IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST GRACIOUS, THE

MOST MERCIFUL

SIX WEEKS INTERNSHIP REPORT (October-November 2016)

SUBMITTED BY

NASIR AFZAL KHAN

SUBMITTED TO

Regional General Manager (Peshawar) In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the internship of

PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY LIMITED

The Regional General Manager (Peshawar)

Telephone House-1, The Mall, Peshawar Cantt.

PTCL

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

It is certified that the internship titled “Six Weeks internship at PTCL” carried out by NASIR AFZAL, under the supervision of Sir ABDUR RAUF at Khyber, PTCL Peshawar. It is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a report for the internship of PTCL. Supervisor: ___________________

Mr. ABDUR RAUF

Assistant Manager

Switching Peshawar

DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to God Almighty my creator, my strong pillar, my source of

inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. All praises to Allah for the strengths

and His blessing in completing this thesis.

I also dedicate to my beloved parents for their endless love, prayers and encouragement

Thank you for giving me a chance to prove and improve myself through all my walks of

life.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The process of this internship program ended up being an awesome studying knowledge upon

each of our academic existence which was loaded with problem and incentives.

First of all, we would like to thank ALLAH ALMIGHTY for helping us in the successful

completion of this internship without his support it would not have been possible.

I respect and thank Engr. Abdur Rauf, for giving me an opportunity to do the internship

program and providing us all support and guidance which made me complete the internship

program on time. I am extremely grateful to him for providing such a nice support and

guidance though he had busy schedule managing the company affairs.

I owe my profound gratitude to our project guide Engr. Aurangzeb Khan who took keen

interest on our internship program and guided us all along, till the completion of our internship

program by providing all the necessary information for developing a good system.

I would not forget to remember Mr. Umra Khan for their unlisted encouragement and more

over for their timely support and guidance till the completion of our internship program.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance

from all Teaching staffs of Department of telecom which helped us in successfully completing

our internship program. Also, I would like to extend our sincere regards to all the non-teaching

staff of department of telecom for their timely support.

i

ABSTRACT

In this internship report evolution history of Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited

and there are two domains for deploying telecom services which are business domain and

technical domain. I have deputed for switching systems of telecom which concentrate under

technical domain. In this domain there are two different parts which are transmission systems

and switching system.

I have deled Operation and Maintenance systems in PTCL. In switching domain here are two

types of technologies Circuit switching and packet switching. In history, first it was Pakistan

Post and Telegraph, then it split into Pakistan Telegraph and Telephone, then Telephone

become into Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation and now Pakistan Telecommunication

Company Limited evolution with time is given and their respective technologies are also

discussed. There is OMC (Operation and Maintenance Centre) which controls circuit

switching based network elements called ZXJ-10 ZTE. In the circuit switched based operation

and maintenance center, a connectivity of various network elements with ZXN room is shown

and explained. Subscriber administration roles at operation and maintenance terminals is also

discussed based on circuit switching.

In packet switching domain there is a soft switch SX3000 of Huawei is working with different

their MSAGs (access gateways). We have worked on the both switches via their terminals

(OMTs and Clients). During internship we have deal operation and maintenance tasks related

to subscriber administration, traffic analysis and signaling matters, network administration and

troubleshooting. Roles of allied media gateways and their connectivity matters are analyzed.

ii

Contents

LIST OF SIGNIFIERS .............................................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 7

EWSD (Eidal Widal Switch Digital) ....................................................................................................... 7

A. Structural Units of EWSD Switch ............................................................................................. 7

1.1 DLU (Digital line unit) .......................................................................................................... 7

Functions Of DLU ......................................................................................................................... 8

Figure 1 Modules of Digital Line Unit .......................................................................................... 8

Subscriber Line Module (SLM) ..................................................................................................... 8

Bus Distribution Base(BDB) ......................................................................................................... 9

Bus Distribution Extension(BDE) ................................................................................................. 9

Ring Generation and Measuring Module (RGMG) ...................................................................... 9

Digital line Unit Control (DLUC): .................................................................................................. 9

Bus Distribution Clock Generation (BDCG): ................................................................................. 9

DCC: ............................................................................................................................................. 9

Physical Rack Diagram of DLU (KHYBER EXCHANGE) .................................................................. 9

Figure 2 Physical Rack Diagram of DLU (KHYBER EXCHANGE) .................................................. 10

1.2 Line Trunk Group (LTG)...................................................................................................... 10

Functions of LTG: ....................................................................................................................... 10

Figure 3 FUNCTIONS OF LTG ...................................................................................................... 11

Figure 4 Physical Rack Diagram ................................................................................................. 11

LTG-B ......................................................................................................................................... 12

Main Components of an LTG-B.................................................................................................. 12

1.3 Switching Network (SN) ..................................................................................................... 12

Functions OF Switching Network: ............................................................................................. 12

Structure: ................................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 5 Physical Rack Diagram: ................................................................................................ 13

1.4 Coordination Processor: .................................................................................................... 13

The CP consists of the following processors: ............................................................................ 13

Coordination Processor Modules .............................................................................................. 13

Functionality of CP ..................................................................................................................... 14

Fig 6 Functionality of CP ............................................................................................................ 14

B. Functional Units of EWSD exchange: .................................................................................... 14

1.5 Control ............................................................................................................................... 15

Message Buffer .......................................................................................................................... 15

Message Buffer Group ............................................................................................................... 15

Central Clock Generator ............................................................................................................ 15

Control System Panel ................................................................................................................ 16

1.6 Switching ........................................................................................................................... 16

1.7 Signaling............................................................................................................................. 16

Advantages ................................................................................................................................ 16

Suitable transmission Medium .................................................................................................. 16

1.8 Access ................................................................................................................................ 16

CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 18

ZTE EXCHANGE .................................................................................................................................. 18

2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 18

ZTE ................................................................................................................................................. 19

1.1 ZXJ10 MODULE ................................................................................................................ 19

Figure 7 ZXJ10 (V10.0) SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ........................................................................... 19

2.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................... 19

2.3 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION ................................................................................................. 20

Figure 8 System structure diagram ........................................................................................... 20

2.4 PERIPHERAL SWITCHING MODULE (PSM) ............................................................................... 21

Major functions of PSM: ............................................................................................................ 21

Hardware Structure of PSM ...................................................................................................... 21

2.5 THE REMOTE SWITCHING MODULE (RSM) ............................................................................. 23

2.6 MESSAGE SWITCHING MODULE (MSM) .................................................................................. 23

2.7 CENTRAL SWITCHING NETWORK MODULE (SNM) .................................................................. 24

2.8 THE OPERATION & MAINTENANCE MODULE (OMM) ............................................................. 26

2.9 MOBILE PERIPHERAL MODULE (MPM) & VLR MODULE VPM ................................................. 27

Figure 13 ZXG10 mobile communication system structure diagram ........................................ 29

