the design phase* The environmental aspects of the site are not fully recognised/ taken into consideration at the

design and implementation stage for a termite infested area will require antiguards to beincorporated in the structure. But this is not the case for this project.

* Siting of the project near anthills* The negative effects of offsite project activities are given little consideration for example quarrying

and kilning

94

95

9. RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA1 PTA members 1 No

2 Existing site- natural selection 2 No3 No land use plan 3 Yes - tree planting4 No 4 Yes ??5 Yes-kilns and brick making 5 Yes - PEF/ DEC

near a perenial river6 No 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 Yes - PEF/ ESP9 No10 Not sure?11 Government12 No13 Yes .14 No15 No16 Yes, paint17 Yes - kilns/ river/ water18 Yes19 Yes__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

20 Yes21 No22 No _23 No

96

PROJECT PROFILE 10

1 PROJECT: Nansenga Middle Basic Sshool

2 SECTOR: Education

3 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro zone 3Soils; SandyVegetation Sparse

4 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThe following are the targets under MPU funding:* Rehabilitation of 5 class rooms* Building of 18 new toilets* Building of 5 teachers' houses

5. PROJECT BENEFITS* Provision of better accommodation for teachers leading to improved morale* Improved sanitation* Improved school infrastructure* Equipping of classroom furniture

5. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS- Soil erosion* Deforestation* Overgrazing* Sand mining

5. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY* For environmental education to be effective, there is need for a core group to act as a catalyst or

motivator* Need to involve traditional leaders in influencing community* Teachers should integrate environmental education into the child to child program

5. KEY FINDINGS:* Environmental Indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) not being used for this particular area* Motivation to conserve is low/absent.* Sense of hopelessness* Environmental management knowledge lacking in the community and the PTA committee* Toilets wrongly sited in relation to water source/stream which is occasionally used as source of

domestic water* Other organisations such as DAPP have been working in the area on sensitisation on

environmental issues* Foundation trenches dug before approval and left open for long periods- environmental hazard

97

98

9 RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTDATA COMMUNITY

C/No.C/No DATA

1 PTA and Headmistress 1 No

2 Headmistress 2 No3 Land Use Plan not 3 No

done/available4 Near Kafue tributary 4 No5 Yes 5 Yes -

DAPP and D-WASHE)6 Yes 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 No9 No 8 No10 No/ Yes More information 9 No11 Government but located on 10 Lack of water

traditional land Land degradationGrazingDeforestation

12 Yes 11 Low13 Yes14 No15 No16 No17 Yes / soils were mined18 Yes, Dust19 Yes/No - no information

available20 Yes21 No22 Changes- human settlement:

______ |house from agriculture l l23 Yes/No _ I_.

99

PROJECT PROFILE 11

1 PROJECT: Kaoma Cheshire Community Care Centre

2 SECTOR: Community Facility; Stage: Partially completed

3 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES

Agro-zone: 2Soils;Vegetation

4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The orphanage has been in operation for some time and has had the necessary facilities which includeaccommodation for the children, cooking and laundry rooms and 2no. ablution blocks. The addition underMPU targets were as follows:

* Construction of a boundary wall* Construction of a semi detached staff house* Erection of an elevated water tank including booster pump

The boundary wall, the water tank stand and the semi-detached house have been done while thewater tank and booster pump are yet to be installed. The timber, sand and stones used in theconstruction were all fetched from local sources by the community. The semi-detached house hasbeen converted into a guest house in order to raise income for the operations of the centre.

5. PROJECT BENEFITS* Care for orphans* Provision of Home Based Care* Affording an opportunity to the older children to attend Pre-School* Provision of staff accommodation* Provision for safe and potable water.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Located near swampy area leading to collapsing of walls* Poor drainage of waste water (poor design)* Mosquito infested area

7. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY* Existing Management and Maintenance Committee have some awareness of environmental issues.* Appears to be no link between the Management Committee and the District* Orphanage has turned a semi-detached house into a Guest House as an income generating source* Orphanage does some small-scale gardening and relies on community and other well wishers

contributions

8. KEY FINDINGS:* Poor technical guidance on construction of external waste disposal reticulation* No mitigation measures against soil erosion around the premises* Project sited in an area prone to mosquito infestation-high incidence of malaria* Lack of holistic approach to integration of environmental concern at identification and preparation of

the project (no consideration of existing structures)* Untimely supply of equipment leading to inadequate environmental facilities* Field appraisal confined to existing MPU requirements and not taking into consideration other

environmental issues* Inappropriate procedures for identification and selection of project equipment suppliers

100

9. RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTClNo. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA1 Management Committee 1 No

2 Built on existing site 2 Yes- spraying of breeding grounds formosquitoes

3 No Land Use Plan (LUP) 3 Yes4 Yes 4 No5 No 5 Yes6 no 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 No 7 No9 No 8 Yes10 No 9 No11 Orphanage 10 Inadequate safe water

Inadequate sanitationSoil erosion and deforestationSand mining

12 Yes - Council 11 Medium(Local Authority)

13 Yes14 No15 No ___

16 Yes (oils and paint)17 Yes- sand mining18 yes19 No20 Yes21 No__ __

22 No23 No X _ _ _ _ _ __=-

101

PROJECT PROFILE 12

1. PROJECT: Kashokoto Primary School (Kaoma)

2. SECTOR: Education Stage: completed/ operational3. LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES

Agro-zone: 2Soils: Sandy (Kalahari sand)Vegetation

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The school has been operating before the MPU project was initiated. The existing buildings were all buildout of mud bricks and grass thatched roofs. The targets under MPU funding were as follows:

* Construction of 1 x 3 classroom block* Construction of 2 x RED14 staff houses* Construction of 10 VIPs toilets* Construction of a well* Provision of furniture

The construction is mainly with concrete blocks implying the use of river sand and cement. The sandy soilsin the area make the option of clay bricks not viable. The community contributed stones, river and buildingsand. The community how ever took about 6 years to meet the MPU requirements of 25% contribution. Theschool is still facing water problems despite the presence of a well, funded by MPU and a bore hole andhand pump close to the school funded under the Constituency Development Fund (CDF) which is also usedby the village population.

