PTCL 6 Weeks - · PDF file · 2016-11-19PTCL 6 Weeks Summer Internship Report ......

5/28/2016 to 5/8/2016

PTCL 6 Weeks

Summer

Internship Report Submitted By:

Mr Aqeel Ahmed 14TL 62

Department of Telecommunication

Mehran University of Engineering

Jamshoro Sindh Pakistan

Wireless and Transmission Section

PTCL 6 weeks summer internship Report 2016

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Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................... 5

Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. 6

PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION COMPANY LIMITED (PTCL) ............................................... 7

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 7

Corporate Vision ............................................................................................................................... 7

Mission ............................................................................................................................................... 7

Core Values........................................................................................................................................ 7

Business & Corporate Users ............................................................................................................ 8

Other business specific services include: ........................................................................................ 8

Landline ............................................................................................................................................. 8

EVO Wireless Broadband ................................................................................................................ 8

Broadband Pakistan ......................................................................................................................... 9

Smart TV (IPTV Service) ................................................................................................................. 9

V-fone ................................................................................................................................................. 9

International Network ...................................................................................................................... 9

Satellite Communication ................................................................................................................ 10

Wireless Section .................................................................................................................................. 11

Basic Terminology ................................................................................................................................ 11

Wireless signal Propagation ............................................................................................................... 18

Fading ................................................................................................................................................... 19

Antenna ................................................................................................................................................ 19

Isotropic radiator ................................................................................................................................... 19

Simple dipoles and Sectorized Antennas .............................................................................................. 20

Media Accesses ..................................................................................................................................... 21

Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA) ................................................................................. 21

Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) ........................................................................................... 21

Code-Division MultipleAccess (CDMA) ........................................................................................... 21

General Architecture of CDMA ........................................................................................................ 22

Base Station SubSystem (BSS) .......................................................................................................... 23

Base Transceiver Systems (BTS) ....................................................................................................... 23

Base Station Controller: ..................................................................................................................... 25

Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network) ........................................................ 25

Mobile switching Center MSC ........................................................................................................... 25


Home Location Register (HLR) ................................................................................. 26

Authentication Center AuC ............................................................................................................... 26

Visitor location register (VLR) ................................................................................................ 26

Billing center (BC) .............................................................................................................................. 26

Equipment identity register (EIR) ..................................................................................................... 26

Transmission Section .......................................................................................................................... 27

Terminology......................................................................................................................................... 27

Guided media: ......................................................................................................................... 27

Unguided media ...................................................................................................................... 27

Bandwidth: .............................................................................................................................. 27

Transmission impairments ..................................................................................................... 27

Interference ............................................................................................................................. 27

Number of receivers: ................................................................................................................ 27

GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA ................................................................................................ 28

Twisted Pair ..................................................................................................................................... 28

Coaxial Cable ...................................................................................................................................... 29

Optical Fiber........................................................................................................................................ 29

Different Modes of fiber Optical .................................................................................................... 30

Splicing of Optical Fiber ....................................................................................................................... 31

Fusion Splicing .................................................................................................................................. 31

Mechanical Splicing .......................................................................................................................... 31

SWOT ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................... 32

Recommendations and Suggestions ................................................................................................... 35


Preface This report is all about the 6 week summer internship offered by Pakistan

Telecommunication Company Limited PTCL at Central Exchange Hyderabad

division. The report consist of the two sections mainly the Wireless Section and the

Transmission Section. The report first gives a brief introduction and programs of

PTCL and there are numerous technical concepts about the both section discussed

here. Main principle of wireless communication its architecture and working is also

discussed, principles of cellular communication and mobile networking are also part

of this report. After this different modes of transmission such as twisted pair, coaxial

cables and fiber optics are also included in this report. In the end this document

provides the SWOT analysis of based on the basis field work and observation.


Acknowledgement First of all, I want to express all my humble thanks to ALLAH who is very sensitive

about each and every activity Of all his man and without whose help, I am unable to

accomplish any objective in my life. Secondly, I am great full to my worthy and

devoted supervisor Syed Mohammad Taqi for us encouragement, invaluable

guidance, advice and indispensable help without which the completion of this work

would not be possible. We are also very thankful to all the managers and staff

members of Transmission department for their co-operation in developing this

project.

I would also like to take this opportunity to express special thanks to our family for

their support and patients.

I am deeply indebted to a large group of teachers, friends and colleagues, who have

suggested, choose and advise us to be a member of Telecommunication technology.