2.10 PACKET HANDLING MODULE (PHM) ..................................................................................... 30

INTERNET ACCESS MODULE (IAM) ............................................................................................ 30

Figure 13 Internet access diagram ............................................................................................ 31

CHAPTER 3 PACKET SWITCH .............................................................................................................. 32

HUAWEI EXCHANGE .......................................................................................................................... 32

3.1 OVER VIEW & BACKGROUND ............................................................................................ 32

3.2 OVERALL STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................ 32

3.3 MODULAR STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................... 33

BAM: .......................................................................................................................................... 33

LIM: ............................................................................................................................................ 33

SM: ............................................................................................................................................. 34

SPM: ........................................................................................................................................... 34

SRM: .......................................................................................................................................... 34

AM: ............................................................................................................................................ 34

CM: ............................................................................................................................................ 34

CENTRAL MODULE ..................................................................................................................... 35

STM: ........................................................................................................................................... 35

CPM: .......................................................................................................................................... 35

CCM: .......................................................................................................................................... 35

CNET: ......................................................................................................................................... 35

MPU: .......................................................................................................................................... 35

NOD: .......................................................................................................................................... 35

SIG:............................................................................................................................................. 36

BNET-A: ...................................................................................................................................... 36

CKV: ........................................................................................................................................... 36

ASL: ............................................................................................................................................ 36

ET-16 Card: ................................................................................................................................ 36

DSL: ............................................................................................................................................ 37

PWC: .......................................................................................................................................... 37

ALARM BOX ............................................................................................................................... 37

MAINTENANCE SYSTEM ............................................................................................................ 37

Chapter 4 SWOT ................................................................................................................................ 39

4.1 STRENGHTS: ............................................................................................................................. 39

4.2 WEAKNESSES: .......................................................................................................................... 40

3.3 OPPURTUNITIES: ................................................................................................................ 41

4.4 THREATS: ................................................................................................................................. 42

Chapter 5 SWOT ................................................................................................................................ 44

Figure SWOT interactions .......................................................................................................... 44

Figure swot interactions ............................................................................................................ 44

5.1 S-O Strategies: ................................................................................................................... 45

5.2 W-O strategies ................................................................................................................... 45

5.3 S-T strategies ..................................................................................................................... 46

5.4 W-T strategies: .................................................................................................................. 47

CHAPTER 6 ......................................................................................................................................... 48

6.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 48

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................ 48

6.3 Implementation plan for the recommendations: ............................................................. 49

Chapter 7 ........................................................................................................................................... 51

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................... 51

LIST OF SIGNIFIERS

EWSD Electronic Worldwide Switch Digital HIS High Speed Internet IP Internet Protocol LAN Local Area Network MS Metro-Switch MSAG Multiservice Access Gateway MGW Media Gateway NE Network Element OMC Operation and Maintenance Center OMT Operation and Maintenance Terminal OFAN Optical Fiber Access Network ONU Optical Network Unit PTCL Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited

PIE Pakistan Internet Exchange PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PP&T Pakistan Post and Telegraph PT&T Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph PTC Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation SS Soft-Switch TDM Time Division Multiplexing UMG Universal Media Gateway VLAN Virtual Local Area Network WAN Wide Area Network ZXN ZTE Exchange Network PSM Peripheral Switching Module

RLM Remote Line Module

RSM Remote Switching Module

SNM Switching Network Module

MPM Mobile Peripheral Module

VPM Visitor Peripheral Module

MSM Message Switching Module

IAM Internet Access Module

PHM Packet Handling Module

CHAPTER 1

EWSD (Eidal Widal Switch Digital)

EWSD is the digital exchange made by German Company Siemens. This is the very reliable

exchange which is mostly used in Pakistan.

This type of digital exchange is used as local, tandem, transit as well as international gate way

exchange.

The most common switch is used as main exchange. This can operate as PSTN, ISDN (BRI), PRI,

CMMERCIAL Subscriber (Pay phones).

A. Structural Units of EWSD Switch

EWSD switch can be divided into following parts.

Digital line unit (DLU).

Line trunk group (LTG).

Switching network (SN).

Coordination processor (CP).

1.1 DLU (Digital line unit)

DLU provides the gateway to the EWSD exchange.

The data of home and commercial subscribers are stored in specific modules in DLU.

The telephone ring is generated in DLU.

The metering of voltage is done in DLU.

Provides contact with DIU (digital interface unit).

Functions Of DLU

Figure 1 Modules of Digital Line Unit

Subscriber Line Module (SLM)

SLM modules store the data of all types of subscribers that includes PSTN, ISDN, PRI, home users

and commercial users. In KHYBER EXCHANGE1-A there are two types of SLM modules

SLMA COS.

SLMA CMRL. The SLMA COS module supports 8 subscriber telephone lines and connects them to the

exchange.

The SLMA CMRL module supports 6 commercial lines i.e. public call offices and connects them

to main exchange.

Digital

Line Unit

Processor

and

Controller

Interface

Subscriber

line circuit

(SLC)

Power

BDCG

RGMG

DLUC

DCC-CR

DIU

BDB

BDE

Testing

SLMACOS

SLMACMRL

SLMAITF

SLMD

FMTU

LCMM

Bus Distribution Base(BDB)

The BDB module controls all the buses that are running throughout the DLU. The BDB modules

are present in the first frame and they monitor the sub control units BDE’S that are control units

of the bus in the other frames.

Bus Distribution Extension(BDE)

The BDE modules are control units of different shelves of a single rack of the EWSD exchange.

The BDE module is controlled by BDB.

Ring Generation and Measuring Module (RGMG)

The RGMG module generates ring and it also acts as metering unit for voltage in the digital line

unit.

Digital line Unit Control (DLUC):

The DLUC module is the main control module in the DLU .it monitors all the functionalities of

different modules of the DLU.

Bus Distribution Clock Generation (BDCG):

This module generates the clock for bus distribution so that all the buses are synchronized.

DCC:

One DCC module provides the voltage to first eight modules of a shelf and the later eight

modules are supported by another DCC module at the end of the shelf.

Physical Rack Diagram of DLU (KHYBER EXCHANGE)

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Figure 2 Physical Rack Diagram of DLU (KHYBER EXCHANGE)

1.2 Line Trunk Group (LTG) The line/trunk group (LTG) forms the interface between the digital environment of the node and

the digital switching network (SN). The LTGs perform non-central control functions and thus

relieve the coordination processor (CP) of routine work.

Functions of LTG:

Following are the major functions of LTG

LTG provides direct connection of one exchange with the other exchanges of the same city or the other cities.

LTG generates telephone tone.

LTG provides a gateway to the switching network.