5. PROJECT BENEFITS- Children's access to improved sanitation* Provision of improved staff accomodation thus increasing staff morale- Improved school infrastructure leading to increased enrolment* Provision of potable water

6. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Soil erosion due to complete clearance of vegetation* Quarry close to school buildings* Unsafe water because the well is left open* Poor drainage system around the school

7. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY* Strengthening of legal framework for management of resources or resources by communities* Environmental awareness and publicity* Inventory/ information gathering on resources* Creation of natural Resources committee in villages

Organisational/ Institutional Framework

District Environmental FacilitatorCo-ordinates: Sub-committee of DDCCs

District Natural Resources CommitteeSub-District Development Co-ordinating CommitteeVillage Natural Resources Committee (being formed)

8 KEY FINDINGS:Quarries left uncovered - no mitigation measures to deal with the quarryLack of initiative on the part of school to mobilize the communityThe siting of the quarry (sand source) was inappropriate

102

Extensive clearance of vegetation around the project site without provision of compensating measures

such as tree plantingWater well which is the main/ key water source is unprotected

Concept of community participation/ contribution not appreciatedInadequate sensitisation on MPU requirements and objectivesProject imposed by DEO as reflected by reluctant or low community contribution; it took six years to

take off.

9. RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA1 DEO and Headmaster 1 No

2 On old existing site 2 Yes- grazing, soil erosion

3 No LUP 3 No

4 No 4 No

5 No 5 Yes CBNR Management Programme, DEF

6 Yes 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 No9 No 8 Yes- DN R Committee10 No 9 NoII Traditional land/chief 10 Inadequate safe water

Inadequate sanitationSoil erosionDeforestation (charcoal/timber

_ Sand mining:12 No 11 Medium13 Yes _

14 No15 No16 Yes, paints/ wood

preservatives17 Yes18 No19 No20 Yes21 No .

22 no23 No

103

PROJECT PROFILE 13

1 PROJECT: Namaanza Primary School

2 SECTOR: Education

3 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro-zone: 3Soils; Loamy clayVegetation

4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The school had an existing 1x3 CRB and 3No staff houses funded by FINNIDA. The community also builtthe staff house. Existing was also a World Vision funded borehole.Micro projects Unit project targets were as follows:

* Rehabilitation of a 1 x 3 class room block (by FINNIDA)* Construction of 2No 1 x 2 classroom block* Construction of 2No. staff houses* Construction of 2 pit latrines* Construction of 4 pit latrines and 1 staff VIP latrine* Construction of bore-hole and hand pump* Provision of furniture (60 desks, 7 tables, and office cabinets)

The community moulded clay bricks which were burnt in kilns. Stones, building and river sand were fecthedwithin the surrounding areas. The clay soils were obtained from the ant hills. Fresh or wet wood is used forthe burning of bricks. All the targets were met though the recently done borehole and hand pump has beendamaged and needs repair.

5. PROJECT BENEFITS* More pupils having access to school due to its proximity* Enabling school and community have access to potable water* Provision of improved accomodation for teachers* Improved school infrastructure

5. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNSInadequate sanitation leading to occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases and otherSoil erosionLack of technical guidance on the siting of pit latrinesLack of seriousness about maintenance of bore-hole and hand pump. No effort to obtain toolsLow environmental awareness- clearing indigenous trees

6. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYVillage committees operate separatelyNo representative body covering all villagesP.T.A. at school

7. KEY FINDINGS:* Lack of environmental awareness and deeply routed in practices that ignore hygiene.+ Recently funded bore-hole not working and community unaware who to approach for tools to repair

the same. User fees not realistic (K1,000 per year)* Inadequate attempts made to control soil erosion; e.g. planting trees and hedges and digging

shallow storm drains* Other donor funded projects in the area did not consider environmental issues and problems in the

area, and lacked sound technical input.104

* Siting of pit latrines was based on wind direction ignoring other factors such as the location andlevel of the water points

+ The village development committee unconcerned about environmental matters affecting the school.* Indigenous trees uprooted because they were considered valueless as compared to mango fruit

trees planted in their place.

9. RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA1 Community 1 No

2 Existing site 2 No3 No LUP 3 No4 No 4 No5 Yes 5 No6 Yes ( 2 bore-holes) 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 Yes9 No 8 No10 Yes 9 No11 Traditional land 10 Soil erosion

Inadequate waterPoor sanitationdeforestation

12 No 11 Low13 Yes14 No _

15 No _ ___=

16 Yes _ _

17 Yes X T_I_ _

18 yes _ l_l19 No _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __l_l

20 Yes _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _

2 1 N o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

22 Yes T T23 N o _______ ________ _________ ________105

105

PROJECT PROFILE 14

1. PROJECT: Siamakando Primary School (Choma)

2 SECTOR: Education

3 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro-zone: 3Soils; Loamy soilVegetation

4. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThe existing classroom block on site was constructed out of mud bricks and gum pole trusses in 1981.It is currently heavily damaged due to termite attack and is totally unsuitable for a classroom as theroof could collapse any time. The Micro Projects Targets were initiated in 1997 and completed in 1998consisting of the following:* Construction of 1 x 3 class room block* Construction of 2 staff houses and corresponding 2No. pit latrines* Provision of furniture* Construction of 4No. pit latrines for the pupilsThe site has a borehole and a hand pump installed through the Constituency Development FundCDF). The clay bricks were moulded and burnt in kilns using wood fuel while the stones, building andriver sand were also obtained within the area.

4. PROJECT BENEFITS* Improved sanitation for the children and teachers* Creating an improved learning and teaching environment through the improvement of school

infrastructure* Creating more school places

4. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* No environmental hygiene - poor sanitation/unclean domestic water* Soil erosion/ no tree planting* Low environmental awareness* Heavy termite infestation* Poor siting of pit latrines - no consideration of environmental and technical factors

4. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYPTA preventive maintenanceCDF Committee

5. KEY FINDINGS:* Lack of awareness on environmental hygiene, poor sanitation and unsafe drinking water* Soil erosion is evident though the school has no plans to arrest it. No tree planting in the area* There is a serious termite infestation in the area such that the old class room building of mud brick

wall and timber poles has been heavily attacked to dilapidation* Lack of knowledge and consideration of environmental and technical factors in the siting of pit

latrines.