PAKISTAN TELECOMUNICATION COMPANY LIMITED

(PTCL)

INTRODUCTION PTCL is a largest telecommunications provide in Pakistan. PTCL also continues to be the largest

CDMA operator in the country with 0.8 million V-fone customers. The company maintains a leading

position in Pakistan as infrastructure provider to other telecom operators and corporate customers of

the country. It has the potential to be an instrumental agent in Pakistan’s economic growth .PTCL has

laid an optical Fiber Access Network in the major metropolitan centers of Pakistan and local loop

services have started to be modernized and upgraded from copper to an optical network. On the long

distance and international infrastructure side, the capacity of two SEA-ME-WE submarine cable is

being expanded to meet the increasing demand of international traffic

Corporate Vision

To be the leading Information and Communication Technology Service Provider in the

region by achieving customer satisfaction and maximizing shareholders' value'.

Mission

To achieve our mission by having: An organizational environment that fosters

professionalism, motivation and quality an environment that is cost effective and quality

conscious Services that are based on the most optimum technology "Quality" and "Time"

conscious customer service

Sustained growth in earnings and profitability

Core Values

Professional Integrity

Teamwork

Customer Satisfaction

Loyalty to the Company

PTCL is all set to redefine the established boundaries of the telecommunication market and is

shifting the productivity frontier to new heights. Today, for millions of people, we provide

instant access to new products and ideas. More importantly, by setting free the spirit of

innovation, we enable higher living standards through our ICT services.

PTCL is going to be your first choice in the future as well, just as it has been over the past six

decades.


Business & Corporate Users

For clear communication the first choice of business circles is PTCL landline telephone, for

local, nationwide and international calling. Today businesses can have 10-100 lines with

modern day services to meet their needs. These include options like Caller-ID, call-

forwarding, call-waiting, Call Barring, to name a few.

Other business specific services include:

0800-Toll free number, 0900-Preminum rate services, VPN-Virtual Private Network, Audio

Conference Service, Digital Cross Connect (DXX), ISDN (Policy), Tele plus (ISDN/BRI),

Digital Phone Facilities/ Modification Charges, UAN, UIN.

Landline

PTCL landline has always been a part of family and providing services from generations and

it continues to be the primary choice of customers for making voice calls for many decades.

PTCL gives its customers highest quality at very affordable rates along with attractive

packages and Value Added Services to choose from. PTCL offers many attractive packages

like Freedom Package, International Packages, Mobile Buckets & Double Up Unlimited

(double play services)

EVO Wireless Broadband

PTCL EVO Wireless Broadband is Pakistan’s fastest wireless internet which offers its

customers – “superior high-speed wireless internet experience”. EVO Wireless Broadband is

enabling the wireless broadband revolution in Pakistan like never before. PTCL EVO has

revolutionized the way people connect to the internet. PTCL EVO gives its customers the

advantage of seamless internet connectivity across Pakistan. EVO coverage is in over 350

cities, whereas EVO customers can also enjoy CDMA-1X data rates of up to 153.6 Kbps at

more than 1000 destinations across Pakistan.

PTCL Introduced EVO Nitro in Pakistan - “The World’s first & most cutting-edge EV-DO

Rev.B commercial network”. PTCL is the first operator in the world to commercially launch

EV-DO Rev.B products, which offer blazing fast speeds of up to 9.3 MBPS


Broadband Pakistan

The largest and the fastest growing Broadband service in Pakistan, PTCL Broadband is

making great positive changes in the lives of millions of people living in the country. Serving

over 1.3 million satisfied customers in over 2000 cities and towns across Pakistan, PTCL has

brought revolutionary efficiency and effectiveness in all segments of the society, be it the

rural or the urban. Since its launch on 19th May 2007, all PTCL Broadband packages are

designed for users to experience high-speed internet access with unmatched reliability,

affordability and connectivity all at the same time.

Smart TV (IPTV Service)

PTCL entered the media sector on 14th August 2008, by launching a digital interactive

television service for the first time in Pakistan. PTCL brought Pakistan in the list of a few

countries across the globe that offer this state of the art interactive TV service to its

subscribers. PTCL SMART TV service using its state of the art Broadband network employs

the IPTV (Internet Protocol TV) technology.

V-fone

PTCL also continues to be the largest CDMA operator in the country with approximately 1.4

million Vfone customers. It gives the liberty of payment in both prepaid and postpaid options.

It offers fixed wireless telephone for your homes & business. With CDMA2000 1X

technology, ours is the largest WLL network with a capacity of 2.6M, covering over 10,000

urban & rural areas. The network is already enabled for Voice, Dialup-Internet access

(153.6kbps), SMS and for EVDO Broadband.