LTG provides interface between DLU and PCM.

Figure 3 FUNCTIONS OF LTG

Several LTG types are available for optimal implementation of the various line types and signaling

methods. The two main types of LTGs (differing in their functionality) used are:

LTG-B ● LTG-C

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Figure 4 Physical Rack Diagram

Line Trunk

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LTG-B

The LTGB is used for connecting:

Up to four digital transmission routes (PDCs) for DLUs at transmission rates of 2048 kbit/s

Up to four primary rate accesses (Pas) for medium-sized and large ISDN PABXs (ISDN subscribers with PA) at a transmission rate of 2048 kbit/s.

Main Components of an LTG-B

Group processor (GP)

Link interface unit between line/trunk group and switching network (LIU)

Group switch (GS)

Speech multiplexer (SPMXA)

Signaling unit (SU)

Line/trunk unit (LTU)

1.3 Switching Network (SN)

By virtue of its high data transmission quality, the switching network can switch connections for

various types of service (for example telephony, facsimile, teletext, data transmission).

This means that switching network is also ready for the Integrated Services Digital

Network (ISDN).

Functions OF Switching Network:

Duplicated (full redundancy)

Highly-Integrated switching network modules

One space stage module can handle up to 1024 simultaneous calls with full redundancy

Interfaces of 8,192 Kb/s available within

Highly compact design from space-saving point of view

An exchange of 10,000 subscribers may accommodate the SN in a single rack

Two kinds of connections: Switched & Semi-permanent

Structure:

In large and very large exchanges the capacity stages of the switching network (SN:504LTG,

SN:252LTG and SN:126LTG) include

One time stage incoming (TSI)

Three space stages (SS)

One-time stage outgoing (TSO)

Medium-sized and small exchanges (SN:63LTG and SN:15LTG) contain

One time stage incoming (TSI)

One space stage (SS)

One-time stage outgoing (TSO)

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Figure 5 Physical Rack Diagram:

1.4 Coordination Processor:

The CP performs the following functions in a network node:

Call processing

Operation and maintenance

Safeguarding

The CP consists of the following processors: Base Processors

Call Processors

Input / Output Control

Bus for Common Memory

Common Memory

Input / Output Processors

Coordination Processor Modules

1. BAP: The BAPMs and the BAPSs provide the same software functional units.

2. CAP: The CAPs mainly include software for call processing functions.

3. IOC: IOCs have only firmware for communication with the call processing, O&M and data

communication peripheries.

4. BCMY: The bus for common memory (BCMY) connects all processors (BAP, CAP), including the

input/output controls (IOC), with each other and with the common memory (CMY).

5. CMY: The common memory (CMY) includes, among other things, the common database for all

processors, plus the input and output lists for the IOP. The CMY is duplicated in order to

ensure a high level of availability.

6. IOP: Different types of input/output processors (IOP) connect the CP113D with other units in the

network node, the external bulk memories, the operation and maintenance terminal, the

operation and maintenance center (OMC, via data lines) and computer centers (also via data

lines).

Functionality of CP

Fig 6 Functionality of CP

B. Functional Units of EWSD exchange:

The EWSD system is divided into different functional areas called subsystems coordinated by a

central system. Following are the main functional units of EWSD exchange.

1. Control 2. Switching 3. Signaling

COORDINATION

PROCESSOR

BASE

PROCESSOR

CALL

PROCESSOR

INPUT/OUTPUT

PROCESSOR

COMMON

MEMORY

BUS FOR

COMMON

MEMORY

INPUT/OUTPUT

CONTROL

4. Access 5. Power

1.5 Control

Control belongs to the area which is responsible for the coordination of the various subunits.

Control consists of the following:

Coordination Processor (CP)

Message Buffer (MB)

System Panel (SYP)

Central Clock Generator (CCG)

Message Buffer

The task of MB is to control the exchange of messages between the following subsystems:

Coordination Processor (CP) and line/trunk groups (LTG): Commands and Messages

CP and switch group controls (SGC) of the switching network: Setting commands for the SN

LTGs among one another: Reports

LTGs and the common channel signaling network control (CCNC): Orders

Message Buffer Group

The message buffer is divided into functional groups called Message Buffer Groups according to

the expansion concept. One message buffer group consists of one message buffer unit for Switch

Group Control and two message buffer units for LTG.

In the least configuration, at least one message buffer group may exist with at least one MBUL and

one MBUS active whereas the other MBUL may be inactive.

In the highest configuration, there are up to 4 message buffer groups with 4 MBUS and 8 MBUL.

Central Clock Generator

In order to switch and transmit digital information, the sequence of operations must be

synchronous throughout the equipment involved.

This requires a clock supply with a high level of reliability, precision and consistency for all the

nodes in the digital network.

This task is fulfilled by the central clock generator (CCG).

Depending upon the accuracy required, the following two modes of operation are possible.

Control System Panel

The purpose of the system panel is to display alarms and advisories of internal and external

supervisory units outside the system) both visually and acoustically.

It is divided into two parts namely the System Panel Control and the System Panel Display unit.

1.6 Switching By virtue of its high data transmission quality, the switching network can switch connections for

various types of service (for example telephony, facsimile, teletext, data transmission).

This means that switching network is also ready for the Integrated Services Digital

Network (ISDN).

1.7 Signaling The EWSD digital electronic switching system can control connections to and from other network

nodes using all the common signaling systems.

The signaling functions in a EWSD network-node are handled by the "common channel signaling

network control (CCNC)".

One system that is particularly suitable for stored-program-controlled digital nodes is signaling

system no. 7.

This transports signaling information separately from the user information (voice, data) on

common-channel signaling links.

Advantages

Higher speed signaling

Very reliable signal transmission

Flexibility to adapt to future requirements

Suitable transmission Medium

Copper Wires

Optical Fibers

Digital Radio Links

Satellite links

1.8 Access This includes:

Line / Trunk Group (LTG)

Digital Line Unit (DLU)

Digital Announcement System (DAS).

DAS explained:

The digital announcement unit announces recorded messages to the subscriber relating to

different matters such as reason for disconnection or the disability of a non STD phone to dial an

outstation call. The necessary information for such an announcement is provided by CP and DLU.

CHAPTER 2

ZTE EXCHANGE

2.1 Introduction ZTE is a Chinese telecommunication company that was founded in 1985.Initially it had its network

limited in different cities of China later on ZTE extended its network to different countries of Asia

and Africa.

Unlike EWSD, ZTE is modular based exchange and in each module we have its own control system,

switching network and signaling network.

At Khyber exchange a ZTE exchange named ZXJ10 is installed. It has capability of supporting 10000

lines. A detailed diagram of ZTE’s module is shown in the next page.