9. RESPONSES TO CHECKLIST106

C/No. DATA COMMUNITYC/No DATA

1 PTA 1 No

2 Existing site 2 No3 No 3 Not4 No 4 No5 Yes, (small stream) 5 No6 Yes (bore-hole) 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 Yes9 No 8 No

10 Yes 9 No11 Traditional land 10 Soil erosion, poor water quality; poor

sanitation; deforestation

12 No 11 Low13 Yes14 No15 No16 Yes17 Yes18 Yes19 No20 Yes21 No22 Yes ___

23 No

107

PROJECT PROFILE 15

1 PROJECT: Kafue District Hospital

2 SECTOR: Health

3 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro-zone: 2 (urban)Soils: Loamy / clay soilVegetation

4 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThe project site has various projects funded by different agencies. The different building facilities areintended to constitute a functional District Hospital. The following is the status of the developments onthe site:* Mortuary and site offices existing* water supply from the district main supply system including a bore-hole and an elevated water tank

existing* Children's ward (roofed) but not completed - funded by JICA* Male ward (roofed) but not completed - funded by JICA* Female ward at foundation level - expected to be funded by DFID (British)* Surgical ward at foundation level being funded by the community

MPU is expected to finance the following: completion of Administration and Out-Patient Department(OPD) currently at concrete floor slab level; Theatre and X-Ray buildings currently at wall plate level.and Service Block -currently at concrete floor slab level

The community has resolved to engage a contractor on a labour contract. The tender process will bemanaged by the Project Committee while Buildings Department has been approached to offertechnical guidance, supervision and revision of the drawings.

5 PROJECT BENEFITS* Reduce dependence on UTH which is over 30 kilometres away* Improved access to health services* Improved medical services* More qualified medical staff in the District* More employment opportunities for locals

6. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Sited at the foot of a steep hill* Prone to soil erosion* Deforestation on the slopes of the hill* Expanding human settlement close to the project area* Lack of proper storm water drainage around the site+ Lack of provisions for medical waste disposal in the plans.

7. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY* Strong project Committee with capacity to mobilize people and raise funds* Committee requires strengthening in environmental awareness* The Committee has initiated a tree planting program and made attempts to construct storm drains

around the site.

8. KEY FINDINGS:* No use of Land Use Plans for siting of projects* MPU is not involved in siting of projects

108

* The sites of projects are identified in isolation to other land use type-limited focus in relation toother uses

* Siting of project must be given consideration.* More focus by MPU on technical aspects rather than the siting of the project which has more

environmental relevance* No institution to enforce the technical/environmental requirements in rural setting* MPU does not focus on the operational/ equipment requirements and their impacts on the

operational stage cost of the Hospital. The cost of the equipment may be too high to be easilyobtained by the Ministry of Health or the beneficiary community.

* Lack of provision and commitment in planning for operational requirements (such as medical wastedisposal facilities and other equipment) between the project implementation committees andfacilitating institutions

* Lack of community commitment to participate in the tree planting activities initiated by the projectcommittee

* Low awareness among the general community on environmental issues

9. RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA1 Community 1 No

2 GRZ (historical site) 2 No3 No 3 Not4 No 4 N/A5 No 5 No6 Yes(bore-hole) 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes 7 No9 No 8 No10 Yes 9 N/A11 GRZ 10 Soil erosion, deforestation on the hill slopes,

waste disposal12 Yes 11 Low13 Yes14 No15 No16 Yes17 Yes (soils, forests) .18 Yes19 Yes20 Yes21 Yes .22 No 23 No

109

PROJECT PROFILE 16

I PROJECT: Kabweza Primary School (Kafue District)

2 SECTOR: Education (Completed and on-going)

3 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro-zone: 2Soils: Sandy loam soil; on a gentle slopeVegetation

4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The school initially( 1995) had a 1x2 classroom block and 4 staff houses funded by FINIDA including 5 pitlatrines.A borehole and hand pump funded by JICA were also installed .The microprojects unit funded thefollowing works:

* Rehabilitation of an existing 1 x 2 class room block* Completion of lx 2 class room blocks* Construction of 4 VIP toilets* Construction of 2 staff houses

The additional components were intended to upgrade the school to a basic school by catering for thegrades 8 and 9 whose admission was only possible in Kafue urban. The community contributed stones,building and river sand and moulded and burnt bricks. Kilns were located near the river for easy access towater for moulding. Wet wood is used for Kilning.The community intends to put up a laboratory and a Home Economics Unit inorder to fully cover thefacilities for the subjects in grades 8 and 9. The foundation for the lab and home economics have beendone and they aim to solicit more funds.

5. PROJECT BENEFITS* Teachers provided with decent accomodation thus creating a conducive work environment* Improved teaching of Science and Home Economics subjects* More children will not have to walk long distances as the school has increased its enrolment

levels.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Deforestation in the area* Abandoned quarries near school* Improper siting of toilets in relation to the bore-hole* Sheet erosion

7. INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ISSUES

Maintenance P.T.A.

Micro Project VILLAGE ZONE Boundary CommitteeCommittee COMMITTEE

Maintena ceCommittee

110

8 KEY FINDINGS:* The area has been cleared of forests. Hence community collect firewood from a nearby farmer to

meet energy demand* Area is not large enough to enable community develop their own wood lots* Community is involved in ad hoc tree planting for wind-breaks around their homesteads* Widespread construction of storm drains around the village and the school* Quarries have been left unattended to, making them breeding grounds for snakes and mosquitoes* Community has worked on feeder road construction - hence were exposed to drainage

constructions.

9. RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTC/No. DATA COMMUNITY

C/No DATA

1 P.T.A. 1 No

2 Existing school site 2 Yes3 No LUP 3 Yes- storm drain const.Tree planting4 No 4 Yes5 No 5 No6 Yes, near bore-hole 6 Medium7 Yes DISTRICT

8 Yes 7 No9 No 8 No10 Yes 9 Yes11 Traditional land 10 Deforestation, erosion

12 No 11 Medium13 Yes14 No15 No16 Yes: paints + wood18___ preservatives17 Yes1 8 No__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1 9 No__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

20 Yes21 No --22 No__ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

23 No__ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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PROJECT PROFILE 17

1 PROJECT: Chitanda Primary School

2 SECTOR: Education (on-going, affecting operations)

3 LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESAgro-zone: 2Soils: Loamy and sandy; slope and stoneVegetation

4 PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThe school was totally dilapidated due to vandalism . The community contributed by erecting a boundarywall. MPU funded the following:

* Rehabilitation of entire school* Construction of a security wall around the school* Erection of an elevated water tank* Sinking of bore-hole

The project is on going and it is expected that the water problems that the school has been experiencingwill come to an end upon completion of the project.

5. PROJECT BENEFITS* Reduced distances* Increased enrolments* Improved school infrastructure* Reduced vandalism as a result of improved security* Provision of potable water

6 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/CONCERNS* Soil erosion* Water is a problem* Exposed water reservoir* Vegetation clearance

7 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

Administration MPU Committee

Preventive Maintenance

* Committees are well co-ordinated* Low environmental awareness and management capacity* If trained they could have higher potential for mobilising community on environmental awareness+ No other organisations working on environmental management issues in the area.

8 KEY FINDINGS:112

* No Land Use Plan* Prone to soil erosion* No sensitisation carried during the planning phase of project* Project site located in a place vulnerable to vandalism* Attempts have been made to control erosion by constructing storm drains* Waste disposal sites are being recycled before waste has completely decomposed/ degraded

indicating shortage of land for waste disposal

9. RESPONSES TO CHECKLISTS/No. DATA COMMUNITY

S/No DATAI School & Community I No

2 Existing old site 2 No3 No LUP 3 Not4 No 4 N/A5 No 5 No6 Yes, near bore-hole 6 Low7 Yes DISTRICT8 Yes (urban) 7 No9 No 8 No10 Yes/ No 9 N/A11 State/ Urban Council 10 Erosion

Inadequate water12 Yes 11 Low13 Yes14 No15 No _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __I

16 Yes, oils and paints17 Yes: externalities,

.______ downstream18 yes19 Yes20 No21 No22 No23 No

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Annex 4 An Outline of an Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure

The over all process of environmental impact assessment aims to integrate environmental considerationsinto the planning and implementation of road improvement projects. In practical terms, EnvironmentalAnalysis or an EIA study predicts the likely environmental impacts of a project, finds ways of mitigatingunacceptable impacts, and presents the predictions and most appropriate mitigation options to decisionmakers. It should also involve public consultation with interested parties and the affected population.

Environmental Assessment involves six basic tasks:

* Identification of project activities and alternatives* Scooping* Prediction of Impacts* Evaluation of Impacts* Identification of mitigation measures* Presentation of results

Identification of alternatives

Identifying project activities and alternatives and comparing their environmental impacts is a key aspect ofundertaking an Environmental Assessment. What alternatives are to be considered depends upon whichstage of the project cycle the project has reached and should be made explicit during the scoping phase.For example, fields assessments may be concerned with alternatives for site selection, transport routing,etc. Further into the project cycle, for example at the improvement plan preparation, there is more emphasison identifying project component altematives in the light of specific design requirements such as routingthrough human settlements, wildlife habitats, etc.

An Environmental Analysis or EIA study should therefore report on the environmental implications ofchoosing between these alternatives, including those choices made prior to the study. Through out thisalternative process each alternative should at a minimum be contrasted with the 'do-nothing' scenario andthe environmental consequences of the baseline situation.

Scoping

Scoping involves the identification and narrowing down of potential environmental impacts so that theEnvironmental Assessment focuses only on those that are likely to be significant. There are a number ofmethods that can be applied to identify impacts. One such method is the use of checklists or questionnairesto identify all the project's potential 'sources' of environmental impacts, e.g. smoke emissions, waterpollution's, construction material etc., and then list possible 'reporters' in the environment, e.g. crops,communities or water bodies. This is done by surveying the existing environment and consulting, withinterested parties.

Prediction of Impacts

Once identified, the potential magnitude (size and nature) of the environmental impacts must be predicted.To prevent unnecessary expense, the sophistication of the predictive methods used should be kept inproportion to the scope of the Environmental Assessment or the EIA and the importance of the particularimpact.

Evaluation of Impacts

Early in the project cycle, altemative project sites, routes or project types may undergo an evaluation toidentify and compare how each is likely to affect the environment. It is also important to appreciate to thatdecisions stemming from the examination of alternatives prior to the environmental assessment are likely tobe influenced just as much, if not more, by economic, social of political concerns as they are byenvironmental factors.

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Even when the environmental implications of alternatives have been given full consideration form theearliest stages, the final project may still have adverse environmental effects. The significance andacceptability, of these impacts may be determined by evaluating the predicted effects against criteria forenvironmental standards, public preferences, expert opinion etc. Where an impact is evaluated as beingunacceptable against these criteria, ways should be sought to mitigate the impact through changes designor methods of construction or operation.

Identification of Mitigation Measures

Where the results of an evaluation show that certain impacts are likely to be environmentally unacceptable,mitigation measures need to be identified so as to reduce impacts to within acceptable levels..

Presentation of Results

The final task in an Environmental Analysis or EIA study is the presentation of results in such a way thatdecision -maker can be informed of what needs to be done

Many technically first rate studies fail to be useful because of poor documentation. The environmentalAnalysis or EIA can achieve its purpose only if its findings are well communicated to decision makers. Foran EIA Study of a road project, the recommended report layout should be as shown in Annex 3.

In Zambia the results of an EIA are compiled in a report called An 'Environmental Impact Statement'. Theresults of a review are compiled in a report called 'brief'

Monitoring and supervision

Once a project has begun, its activities will virtually always have some environmental consequences.Positive or negative. These need to be assessed as part of the usual monitoring process. The focus ofenvironmental monitoring is three-fold:

1. Evaluation of the environmental impact of projects, and of the effectiveness of the environmentalmitigation measures as originally agreed.

2. Advance waming of adverse changes in the baseline environment resulting from implementing aproject.

3. Assessment and evaluation of any unforeseen environmental impacts

The monitoring report should therefore, demonstrate the success or failure, of the environmental protectionmeasures, and identify and evaluate any unforeseen environmental impacts.