International Network

PTCL’s ability to support both individual and corporate customers on a cross-border basis is

anchored by its extensive network of submarine cables.In order to ensure service availability

to expanded customer base of PTCL, the said bandwidth procurement was strategically

spread on each of our existing three submarine cable size. I-ME-WE, SEA-ME-WE3 and

SEA-ME-WE4. PTCL is the only telecom operator in Pakistan having a network of three

redundant and resilient submarine cable systems thus offering its customers better quality of

service.


Satellite Communication

PTCL has Intelsat Standard Earth Stations near Karachi and Islamabad. These installations

provide the diversity for International voice connectivity and also work as Hub for domestic

satellite users. There are four Intelsat Standard B Earth Stations at Islamabad, Gilgit, Skardu

and Gawadar.


Date : 28-06-2016 to 04-7-2016

Wireless Section

Definition:

Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic

waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the

communication path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ

acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing; these are also

sometimes classified as wireless.

The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th century using

radiotelegraphy (Morse code). Later, as modulation made it possible to transmit

voices and music via wireless, the medium came to be called "radio." With the advent

of television, fax, data communication, and the effective use of a larger portion of the

spectrum, the term "wireless" has been resurrected.

Basic Terminology

Dow

Air Interface: The operating system of a wireless network. Technologies include

AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, GSM and iDEN.

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) is the original analog “cellular”

service transmission standard first deployed in the United States, still used as a default

standard for cellular systems in the U.S., and in some regions around the world.

Analog: The traditional method of adapting radio signals so they can carry

information. AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation) are the

two most common analog systems. Analog has largely been replaced by digital

technologies, which are more secure, more efficient and provide better quality.

Antenna: A device for transmitting and receiving radiofrequency (RF) signals. Often

camouflaged on existing buildings, trees, water towers or other tall structures, the size

and shape of antennas are generally determined by the frequency of the signal they

manage.

Base Station: The central radio transmitter/receiver that communicates with mobile

telephones within a given range (typically a cell site).

Bluetooth: The name for a technological standard (a communications protocol) that

enables mobile devices equipped with a special chip to send and receive information


wirelessly. Using Bluetooth, electronic devices such as desktop computers, wireless

phones, electronic organizers and printers can communicate over short-ranges using

the 2.4 GHz spectrum band.

Broadband: A transmission facility having a bandwidth (capacity) sufficient to carry

multiple voice, video or data channels simultaneously. Broadband is generally

equated with the delivery of increased speeds and advanced capabilities, including

access to the Internet and related services and facilities “that provide 200 kbps

upstream and downstream transmission speeds” (per the FCC’s Fourth Annual Report

to Congress.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): A technology used to transmit wireless

calls by assigning them codes. Calls are spread out over the widest range of available

channels. Then codes allow many calls to travel on the same frequency and also guide

those calls to the correct receiving phone.

CDMA2000 1XRTT: The first step in the evolution to 3G is cdma2000 1X, which

improves packet data transmission capabilities and speeds in the network, and also

boosts voice capacity. (Speed of up to 307 kbps.)

CDMA2000 1XEV-DO: (Evolution Data-Only). CDMA2000 1XEV represents the

second step in the evolution of CDMA2000. Commercially launched in 2001, offers

data speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps.

CDMA2000 1XEV-DV: (Evolution Data-Voice). CDMA2000 1XEV represents the

next step in the evolution of CDMA2000. Approved by the International

Telecommunications Union (ITU), a standards body based in Geneva, as a 3G

technology to provide data and voice services together, with data rates of up to 3.09

Mbps.

Cell: The basic geographic unit of wireless coverage. Also, shorthand for generic

industry term "cellular." A region is divided into smaller "cells," each equipped with a

low-powered radio transmitter/receiver. The radio frequencies assigned to one cell

can be limited to the boundaries of that cell. As a wireless call moves from one cell to

another, a computer at the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) monitors the

call and at the proper time, transfers the phone call to the new cell and new radio

frequency. The handoff is performed so quickly that it’s not noticeable to the callers.

Cell Site: The location where a wireless antenna and network communications

equipment is placed in order to provide wireless service in a geographic area

Channel / Circuit: A communications pathway that may take the form of a

connection established over wireless, wired, or fiber optic facilities.

CSD (Circuit Switched Data): One technological approach used for the exchange of

data. A circuit connection is made that is exclusively reserved for the individual’s use.


This can be inefficient, as many communications do not require a dedicated

communications channel, but only brief connectivity, for the transmission of short

messages.

CMRS (Commercial Mobile Radio Service) Provider: An FCC designation for any

wireless carrier or license owner whose wireless service is connected to the public

switched telephone network and/or is operated for profit. Wireless services that are

offered to the public are classified as CMRS, unlike private systems which are

classified as “Private Mobile Services.”