The main advantage of having a ZTE exchange is its low cost. The ZTE exchange costs almost eight

times less than that of Siemens, Ericsson or Alcatel. That is the reason why ZTE is becoming so

popular in the developing and poor countries of Asia and Africa.

The disadvantage of ZTE exchange is that it is not as reliable as EWSD, Ericsson, Alcatel or even

Huawei. ZTE exchange suffers from more errors than other exchanges.

Figure 7 ZXJ10 (V10.0) SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

2.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The ZXJ10(V10.0) digital SPC switching system employs an open architecture with full distribution

between modules, hierarchical control, inside modules & centralized administration. It is based on

general purpose computers & is supported by local area network. It employs the client/server

mode as its control structure, so that the system is flexible in networking & powerful in call

handling with high reliability & good compatibility & expandability.

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2.3 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION

Aided by a full contribution control system, ZXJ10 can hold one to several dozens of modules in

accordance with the exchange capacity. Besides, in terms of services demands & geographical

locations, this system can be expanded with different modules. Except the OMM module, each

module consists of a pair of active/standby MPs (Master processor), several SPs (Slave processor)

& some single boards, PSM SNM, MSM, RSM, RLM are the basic modules of the ZXJ10 foreground

network, while OMM makes up the background network.

Figure 8 System structure diagram

OMM: Operation & Maintenance Module PSM: Peripheral Switching Module

RLM: Remote Line Module RSM: Remote Switching Module

SNM

RLM

IAM

MSM

OMM

PHM PSM

PSM PSM RLM

RSM

RSM RLM

PSM

MPM VPM

SNM: Switching Network Module MPM: Mobile Peripheral Module

VPM: Visitor Peripheral Module MSM: Message Switching Module

IAM: Internet Access Module PHM: Packet Handling Module

In the whole ZXJ10 system, all the important equipment is in active/standby mode, including MP,

T net, NETD, COMM, FBI, clock equipment & subscriber unit processors, etc.

2.4 PERIPHERAL SWITCHING MODULE (PSM)

Major functions of PSM:

In a single module office, it performs the PSTN, ISDN subscriber access & call handling

In a multi-module office, it is connected into the central modules one of the module offices

As the mobile switching system (MSC), it is connected into the central exchange

As the service switching point (SSP) of IN, it is connected into the SCP

Hardware Structure of PSM

The core of the TS switching network pf PSM module is of an active/standby non-blocking

switching network of 8K*8K or 32K*32K, the peripheral interface units & the signaling units. The

internal message paths are established through the intra module communication boards (COMM)

& the monitoring boards (MONI). The clock employs the loose-coupling method with its possible

maximum accuracy of Stratum 2 & degree A. It can provide built-in Bits systems too.

The full system configuration is of 12480L (12480 subscriber lines) + 26700DT (26700 trunks). In

every group of 960 subscribers, it interchanges with 240 trunks. Each module holds 48 NO. 7 links

or 24 V5.2 interfaces.

8 Mb/s

Figure 9 PSM structure diagram

FBI

8 Mb/s SNM

2 Mb/s

2 Mb/s

Digital trunk unit

Subscriber unit

SWITCHING UNIT

8K * 8K

MFC

DTMF

TONE

V5.2

NO. 7

COMM

COMM

MP0

MP1

SIGNALING UNIT

Control unit

PSM employs multiprocessor hierarchical control mode, consisting of the following basic units.

Control unit: MP, COMM, & MONI, Namely, a single COMM board can process 32 64Kb/s HDLC, with 8K-byte & dual-port RAM. It can serve as MP-PP, MP-MP COMM, No.7 signaling boards, V5.2 C channel board & 30b + D D channel board. Moreover, it can monitor the power supply, synchronization unit, & FBI (fiber interface), for instance, the MONI & the PEPD (peripheral environment parameter detection) boards

Switching unit: 8K DSN (digital switching network) & some DSNIs

Synchronization unit: clock reference card CKI (if the bits interface required), synchronous oscillator SYCK

Peripheral interface unit: DTI, FBI, as well as subscribers & analog trunk boards

Signaling unit: ASIG (analog signaling board), TONE, MFC, DTMF, & CID (caller identification) board

Subscriber unit: in every 960 subscriber lines, there are 40 ASLCs (or DSLC), each containing 24 analog subscriber lines (OR 12 digital subscriber lines for each DSLC). Each unit is equipped with 4 analog subscriber test boards MTT (or digital subscriber test boards DMTT). ASLC & DSLC boards can be inter-inserted, so can the MTT/DMTT. All the single boards have processors. The subscriber unit is monitored by two active/standby SPs

Analog trunk unit: the analog trunk unit is controlled by two active/standby SPs with 22 trunk boards, including the single frequency trunk (SFT), the loop trunk (TRT), the A/B wire trunk (ABT), & the magnetic trunk (MT)

2.5 THE REMOTE SWITCHING MODULE (RSM)

The internal structure of RSM module is exactly the same as that of PSM except more TSs from

PSM to the central network & their fixed no. is of 2040. However, the no. of TSs from RSM to the

central network is comparatively smaller & can be increased at the rate of every 32 TSs, flexible as

well as adjustable.

2.6 MESSAGE SWITCHING MODULE (MSM)

SNM usually employs 4*8K planes, with the maximum expansion capability of 8 * 8K. Its switching

TSs amount to 64K, applicable to various sorts of markets. The HWs from RSM, PHM are averagely

distributed to 8 planes. Considerably the configuration flexibility of RSM, the PCM links from RSM

can be connected to the multi-plane via the switching of a single T net. Since the connection of

each plane can be controlled through a pair of MPs & two COMM boards with the 256 Kb/s HDLC

link, that pair of MPs in SNM can also be connected with NT server of OMM via Ethernet so as to

serve the message transmission between OMM & other related modules.

2.7 CENTRAL SWITCHING NETWORK MODULE (SNM)

The major function of SNM is to perform not only the TS switching between PSM & PSM but also

the B-channel connection between PSM & PHM.

Figure 10 Multi-module Test connection diagram

After the semi-permanent connection, SNM will transmit the TSs from the multi-module to MSM

to support the n * 64kb/s switching. It can be applied to the ISDN H0 channel transmission, making

the alternation of the communication bandwidth n * 64kb/s ( n≤32 ) become possible. It can also

provide the background with the information channel.

PSM

( Tn )

PSM

( Tn )

PSM

( Tn )

PSM

( Tn )

PSM

( Tn )

PSM

( Tn )

S T

S T

S T

.

.

.

S net Multi-Plane

.

.

Figure 11 SNM structure diagram

512 Kb/s

512 Kb/s

.