Relevant Road Highway Authorities in Collaboration with the Environmental Council of Zambia will take themonitoring responsibility.

Project Evaluation

Incorporating environmental factors into the evaluation process establishes whether a project has achievedits overall environmental objectives. Evaluation should present the principal environmental lessons thathave been leamed. Secondly, it should determine whether the procedures and methodology associatedwith the system of environmental appraisal were being implemented effectively. If environmental issues areparticularly prominent in the project, it may be appropriate to commission an Environmental Adult as aspecific study within the evaluation.Relevant Road Highway Authorities in collaboration with the Environmental Council of Zambia will takeevaluation responsibility.

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Annex 5: Schedules To EIA Regulations, Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997

FIRST SCHEDULE: PROJECTS THAT REQUIRE PROJECT BRIEFS

Projects:1. Urban area rehabilitation2. Water Transport3. Flood control schemes4. Exploration for and production of hydrocarbons including refining and transport5. Timber harvesting and processing in forestry6. Land consolidation schemes7. Mining and mineral processing, reduction of ores, minerals, cement and lime kilns8. Smelting and refining of ores and minerals9. Foundries10. Brick and earthen manufacture11. Glass works12. Brewing and malting plants13. Plants for manufacture of coal briquettes14. Pumped storage schemes15. Bulk grain processing plants16. Hydro power schemes and manufacturing

Others

1. Resettlement schemes2. Storage of hydrocarbons3. Hospitals, clinics and health centres4. Cemetery designation5. Touring and recreational development in national parks or similar reserves6. Projects located in or near environmental sensitive areas such as:

a) indigenous forests;b) wetlands;c) zones of high biological diversity;d) areas supporting populations of rare and endangered species;e) zones prone to erosion or desertification;f) areas of historical and archeological interest;g) areas prone to flooding and natural hazards; .h) water catchment concerning major sources for public, industrial or agricultural uses

and;i) areas of human settlements (particularly those with schools and hospitals).

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PROCEDURE FOR PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSTATEMENTS

ECZ advises the Developer that anEnvironmental Impact Statement is requiredunder the EPPC Act (EIA) Regulations

Public Meeting to gather input from

The Developer, with assistance from ECZ, community for scoping studyStep 3 conducts a scoping study

The Developer submits Draft Terms of Referencetp4 f the EIS to ECZ

117 l TORinadequate

ECZ advises the Developer as to the~~~~adequacy/requirements of the ToRr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O _ adequatel

| { . ~The Developer submits names and qualifications Tmuacpalof the EIS Team to ECZ for approval

. | ~~~Team acceptablel

The Developer conducts the EIS PULCMEETING TO GATHER|E0} _ INPUT ~~~~~~~FROM THE COMMIIY

The Developer submits 12 copies of the EIS

Ptep Stdy Report to ECZ

_ PROJECT ~~~~~~~APPROVED

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SECOND SCHEDULE: PROJECTS THAT REQUIRE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS

Urban Development

1. Designing of new townships which are 5 Ha or more or sites covering 700 dwellings and above.2. Establishments of industrial estates.3. Establishment or expansion of recreational areas such as golf course, which would attract 200 or

more vehicles.4. Shopping centres and complexes - 10,000m2 and above, floor area.

Transportation

1. All major roads outside urban areas, the construction of new roads and major improvements over1 OKm in length or over 1 Km in length if the road passes through a National Park or GameManagement Area.

2. Railway lines 1 OKm away from built up area.3. Airport and airfields whose runaway is 1,800m or more.4. Pipelines: for water, diameter 0.5m and above and length 1 OKm outside built area; for oil, 15Km or

more of which 5Km or more of their length will be situated in a protected area, a seriously polluted ora water abstraction area.

5. Establishment of or expansion of harbours or pontoon areas.

Dams, Rivers, and Water Resources

1. Dams and barrages covering a total of 25 Ha or more;2. Exploration for, and use of, ground water resources including production of geothermal energy: water

to be extracted to be more than 2 million cumecs (m3/s);3. Water supply - reservior surface area 5om2 or more.

Mining: Including Quarrying and Open Cast Extraction

1. Copper mining, coal site;2. Limestone, sand, dolomite, phosphate and clay extraction's of 2 Ha or more;3. Precious metals (silver, zinc, cobalt, nickel);4. Industrial metals;5. Radioactive metals.

Forestry Related Activities

1. Clearance of forestry in sensitive areas such as watershed areas for industrial use 50 Ha or more;2. Reforestation and afforestation;3. Wood processing plants -1,000 tonnes or more per year.

Agriculture

1. Land clearance for large scale agriculture;2. Introduction and use of agrochemicals new to Zambia;3. Irrigation schemes covering an area of 50 Ha or more;4. Fish farms of which production is 1000 tonnes or more a year;5. Aerial and ground spraying -industrial scale.

Processing and Manufacturing Industry

1. Cement works and lime processing - 1,000 tonnes or more a year;2. Fertilizer manufacturing or processing - 1,000 tonnes or more a year;3. Tanning and dressing of hides and skins - 1,000 skins a week;4. Abattoirs and meat processing plants - 20,000 carcasses and above a month;

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5. Fish processing plant- more than 100 tonnes a year;6. Pulp and paper mills - daily out put 50 air dried tonnes and above a day;7. Food processing plants - 400 tonnes or more out put a year.

Electrical Infrastructure

1. Electricity generation station;2. 'Electrical transmission lines - 220 kv and more than 1 km long;3. Surface roads for electrical and transmission lines for more than 1 Km long.

Waste Disposal

1. Sites for solid disposal: construction of permanent disposal site with 1,000 tonnes and above a day;2. Sites for hazardous disposal of 100 tonnes or more a year;3. Sewage disposal works - with a capacity of 15,000 litres or more a day.

Nature Conservation Areas

1. Creation of national parks, game management areas and buffer zones;2. Commercial exploitation of natural fauna and flora;3. Introduction of alien species of flora and fauna to local ecosystems.

Stakeholders Participation And Consultations In A Eia Study

Environmental Assessment Requirements

Zambia's EIA Policy (1997) requires that public consultation be an integral part of carrying out EA Studies.