Co-Location: Placement of multiple antennas at a common site. Some companies

act as brokers or cell site managers, arranging cell sites and coordinating many

carriers' antennas at a single cell site.

Digital: Technological approach that converts signals (including voice) into the

binary digits ‘0’ and ‘1’. This data is compressed, and then transformed into

electronic pulses for a wired network, optical light waves for fiber optic networks or

radio waves for wireless networks. Digital wireless technology has largely

superceded analog technology, because digital delivers more capacity and supports

more applications, as well as offers better sound quality, and more secure signals.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): A digital line connecting the subscriber’s terminal

to the serving company’s central office, providing multiple communications channels

able to carry both voice and data communications simultaneously.

Dual Band: A wireless handset that works on more than one spectrum frequency,

e.g., in the 800 MHz frequency and 1900 MHz frequency bands. Dual Mode: A

wireless handset that works on both analog and digital networks.

EDGE: Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution is an evolutionary step in the

GSM-development path for faster delivery of data, delivered at rates up to 384 Kbps.

The standard is based on the GSM technology platform and uses the TDMA approach

(see TDMA, below).

ESMR (Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio): A single wireless device that

combines a two-way radio, phone, mobile dispatch, radio paging and Mobile data

capabilities, and operates on digital networks. Examples of ESMR service providers

include Nextel Communications, Nextel Partners, and Southern LINC Wireless,

among others.


ESN (Electronic Serial Number): The unique serial identification number

programmed into a wireless phone by the manufacturer. Each time a call is placed, the

ESN is transmitted to a nearby base station so the wireless carrier can validate the call.

The ESN differs from the Mobile Identification Number, which identifies a

customer’s wireless phone number. MINs and ESNs are electronically monitored to

help prevent fraud.

FDD (Frequency Division Multiplexing): Frequency-division multiplexing is a

method in which numerous signals are combined for transmission on a single

communications channel. Each signal is assigned a different frequency (subchannel)

within the main channel.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service): A packet technology approach that enables

high-speed wireless Internet and other GSM-based data communications. It makes

very efficient use of available radio spectrum for transmission of data.

GPS (Global Positioning System): A worldwide satellite navigational system, made

up of 24 satellites orbiting the earth and their receivers on the earth’s surface. The

GPS satellites continuously transmit digital radio signals, with information used in

location tracking, navigation and other location or mapping technologies.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): A technological approach also

based on dividing wireless calls into time slots. GSM is most common in Europe,

Australia and much of Asia and Africa. Generally, GSM phones from the United

States are not compatible with international GSM networks because the U.S. and

many other nations use different frequencies for mobile communications. However,

some phones are equipped with a multi-band capability to operate on such other

frequencies

HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data): In using HSCSD a permanent

connection is established between the called and calling parties for the exchange of

data. As it is circuit switched, HSCSD is more suited to applications such as

videoconferencing and multimedia than 'bursty' type applications such as email, which

are more suited to packet switched data

Interconnection: Connecting one wireless network to another, such as linking a

wireless carrier's network with a local telephone company’s network.

Interoperability: The ability of a network to coordinate and communicate with other

networks, such as two systems based on different protocols or technologies.

LAN (Local Area Network): Local Area Network (LAN) is a small data network

covering a limited area, such as a building or group of buildings. Most LANs connect

workstations or personal computers. This allows many users to share devices, such as

laser printers, as well as data. The LAN also allows easy communication, by

facilitating e-mail or supporting chat sessions. Megahertz: Megahertz (MHz) is a unit


of frequency equal to one million hertz or cycles per second. Wireless mobile

communications within the United States generally occur in the 800 MHz, 900MHz

and 1900MHz spectrum frequency bands.

MIN (Mobile Identification Number): The MIN, more commonly known as a

wireless phone number, uniquely identifies a wireless device within a wireless

carrier's network. The MIN is dialed from other wireless or wireline networks to direct

a signal to a specific wireless device. The number differs from the electronic serial

number, which is the unit number assigned by a phone manufacturer. MINs and ESNs

can be electronically checked to help prevent fraud.

MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator): A company that buys network

capacity from a network operator in order to offer its own branded mobile

subscriptions and value-added services to customers.

NAM (Number Assignment Module): The NAM is the electronic memory bank in

the wireless phone that stores its specific telephone number and electronic serial

number.

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing): A system for the

transmission of digital message elements spread over multiple channels within a

frequency band, in order to achieve greater throughput while minimizing interference

and signal degradation through the use of multiple antennas.