. 16 * 8Mb/s

Built-

in

fiber

Built-

in

fiber

PSM

s

PSM

COMM COMM

MP0 MP1

OMM

RSM Single T net

8K * 8K

Single T net

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COMM

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SingleTn

et8K*8K

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et8K*8K

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HDLC

MSM

Built-in

fiber

E3

E1

COMM

SNM

SNM usually employs 4 * 8K planes, with the maximum expansion capability of 8 * 8K planes. Its

switching TSs amount to 64K, applicable to various sorts of markets. The HWs from RSM, PHM are

averagely distributed to 8 planes. Considering the configuration flexibility of RSM, the PCM links

from RSM can be connected with the multi-plane via the switching of a single T net. Since the

connection of each plane can be controlled through a pair of MPs & two COMM boards with the

256Kb/s link, that pair of MPs in SNM can also be connected with NT server of OMM via Ethernet

so as to serve the, message transmission between OMM & other relevant modules.

2.8 THE OPERATION & MAINTENANCE MODULE (OMM)

According the size of modules, SNM can be such types as of 32K, 64K, 128K, 256K, of which 13K

network can be employed to connect with 13 PSMs & 35 RSMs.

The ZXJ10 SPC exchange follows the centralized maintenance management mode. Its

maintenance management network has applied not only the client/server structure which is based

on the TCP/IP protocol, but also the WINDOWSNT4.0 operation system. Its contents contain such

things as data, statistical traffic, billing, system measurement, system alarm, etc, which are

substantial for the management & the maintenance of the exchange. The handling of the software

& the data of the whole system is executed in OMM. Then SNM transmits the results to each

peripheral module, & can be under remote operation as well as maintenance management.

Figure 12 OMM connection diagram

The main processor of MSM (or other PSM modules) can be connected into Ethernet via the

standard TCP/IP protocol. As a result, the message interworking between OMM & the foreground

processor is available.

2.9 MOBILE PERIPHERAL MODULE (MPM) & VLR MODULE VPM

MPM & VPM are developed on the advanced ZXJ10 (V10.0) platform by adding mobile switching

modules MSC & VLR modules, forming the core of the ZXG10 mobile switching network.

The major function pf MPM is to realize the relevant functions of MSC, that is, providing the

voice trunk, the signaling link to BSS, the tone trunk to PSTN, providing the link interface to PLMN,

at the same time, supporting the message interaction among the VPMs. In addition, MPM is

similar to pure wired trunk module. Within 8KTSs (e.g. 2KTSs to SNM, 2KTSs to BSS), 4K TSs are for

the incoming & outgoing office trunks, supporting approximately 20 thousand mobile subscribers.

Except the absence of the ASIGF board, the rest of the VPM structure is the same as that of

MPM, & their functions are generally the same. Unlike MPM module, the single T network of VPM

NT

client

NT

client

NT

client

MP

DDN

PSTN/PSPDN

NT Server

NT

client

NT client

router

..............

module does not control the connection of the speech channels. Instead it only performs the

connection of the internal control, & the communication signaling, VPM mainly carries out the

functions related to VLR, providing the actual storage & management in such temporary resources

as TMSI, MSRN etc. It also controls the communication with other network entities eg, VLR, HLR,

VPM itself can manage NO.7 signaling handling.

Figure 13 ZXG10 mobile communication system structure diagram

BSS: base subsystem MSC: mobile switching center

MSM: message switching module SNM: switching network module

TCP /IP

Charging

center

NMC

SNM

MSM

OMC-S

PSM MPM VPM

HLR/AUC

NO. 7 SIGNALING

NETWORK

PSTN

ISDN

PSPDN

PLMN

OMC-R

BTS D1800 BTS G900

BSC

X.25 TCP/IP

BSS

MPM: mobile peripheral module VPM: visitor peripheral module

PSM: peripheral switching module (cable) HLR: homing location register

AUC: authorization center

2.10 PACKET HANDLING MODULE (PHM)

With PSM as its platform, the physical architecture of PHM employs X.25 protocol to support two

call types, namely Case A & Case B.

Case A: B channel packet data are handled by COMM & MP in PHM.

Case B: The switching network transmits B channel packet data to AU (access unit) at PSPDN side

for handling.

INTERNET ACCESS MODULE (IAM)

IAM is developed on the ZXJ10 platform, consisting of the call signaling handling module, the

MODEMPOOL module & the protocol handling module with the purpose of increasing relevant IP

services for ZXJ10. The present services focus on the internet access, IP telephone/fax: & the

provision of remote network access for the subscribers. Via the common lines, ISDN lines & other

private lines, the remote subscribers can get access to the networks. Furthermore, IAM also

provides such services as network subscriber account management, subscriber authorization &

access authorization control, ensuring the subscribers network access validity. The access

capability can be of n*30 lines. The extension capability can be smoothly achieved by over 20,000

lines

Figure 13 Internet access diagram

Telecommunication operators can add internet services effectively & smoothly. This plays the part of the

“data bypass” objectively & consequently reduces the pressure caused by internet on modern

telecommunication networks.

Additionally, IAM can be employed to establish not only the large capacity internet access point so as to make

construction of the service groups very flexible, but also the enterprises INTRANET. Or it can build the VPN

network for clients. Meanwhile as the IP telephone/fax network gateway. IAM can provide internet

telephone/fax services for the end-users, for eg. IPPHONE, IPFAX, internet incoming/outgoing call, analog

access & postal box services.

Internet FBI

PRI/FR

E1/DDN

PSTN

M

ZXJ10

IAM

ROUTER

WWW

SERVER

DNS SERVER

AAA SERVER

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PC terminal

CHAPTER 3 PACKET SWITCH

HUAWEI EXCHANGE

3.1 OVER VIEW & BACKGROUND

The basic theme of installing a separate exchange for ISPs was to reduce the traffic from EWSD & ZTE

exchanges through which PSTN services are being provided to normal subscribers in the communication

because these exchanges started being overloaded due to the increasing use of internet every day.

Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited decided to install a separate exchange for this purpose.

Huawei Technologies, China a leading name among the manufacturers of telecommunication switches all

over the world came forward to install this exchange as a gift to PTCL, strengthening the bridge of Pak-China

friendship.

The most popular & widely used switch of Huawei Technologies, C 05 is installed & giving extremely

remarkable performance in PRI exchange Khyber Peshawar.

Let us now discuss the important features of C 05 in detail.

3.2 OVERALL STRUCTURE

A C 05 system is composed of a central module & multiple switching modules. The central module is

composed of the administration module/communication module (AM/CM).

Hardware

It is a state of the art telecom technology which proves the skills of Chinese engineers.

A schematic sketch of C 05 is given as under.

3.3 MODULAR STRUCTURE

BAM: Back administration module

LIM: Line interface module

SM: Switching module

SPM: Service processing module

LAN: Local area network

PDF: Power distribution frame

BAM:

It is a super computer

It is a powerful administration plat form.