Minimum requirement: At minimum, the proponent must meet with the principal stakeholders to informthem about the proposed road works and to solicit their views about it.

Purpose of Consultation

During the different phases of implementing road rehabilitation and maintenance works, individuals,communities, business sector and the general public will be affected differently. For example,implementation of road works may provide employment opportunities, may displace them from their'homes, may introduce new social and cultural values or create noise and pollution which will affect theirhealth, (Section 5). If they are consulted about the project,

their anxieties and concerns may be reduced and the proposals may readily be accepted;they are better able to appreciate the opportunities the project may bringthey can point out issues of concern to them and what they value most in the environment;they may provide useful suggestions which may improve the design and implementation of the works andthey may cooperate with the contractors.

Stages of Consultation

Consultation with the relevant stakeholders shall be conducted throughout the project cycle.However, consultation should be timed to coincide with significant planning and decision making activitiesin the project cycle. Table 4 indicates the critical periods when public consultation could be undertaken.

Forms of Consultation

Various methods of public consultation may be used. For the purpose of road works, several are listedand include;

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Individual/personal interviewsCommunity meetingsAdvisory committeesPublic hearingsInformation notices brochuresPress conferenceQuestionnaires

No one method is usually sufficient by itself to achieve an effective public consultation. Therefore, it isrecommended that:

The proponent/s should incorporate at least 2-3 or more methods which complement each other inensuring adequate public consultation.

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Annex 6: Example of Contract Clauses to be Included in Community Contract

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Annex 7 Recommendations on Review of Existing MPU Documents

DOCUMENT 1. FACILITATORS' MANUAL FOR MAINTENANCE OF COMMUNITY BASEDINFRASTRUCTURE

SUGGESTED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES TO BE INCLUDED IN THE MANUAL

MODULE 1: Introduction to Sustainable Development

Suggested definition of: 'Sustainable Development'

A course of development that can be maintained over a long period of time without negative effects onthe environment.

KEY POINTS OF MODULE:

To add:

1. There can be no future without proper management of the environment affected by our projects.

MODULE 2: Organising a Maintenance Committee

Step 1: What are the Characteristics of a good Committee?

To add:

1. To ensure proper management of the environment

Step 2: Functions of the Maintenance Committee

To add:

1. Create environmental awareness2. On Major Tasks, to add as follows:

FUNCTION ITASKEnsure Building to Last Hold regular environmental awareness meetings

MODULE 3: Creating Community Awareness

To add as follows:

Time and Steps

Step Porcedures TimeBackgroundStep 1 etc Creating Responsibilty 30 minsMaterials Visuals: Parents protecting

and caring for the structuresand the environment

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BACKGROUND TO MODULE

To add:

Make the community aware who is responsible for community assets and the environment

Step 1: Creating Responsibility

To add:A picture of a river with trees along it and a parent cutting a tree

Questions to be asked:1. What can you see happening in the picture?2. What is the parent doing?3. If he cuts down all the trees, what would be the outcome?4. Is this development? In what way?

MODULE 4: Creating a Routine Preventive Maintenance Schedule

Step 1:To add to: Steps to Create a Routine Preventive Schedule...

2....3.4.5. Decide what should be done to the area around the structures6. Decide who will do which activities

MODULE 8: Building to Last

Step 2:To add: Divide the participants into five groups:

Group 5 takes "Siting for a Project"

GROUP 5: SITING FOR A PROJECTCRITICAL STAGE WHAT TO CHECK FOR

1 Siting in relation to existing infrastructure2. Siting in relation to bore-hole, VIP latrine3. Siting in relation to a river or a stream4 Siting in a sandy area5 Siting in a swampy area

Document 2: Project Implementation Manual Volume I

After reviewing the MPU Project Implementation Manuals, Volumes 1 and 2, and the MPU MaintenanceManual, the following additions are proposed in order to address some environmental concerns:

Chapter: Planning Project ImplementationPage 90: under"The meaning of planning":Add:WHERE to do it (the site)

Page 91: under 'Planning the project"

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Add: subtitle: 'Project Sites", right before the Work Programme summary for Zinindi. The points under"Project Site" are:

Choose an appropriate site for your project.Avoid dumpy or water logged sitesLook at other altematives and weigh the advantages against disadvantages of different sitesAvoid termite infested areas. Where there are no alternatives take measures against termites in thedesigns and during construction.

2. Project Implementation Manual Volume 2

Chapter: The sitePage 62: under "Selecting the Site"Point 3; should read:Try not to cut down any trees when siting your buildings. Trees are very important for our environment,they provide shade, and act as windbreakers against heavy winds that cause soil erosion. Their roofs alsostop the soil being washed away in the rains.Add point 5, under "Other Important Factors":Choose an appropriate site for your project.Avoid dumpy or water logged sitesLook at other alternatives and weigh the advantages against disadvantages of different sitesAvoid termite infested areas. Where there are no altematives take measures against termites in thedesigns and during construction.

Chapter: The Site

Page 64: Under 'Clearing the Site"Add- Remember to clear only the affected site and not to cut trees when not necessary.

Key points. Page 66Second point should read: 'Avoid chopping down trees if you can" instead of: "Try to chop down as fewtrees as possible"

Chapter: Brick making:Page 20: Under 'Choosing the right soil for your bricks"The chapter on brick making does not recognise the environmental effects associated with sand and claysoil digging or brick making. There is no mention on how to deal with the resultant quarries. No mention ofthe effects of cutting down tries for kilning.The following points could therefore be added as a continuation on page 21 under uChoosing The RightSoil For Your Bricks" and on page 28 under "Wood For The Kiln":Page 21:Add:CautionRemember that the activity of digging soils from any part of the land will result in quarries. Thereforeensure that the digging is done a good distance away from the school buildings and make sure you burythe quarries, as they are an environmental hazard.Page 28:Add:Remember that the fresh wood you use in the kilns could eventually contribute to deforestation and soilerosion. It is advisable not to cut trees indiscriminately. Planting another tree in the community for everytree cut is a good environmental practice.

Page 31 under "Checking Your Results"Add:Make sure you clear all the debris or broken bricks from the kilning site and use them in the constructionfor back-filling (when crushed ), brick drains construction of paved walkways etc.

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Chapter VIP latrinesPage 52: under "How to Build a V.I.P Latrine" (Siting the VIP)Add:Important: Ensure the V.I.P is built downhill from the well and bore-hole to reduce the chances of groundwater pollution.

Page 59:Under "Key points"Add:Make sure your V.I.P is at a lower ground level in relation to wells and bore holes.

Chapter :Plastering, Painting and Finishing.Page 137: 'How much Paint"Add:Caution:Ensure you dispose of the paint tins, plastic containers for oil based paints and kerosene properly. Do notbury them nor throw them around, as they do not decompose, as they are an environmental and firehazards.

Page 141:Under "Key points"Add:Dispose the paint tins and plastic containers properly

Chapter: RehabilitationPage 159: under 'Environment"Add:

Chapter: WellsPage 170:Under "Key points"Add:

Always site your wells at a higher ground level compared to the pit latrines or septic tanks and soak-aways.

Chapter RoadsPage 172; last sentence to be reviewed.Reads 'All tall vegetation should be cleared back 5m on each side of the road'.???

3. Maintenance Manual for use by Communities

hapter Three : Maintenance of BuildingsPage 61: under "Trees and Roots" (solution)Should be changed to read:The roofs should be located by digging a trench 1.5 deep between the building and the tree and the rootscut back. The trees should only be cut if other solutions to save the building are not viable. Trees shouldbe planted awayfrom buildings.

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Annex 8: Zambian Agro-Ecological Zones

(See Map)

Characteristics of the Agro-Ecological ZonesZone I Zone 2 Zone 3

Semi-arid area Rainfall 800-1000 (medium rains) High rainfall area (1000-High temperatures Small scale cultivation 1400mm)Evaporative losses Kalahari woodland, grassland Vigorous growing forests/Short growing seasons Forests, vegetation vegetationSalty and shallow soils/ loamy Cattle rearing major part Poor soils leading to shiftingand sandy Swamps and flood plains cultivation (chitemene)Low and poor rainfall (less than Kalahari sands Timber trees800mm) Low water holding capacity Natural woodlandConcentration on drought tolerant Low nutrient retention Grasslandcrops Low roofing depth Strong acidityWoodlands, grasslands Coarse textured top soils

Low nutrient retention

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Annex 9 Districts Visited, Institutions / Organizations and Individuals Talked To

Southern Province- Choma District:

Mr H. Mwinga - Buildings Officer, Ministry of EducationMr G. Tembo - Clerk of Works , Choma District CouncilMr. G. Siyachaya - Education OfficerHead Teachers, Teachers and PTA members - Namaanza and Siamakando Primary schoolsProject Committee membersCommunity representativesMazabuka District:PTA members - Nansenga Primary SchoolMPU Project Committee members - Nansenga Primary school

Northern Province-Mpika District:

Bernard Ntembula - DEC Vice ChairmanOscar Kumwenda DEC memberCharles Mutale - Environmental Support Programme (ESP) AdministrationFrancesca Mwanza - (ESP)

Lusaka Province- Lusaka District:

Kafue District:Mr Partson muyendeka Manager Administration Kafue District Health Management Team (KDHMT)Mrs Mumba MPU District Dest Officer / Kafue Council EmployeeMr Luis Mwila MPU Project committee secretary / KDHMT EmployeeCommunity Workers - Kafue District Hospital ProjectDeputy Head Teacher, Teachers and PTA members - Kabweza Primary SchoolMPU Project Committee members - Kabweza Primary School

Western Province- Kaoma District:

Mrs Tumbila - Principal ,Kaoma Cheshire Community Care Centre (KCCCC)Sister Mary Waloney, KCCCC.Mr Richard Mate DCAOMr Michael M. Mkozomba DPOMs Albertina Simakando CM, KCCCC.Mr Francis L. Yopama - District Buildings OfficerHead and Deputy Head Teachers - Mahilo Primary SchoolPTA Members and Community members

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Annex 10 Terms of Reference for an Environmental Impact Study of the PlannedZambia Social Investment Fund.

Project Background

The objective of the Zambia Social Investment Fund (ZAMSIF) is to contribute to the government'sstrategy for poverty reduction by improving the welfare and the living conditions of many poor andvulnerable communities all over Zambia, with special attention to the needs of women and children.

ZAMSIF will finance community grants for investment in social and economic infrastructure; improvednatural resources management; special programs targeting disadvantaged and more vulnerable groups;and capacity building, basic skill training and other activities aimed at stimulating local productivity.Efficient and sustainable management of natural resources is critical to the achievement of this objectivesince the poorest and most vulnerable sectors of the population are often the most dependent onrenewable natural resources for income generation and risk aversion. ZAMSIF will also finance largerinfrastructure benefiting more than one community, such as district health facilities, market places etc.District authorities are expected to take the lead in the implementation of these projects.

ZAMSIF will build upon the experiences gained through the implementation of the Social RecoveryProjects (SRP) Study Fun I and 11 which have been providing support to poor rural communities for thelast seven years, and will adopt improved targeting mechanisms building upon the knowledge andexperience gained through poverty monitoring. (Living Conditions Monitoring Survey) and povertyanalysis (Study Fund). The government of Zambia sees ZAMSIF also as a major instrument to supportthe decentralization policy and strengthen the capacity of district governments, including their role inenforcing environmental appraisal and monitoring of all proposed community development projects.

Purpose of Study

While no ZAMSIF project is expected to generate significant adverse environmental effects, somecommunity and district investment might result in negative consequences in appropriate mitigationmeasures are not implemented. In addition, the cumulative environmental impact of many smallinvestments supported by the project across the country may be significant. The long term success ofthese investments is also closely associated with sustainability and minimizing potentially negativeenvironmental impacts since the poor are often most directly dependent on their natural resource base forsupporting their economic livelihood. The purpose of this study is thus to provide clear and systematicguidelines for the effective assessment of any potential environmental impacts that may result frommicroprojects. The study will define the best way to mainstream environmental appraisal and monitoringas part of the regular ZAMSIF project cycle - screening, scooping, developing terms of reference,conducting and reviewing the results of environmental appraisals, and monitoring micro projectsimplementation. The study will also make proposals about how to increase the technical capacity ofZAMSIF staff, district teams and other ZAMSIF partners and facilitators for environmental appraisal andmonitoring.