State of the art computer functioning as server.

User through background i.e LAN can implement maintenance, test, billing & other features.

LIM:

Mainly it is in the charge of Multiplexing & demultiplexing the services & signaling data.

It is connected to SM through a 40.96 Mbps Interface.

STM-1:Trunk Interface

E-1:Trunk Interface

SM:

It is the hardcore of C 05

It has distributed relational data base management.

It handles call processing.

Operation & Maintenance

It has alone switching capacity.

Standalone single module exchange.

SM & AM/CM are interconnected via fiber optics.

Maximum 128 SMs can be connected to a AM/CM.

It consists of 6 frames

It consists of 1 to 8 racks.

SPM:

It is in charge of handling various & V5 services.

Equal in functions to SM but with much more powerful capacity.

Working with interfaces of E-1

It is connected with BAM via 10M/100M interface using TCP/IP protocol.

SRM:

Shared Resource Module

Provides shared resources of entire system (DTR, MFC Transceiver, FSK, CONF, SPD) required by SPM such as:

Signal tones DTMF device MFC device Conference telephone device CID display

AM:

It is comprised of FAM ( Front administration Module) & BAM (Back administration module)

BAM interconnects SMs & client server

FAM performs following functions Inter modules call connections Real time switching control & management Ticket processing Traffic statistics

FAM & BAM are interconnected via 1 to 6 10/100M TCP/IP ports Ethernet

CM:

It is the communication module:

It is responsible for Inter-SM speech channels & signaling links

CENTRAL MODULE

The collection of AM/CM, SPM, SRM is known as Central Module.

It can contain a maximum of 9 racks.

AM/CM - CPM, CNET, CCM, STM, LIM, BAM & integrated alarm box

STM:

It is the synchronization timing system

Its function is synchronizing the system with higher level networks

CPM:

It is the central processing module

Its purpose is storage & processing of local office data & management of boards on AM/CM

CCM:

Central communication module

112 incoming high ways

112 outgoing high ways forming signaling switching network

transmission rats is 2.048 MBPS

CNET:

Central switching network

In charge of switching regarding voice & narrow band communication

It has 64 high speed Optical Fiber Links(HOFL)

Its capacity is 128 K

MPU:

Main processing unit

It is the brain of SM

Directly controls the boards of MCF through BUS

It controls user & trunk circuits via nodes

It also controls sending of tone & voice by SIG board

It can control NET board to handle call connection

It communicates with AM/CM, Operation & maintenance system & Load

MPU software operates through HDLC synchronous serial port

NOD:

This card is responsible for the communication between MPU & User frame & trunk frame

There are 11 NOD slots for each SM

The communication between Main NODE & MPU is through Mail box.

Mail Node & Sub Nodes exchange messages through serial ports

NODES forward the commands to Sub Nodes that are issued by MPU & reports the states of Sub Nodes to MPU

SIG:

This is Digital signal tone board

It provides 64 paths of signal tones

BNET-A:

As the name indicates this card (module) is used for the switching purposes.

It forms Intra Module Switching Network

4K * 4K switching network provides 128 High Ways

64 are used by own system resources

64 are freely distributed in users & trunks

CKV:

It drives the differential clocks of the functional units i.e ASL & trunks

CKV is a part of the BNETA board

Either board alone, BNETA, or CKV cannot work normally

ASL:

This is Analog Subscriber Line card

This card provides all the telecommunication services to the normal subscribers i.e analog subscribers or the internet service providers

It is present in SM

1 ASL frame has 19 ASL cards

1 ASL card has 16 subscribers

1 ASL frame has 304 subscribers

ET-16 Card:

This type of cards is present in Line interface module

Each ET-16 card has 16 E-1s

Each E-1 has 32 channels

One PRI (Primary rate interface) means One E-1

When it is about normal telephone subscribers we can provide 16 telephone lines(connections) from one E-1 & 256 from one ET-16 cards, but when it

comes to ISPs one or more PRIs are provided to them, that means one or more E-1s. One E-1 or PRI means

32 communication channels similarly two PRIs means 64 channels of communication.

DSL:

Digital subscriber line card

The subscribers who need digital services are accommodated here

It provides digital services like ISDN (Integrated services digital network)

In case of ASL PRI is provided & in case of DSL, BRIs (Binary rate interface) are provided

There can be a maximum of 8 users in one DSL card. This means 8 BRIs can be provided at a time from a single card

Each BRI has 64 communication channels

Currently no BRI is provided to any subscriber from this exchange (switch) in the territory of KHYBER EXCHANGE

PWC:

Power card

Its major function is as secondary power supply

4 PWC boards can power 2 frames, that means each frame has 2 PWC boards

Its output is 5 V/ 20A D.C

ALARM BOX

It alarms a system fault

It is connected to BAM & work stations via serial ports

Presenting audible & visual system

Categorically we can say that alarms are related to four types of systems, these are namely: Power supply system Exchange functions Self-alarms Exchange related environment

MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

This is the software which is being used for the subscriber administration, fault maintenance & controlling the

operation of this switch. This same software is installed in the FAM (LAN) & BAM (Super computer).

The version of this maintenance system currently in use is V 6.1.0. This is a very user-friendly windows

based system that allows the administrator to allow a number of operators to administer the switch & to

restrict them from certain operations. Every user has its own login name & password to achieve the authority

of administering the switch. This software provides the user the ability to test or detect the fault in any part of

the switch as well as a particular user’s line. Also the administrator can add value added services to

subscriber’s service e.g., CLI, call waiting, Conference calling etc.

Access Net Work

This network topology is used to access & control the system being operated at a distance through optical link

by means of an administration terminal. The idea of

Utilizing this type of network in Public switched telephone network came from the problems caused by the

copper plantation such as maintenance, fault locating & heavy in cost etc.

Chapter 4 SWOT

analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities,

and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. Identification of SWOT is essential because

organization can know about its weaknesses and try to overcome the weakness in order to get

success. During my internship, I observed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Sales

& Marketing department.

The SWOT analysis of the Marketing department is as under:

4.1 STRENGHTS:

The major strengths of the Marketing/Sales are:

1. Oldest Telecommunication Company of Pakistan founded in 1947.

2. The largest landline network of Pakistan.

3. Strong international brand names.

4. Strong financial position

5. Competent and Skillful Human Resources in few specialized fields.

6. PTCL is offering multiple services which includes Telephone, Internet and T.V.

7. PTCL can be used as a backup network if the mobile networks are down due to

any reason.

8. PTCL maintain the records of customers in an organize way with the principle of

privacy.

9. All the telecommunication companies operating in Pakistan directly or indirectly

dependent upon PTCL network.

10. It has been offering Internet DSL connection to the customers with students’

package offer.