Scope of Study

The activity that will need to be carried out to meet the above objectives include, but are not limited to, thefollowing:

1. Describe the possible mixture of generic investments to be financed under the ZAMSIF andassess/predict by project typologies their potential individual and cumulative environmentalimpacts. For each type of projects that the ZAMSIF is expected to finance, the Study shalldescribe the major environmental issues and impacts resulting from such investments, the set ofmeasures to avoid them or mitigate those which are un avoidable, and the estimated costs ofthose measures. The study is to base predictions on field findings from microprojects alreadyimplemented or under implementation, findings from beneficially assessments conducted to beconducted under the Social Recovery Projects I and 11, and any other available sources e.g.

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Government of Zambia's EIA Guidelines, World Bank EIA Source book Jan/99 update on EIA forSocial Fund Projects, USAID Environmental Guidelines for Small- Scale Activities in Africa,Canadian CIDA Environmental Assessment Manual for Community Development Projects, etc.).

11. Purpose options for the creation of an environmental screening, evaluating, and supervisingmechanism within ZAMSIF's Management Unit which ensures that funded projects areenvironmentally sound and sustainable and that any adverse environmental consequences arerecognized early in the projects cycle. The Study is expected to develop an environmentalscreening and reporting section using a simple environmental criteria checklist format to beincluded in the microproject appraisal report. Environmental review as part of the ZAMSIF projectcycle will facilitate discussion with communities, district teams and facilitators of project designalternatives that avoid or minimize adverse effects and enhance environmental quality ofmicroprojects.. Environmental appraisal and monitoring thus need to be seen as an aid and not anobstacle to microproject design. In addition, such environmental appraisal and monitoringmechanism will reduce the time and simplify the effort required for project specific environmentalassessments by in advance identifying issues, proposing mitigation measures or changes intechnology or construction materiaLs, and recommending methods for monitoring environmentalindicators commonly affected by ZAMSIF - funded projects.

Ill. Based on the study's recommendations, propose and prepare amendments to the ZAMSIFOperational Manual and relevant technical handbooks to ensure that specific design criteria tosafeguard the environment or corrective measures are incorporated and monitored in projectplanning and implementation. This can include proposing measures or changes in technologies,construction materials and methods or standard contract specifications for environmentalsafeguards to avoid or minimize negative impacts. The Study shall propose project-specificenvironmental planning guidelines, resource appraisal, and supervision requirements fortreatment of environmentally sensitive areas and resources, and site/project-specific measures tomitigate likely adverse impacts of ZAMSIF investments.

IV. Identify specific types of projects and associated environmental impacts that might requireseparate environmental assessment in relation to location, project size, and other site specificfactors ( e.g. access road construction or improvement, bridge construction, micro-damconstruction or rehabilitation, water supply and sanitation, irrigation schemes, etc.). When aseparate EA is required, it is critical that the results of the EA, including mitigation measures,design/contract specifications and supervision requirements be reflected in the legal agreementswith the communities and districts.

VI. Based on the Study's recommendations, describe how ZAMSIF sensitization meetings andlaunching workshops can bring out environmental issues and considerations of the proposedprojects; develop an EA training program for ZAMSIF staff, district teams and other governmentand non-governmental partners and facilitators to ensure adequate inspections, monitoring andenforcement of environmental standards; and clarify their roles in highlighting these issues as partof the project cycle.

VII. Formulate proposals to raise community and district authorities awareness about the potentialenvironmental impact of microproject activities, actions to mitigate or avoid negative effects, andthe type of investments and activities that communities and districts can undertake with ZAMSIFsupport to strengthen their stewardship capacity in natural resources management. Suchinformation and messages can be dissinated through the planned Information, Education andCommunication activities.

VilI. Advise ZAMSIF, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources' Pilot Environmental Fund(PEF), district teams and other project partners and facilitators on how to strengthen programsynergies while improving operational collaboration to promote and finance natural resourcesmanagement projects. A MOU exists between the Social Recovery ProjecttZAMSIF and PEF thatformalizes collaboration between the two programs. The PEF has supported communities toundertake participatory environmental needs appraisals, priotize problems and prepare

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environmental action plans in two pilot districts. In these and other districts, communities mayseek financing from ZAMSIF, PEF and other fast-disbursing community support programs toimplement their priority investments.

Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations

The execution of the Study shall be governed by all relevant Government of Zambia laws and regulationson environmental review and impact assessment, including the Ministry of Environment and NaturalResources' Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations published in October, 1997

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Annex 11 Bibliography:

1. CIDA, 1997, Handbook on Environmental Assessment of Non-Govemmental Organisations andlnstitutioons programs and project.

2. CIDA. 1999. Training Manual. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Dessau Soprin, Canada.

3. Directorate-General for Development, Commission of the European Communities, 1993,'Environmental Manual" ,Users Guide - Environmental procedures and methodology governing LomeIV development co-operation projects

4. Gagliardi, R. and Alfthan T., 1994, Environmental Training: Policy and Practice for SustainableDevelopment.

5. GRZ. 1990. Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act No. 12 of 1990, Cap 204 of the Lawsof Zambia.

6. GRZ.1997. Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997.

7. Louis Berger International ICN, 1994 -for the Ministry of Works and Housing, "Multi-State RoadsProject" Lagos, Nigeria.

8. Micro Projects Unit Publication , 1994, 'Projects Implementation Manuals" - for use by communities,Volumes I and 11, Lusaka, Zambia.

9. Micro Projects Unit Publication ,1997 'Technical Officers Manual for Sustainable Community BasedDevelopmento- for use by communities, Volumes I and 11, Lusaka, Zambia.

10. Micro Projects Unit Publication,1997, "Maintenance Manual" - for use by communities, Lusaka,Zambia.

11. Micro Projects Unit Publication, 2000, 'Draft ZAMSIF Operations Manual", Lusaka, Zambia.

12. Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare - "Natural Resources Management Handbook"- The Community Action Plan, Zimbabwe.

13. MPU, Facilitating A District Workshop: Facilitator's Guide.

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