11. It offers low rates for the national calls etc. as compared to mobile networks

12. The major strength of the Marketing department is that people love to work there

because of its good name.

13. Sales & Development system of PTCL is well established and selection system

is proper and clear. The steps involve in selection process helps to choose a best

candidate who can uplift the organization’s success.

14. PTCL has a membership with international organizations like APT and ITU,

which conducts seminars, workshops and training at PTCL which is very helpful

for employees.

15. All PTCL Marketing departments facilitate its employees in a good manner by

giving those commission and job security which no other organizations give.

16. HR department facilitate its employees by giving grant for marriage and

education of their children which is helpful for their children future and benefit.

4.2 WEAKNESSES:

The major weaknesses are:

1. Quality of Service; offered to the Customer is very poor and in-efficient, especially the

Internet service.

2. Lack of technical staff in DSL technical support.

3. Poor organizational structure.

4. No clear strategic direction.

5. No research and development programs.

6. Functional units are not well organized.

7. Weak marketing of new services.

8. Bad debts due to non-payments of bills.

9. Low revenue per user.

10. Political intervention in decision making.

11. Low rate of customer retention.

12. Extra employee overhead due to over-hiring.

13. Very low employee morale.

14. V-wireless coverage and service is feeble.

15. Form processing for new connection takes more time in larger cities.

16. The major weakness of the HR department is that the appraisal forms are filled by the

senior manager of the department but staff does not get any increment on the basis of

appraisal forms.

17. Training is the need of every employee, but HR department only provide training to

engineers while not to other employees.

18. Recruitment Procedure of the HR is long that it takes more than a month to select a

candidate.

19. There is no proper evaluation after giving training to the employees.

20. The promotion criteria are not defined. Also promotions have no specific time period

that’s why most of the employees are not promoted from last eight years.

21. Some of the employees having a negative attitude towards the change factor and for this

reason there is still a government culture in HR department.

3.3 OPPURTUNITIES:

Opportunities: External conditions that may be helpful, in achieving the objectives.

PTCL Opportunities

1. Huge market size to Increase market share.

2. Development of new, innovative and customized products (Increase in company

product lines)

3. Re-structuring of organizational hierarchy (Proper planning and implementation is

required, to Improve overall services).

4. Adopt latest technologies.

5. Making technology accessible to all (e.g. broadband).

6. Hire competent marketers and adopt aggressive marketing that is required to promote

offered services and give tough time to competitors.

7. Improvement in customer services.

8. Joint ventures with other telecommunication companies for introducing new services.

9. Hire technical staff in specific areas e.g for DSL issues in order to increase customer

satisfaction.

10. Increasing literacy rate is providing a bigger pool of educated recruits.

11. Emerging technologies like broad band, VPN are providing chance to upgrade the

current staff through training and hire new staff.

12. The alliance with the ETISALAT can provide the PTCL HR department to chance to

show current employees an insight and new technologies the partner is offering to the

customers.

13. Increasing numbers of private universities providing the engineering and management

studies because of which PTCL has a great chance of catching the more educated and

deserving candidates.

14. Now a day, change comes day by day because of the new technologies, infrastructure,

new interventions and innovation which can help the O.D department to bring new

changes and uplift the HR structure and policies.

4.4 THREATS:

Threats: External conditions that may be harmful in achieving the objectives.

1. PTCL Threats

2. Strong competition from telecommunication companies.

3. New players in the industry.

4. Inconsistent and Adhoc decisions by Company management.

5. Security and fraud issues.

6. Cyber-crimes percentage is increasing.

7. Political instability.

8. Inflation in the country, may increase the cost of services which will finally transferred

to customers.

9. Rapid raise in Government taxes.

10. Recession in economy

11. Increased competition from telecommunication companies who are attracting talented

people, technical staff and graduates on higher salaries which can be a threat for HR

department to get good employees.

12. Brain drain from the country because of economic crises due to terrorism.

Chapter 5 SWOT

SWOT / TOWS Matrix TOWS Analysis Strengths Opportunities S-O Weaknesses Strategies

Threats W-O Strategies S-T Strategies W-T Strategies

Figure SWOT interactions

Four types of Suggested Strategies for

Figure swot interactions

5.1 S-O Strategies:

1. An oldest telecommunication company of Pakistan, containing good reputation,

customers trust & high brand loyalty as strengths can grab the opportunity to increase

its market share and position globally.

2. Having a high reputation and brand name, it has an opportunity of Joint ventures with

other telecommunication companies for introducing new services so can increase its

market share.

3. The largest land-line network having a strong financial position can increase further its

product lines, invest its capital, hiring competent marketers to adopt aggressive

marketing strategies particularly advertising. hiring 0f expertise and skillful human

resources to adopt latest technologies and to make technology accessible to all.

4. Good financial position of PTCL can help availing the opportunity of developing new

and innovative products.

5. Producing customized products as per demand of the customers can able PTCL to

compete with other companies in the industry. For instant students’ package for DSL

6. PTCL offering multiple services, enjoying competitive advantage in the industry, can

cope with its national and international competitors through its valuable resources

7. PTCL can be used as a more sophisticated and secure backup network.

8. Continuous improvement in customer services: PTCL can increase its market share by

improving its customer services including privacy of customers, secrecy and

organization of profiles, before /during & after sale services etc.

9. low call (national & international) rates or uniform fixed service charges may help

PTCL to enjoy long term sustainability and growth

5.2 W-O strategies

1. PTCL has weak marketing of new services and contain an opportunity to adopt

latest on-line technologies to overcome this weakness.

2. The company can also overcome this weakness by availing opportunities of hiring

competent marketers and to adopt aggressive marketing strategies particularly

advertising.

3. Enhancing employee morale with organizational polices and leadership trust.

4. Poor and in-efficient customer service can be overcome through re-structuring of

organizational hierarchy and delegate authority in a limit with responsibility to low

level staff, that may increase level of motivation with accountability.

5. Impact of poor overall management structure and policies can be reduced through

re-structuring of organizational hierarchy and benchmarking.

6. Bad debts (non-payments of bills from customers) requires improved, enthusiastic

and efficient management in decision making process.

7. Low Revenue per user, generated by company, can be overcome by increasing its

market size to make it acceptable and sufficient for company.

8. Technical staff in DSL technical support can be helpful to the level of DSL issues

and to increase customer satisfaction.

9. To adopt latest on-line technologies, the company may overcome the weakness of

form processing and can make it easier.

5.3 S-T strategies

1. PTCL good reputation, customers trust & high brand loyalty can eliminate the

threat of new comers in industry.

2. PTCL financial position can overcome the threat of existing competition with

other telecommunication companies in the industry through differentiation.

3. PTCL also maintains privacy of its customers by keeping customer profiles

secret and in well-organized manner to enhance customer satisfaction and

resolve the security issues like fraud and cyber crimes

5.4 W-T strategies:

1. Following weaknesses /problems have to be addressed to avoid or minimize the threats

of competitive environment.

2. Poor organizational/management structure

3. inconsistent and adhoc decisions by company’s management.

4. in-efficient customer service (especially internet services.

5. weak V-wireless coverage and service

6. Extra employee overhead due to extra hiring

7. Low employee morale

8. Form processing duration for new connection

9. political intervention in decision making process

CHAPTER 6

6.1 Conclusion

PTCL is at maturity stage now. They are following the cost leadership & differentiation

strategies. They are providing advanced technologies and services to their customers by

lowering the prices and they are the only ones, who are providing the services to such a

big extent. The suggested strategies are under consideration. If serious attention been on

required actions, the company can enjoy long term sustainability and competitive edge.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Sales & Marketing department of the PTCL is well established and perform its functions

according to the policies, made by the top management. PTCL has a huge sales infrastructure

throughout the country that is geographically wide spread. During my internship, I found some

of the problems at the sales department and for this; I have some suggestions to remove these

problems or obstacles.

Sales department should adopt the proper evaluation system of training which can

be done after the training courses. Feedback is essential for people to know how

they are progressing, and also, evaluation is crucial to the employee's confidence

too.

There are only two training staff colleges which cannot fulfil the requirement of all

the employees of PTCL from all over the Pakistan. They should start at least one

new training staff college so that all the employees get training.

Refreshing courses of the training are not scheduled and is not provided to all the

staff equally. I have a suggestion for it that training department should arrange the

training courses properly and it should be at least once a year.

Top and lower level management both should attend the workshops, seminars and

meetings so that they can also give their suggestion and opinion.

6.3 Implementation plan for the recommendations:

1. As for the evaluation system of Marketing Development, feedback forms should fill by the

engineers, senior managers and the employees after they get train. Feedback forms

should be filled by the employees or trainees and these feedback forms should be

submitting to the senior manager of the training department. These feedback forms

should contain the principal questions:

A. To what extent trainee learned?

B. How enjoyable was the training course?

C. To what extent were the trainee’s objective achieved?

D. How good did trainee feel the trainer was?

It should be the responsibility of senior manager of the training department to fill these

feedback forms from the trainees and then these forms should be discussed in the meetings

with top and lower management of training department. Then if there is a positive feedback

from the trainee about the training than it should consider okay, but if feedback is in negative

sense than

A. Policies should be revised or it should be discussed in the meetings, because if there is no

learning than it means that there is no efficient training.

B. They should discuss the training plans again and should remove the obstacles if any.

C. They should review the training programs and learning implementation, and also what the

trainee learned.

Another alternative for the training can be the learning questionnaire which can be relatively

simple questions asking from the trainee about what they have learned from the program

what they have been usefully reminded of, and what was not included that they expected to

be included, or would have liked to have been included. Scoring ranges can be included in it.

This should be the responsibility of senior manager of training department.

2. Training department should establish new staff colleges all over in Pakistan, because two

telecom staff colleges cannot fulfil the training needs of the all the employees of branches

and Headquarters of PTCL. For this purpose, there should be establishing new Staff College

for the fulfilment of training needs. Top management should provide the funds for this

purpose and there should be a manager who should be the responsibility of run all this. All

the trained staff should be hired that can provide a better training to employees.

3. Refreshing courses should be start on the proper schedule and on timely basis. Top

management should make a policy for refreshing course or should specify the time schedule

for the training courses time by time when requires; e.g.

Promotion courses and departmental promotional exams should conduct in two years

minimum and 4 years maximum.

Refreshing courses should provide to the employees once in a year.

Projected and vendor training is given to employees when new technology comes or

new project come to the market, it should be given in a way that all the employees of

the PTCL can get knowledge about the project or new technology because it is not

only important for the engineers but also for all employees. This can help the

employees to gain the knowledge and experience.

4. Top and lower management both should attend the workshops, seminars and meetings. For

this purpose, General Manager or the senior manager of the training department should

involve the lower management in meetings and workshops, and it can possible if there is

good communication between the top and lower management. They should try to make the

employees to take participate in workshops and meetings. By this, lower management can

be encouraged and they will know about the new experiences of job.

5. Training should be given to all employees equally. For this purpose, training department

should arrange the training two times a year because the strength of employees is so much

that all employees cannot get training at a time, in this way half of employees get training at

the first time and half on second time.

It can also possible that those half employees finish their training and train other employees

about what they have learned from training. For this purpose, they can arrange meetings or

workshops which can help the employees to learn about training. This can save the money

and time of the training department.

Chapter 7

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Annual reports of PTCL from 2005 to 2010.

2. Audit manual, A.F Ferguson Pakistan, Price Waterhouse coopers and company pwc auditors

PTCL.

3. Ibid

4. Investoers Guide , (2010) Retrieved on july 20,2010 from http://www.kse.com

5. Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) introduces new value-added Serv ices

(2010) business recorder, 21st may

6. Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) 2010 Annual Report, Islamabad.

7. PTCL, Retrieved on july 02,2010 from http://www.tcl.com.pk

8. S.B. Arthur (2000) Financial management, McGraw Hill.

9. Van Horne James C& Wachowicz John M.Fundamentals of Finanacial Management.

10. DeCenzo, D. A., and Robbins, S. P. (1998). Supervision Today Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-

Hall, Inc.

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[2] DeCenzo, D. A., and Robbins, S. P. (1998). Supervision Today Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-

Hall, Inc.

[3] Robinson, D. G., and Robinson, J. C. (1995). Performance Consulting: Moving Beyond TrainingSan

Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

From http://www.allfreeessays.com/topics/research-paper-on-training-and-development/0

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Handbook: A Guide to Human Resource Development, 2nd Ed. Sponsored by the American Society

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[5] From http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Training-Development/143199

[6] Leymann, H. & Kornbluh, H. (1989). Socialization and Learning

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[8] From http://www.academon.com/Research-Paper-Training-and-Development/93046

[9] Senge, P. M. (1990, fall). "The Leader's New Work: Building Learning Organizations." Sloan Management

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[10] From http://traininganddevelopment.naukrihub.com/training.html

[11]http://pakng.wordpress.com/pakistan-telecom-laws/

[12]M.saqib, Personal communication, 27th may

[13] http://www.etisalat.ae/index.jsp?lang=en&type=channel&currentid=a79a8e

www.etisalat.ae/

[14] http://ptcl.com.pk/aboutusc.php?NID=91

[15] http://ptcl.com.pk/aboutusc.php?NID=90

[16] http://ptcl.com.pk/aboutusc.php?NID=92

[17] www.ptcl.com.pk

[18]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_UnionThesis