Packet: A piece of data sent over a packet-switching network, such as the Internet. A

packet includes not just the data comprising the message but also address information

about its origination and destination.

Packet Data: Information that is reduced into digital pieces or ‘packets’, so it can

travel more efficiently across networks, including radio airwaves and wireless

networks.

PDA (Personal Digital Assistant): A portable computing device capable of

transmitting data. These devices offer services such as paging, data messaging, email,

computing, faxes, date books and other information management capabilities.

PIN (Personal Identification Number): An additional security feature for wireless

phones, much like a password. Programming a PIN into the Subscriber Information

Module (SIM) on a wireless phone requires the user to enter that access code each

time the phone is turned on.

POPs: For wireless, POPs generally refers to the number of people in a specific area

where wireless services are available (the population). For traditional ‘landline’


Communications, a “Point of Presence” defines the interconnection point between the

two networks.

Protocol: A standard set of definitions governing how communications are formatted

in order to permit their transmission across networks and between devices.

PSD (Packet Switched Data): A technological approach in which the communication

“pipe” is shared by several users, thus making it very efficient. The data is sent to a

specific address with a short delay. This delay depends on how many users are using

the pipe at any one time as well as the level of priority requested for your information.

PSD is the technology used for data communication across the Internet and makes

more efficient use of the network.

Repeater: Devices that receive a radio signal, amplify it and re-transmit it in a new

direction. Used in wireless networks to extend the range of base station signals and to

expand coverage. Repeaters are typically used in buildings, tunnels or difficult

terrain.

Roaming: When traveling outside their carrier's local service area, roaming allows

users to continue to make and receive calls when operating in another carrier’s service

coverage area.

Smart Antenna: A wireless antenna with technology that focuses its signal in a

specific direction. Wireless networks use smart antennas to reduce the number of

dropped calls, and to improve call quality and channel capacity.

Spectrum Allocation: Process whereby the federal government designates

frequencies for specific uses, such as personal communications services and public

safety. Allocation is typically accomplished through lengthy FCC proceedings, which

attempt to adapt allocations to accommodate changes in spectrum demand and usage.

Spread Spectrum: A method of transmitting a radio signal by spreading it over a

wide range of frequencies. This reduces interference and can increase the number of

simultaneous users on one radio frequency band.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): A protocol permitting

communications over and between networks, the TCP/IP protocol is the basis for the

Internet communications.

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): A technological standard that permits the

transmission of information by dividing calls into time slots, each one lasting only a

fraction of a second. Each call is assigned a specific portion of time on a designated

channel. By dividing each call into timed ‘packets,’ a single channel can carry many

calls at once.


Third-Generation (3G): A general term that refers to technologies which offer

increased capacity and capabilities delivered over digital wireless networks.

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems): This is third generation

technology generally based on W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access). UMTS promises a communications speed between 384 kbps and up to about

2 Mbps.

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol): VoIP is not simply capable of delivering voice

over IP, but is also designed to accommodate two-way video conferencing and

application sharing as well. Based on IP technology, VoIP is used to transfer a wide

range of different type traffic.

Voice Recognition: The capability for wireless phones, computers and other devices

to be activated and controlled by voice commands.

WAN (Wide Area Network): A general term referring to a large network spanning a

country or around the world. The Internet is a WAN. A public mobile communication

system such as a cellular or PCS network is a WAN.

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol): Wireless Application Protocol is a set of

standards that enables wireless devices, such as phones, pagers and palm devices, to

browse content from specially-coded Web pages.

W-CDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, one of two 3G standards that

makes use of a wider spectrum than CDMA and therefore can transmit and receive

information faster and more efficiently.

WiFi (Wireless Fidelity): WiFi provides wireless connectivity over unlicensed

spectrum (using the IEEE 802.11a or 802.11b standards), generally in the 2.4 and 5

GHz radio bands. Wi-Fi offers local area connectivity to WiFi-enabled computers.

Wi-Max: A wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standard providing

metropolitan area network connectivity for fixed wireless access at broadband speeds.

Wireless Internet: A general term for using wireless services to access the Internet,

e-mail and/or the World Wide Web.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): Using radio frequency (RF) technology,

WLANs transmit and receive data wirelessly in a certain area. This allows users in a

small zone to transmit data and share resources, such as printers, without physically

connecting each computer with cords or wires.


From 4-7-2106 to 12-7-2016

Wireless signal Propagation

Radio propagation is also affected by several other factors determined by its path from

point to point. This path can be a direct line of sight path or an over-the-horizon path

aided by refraction in the ionosphere, which is a region between approximately 60 and

600 km above the earth's surface.

Receiving power additionally influenced by

fading (frequency dependent)

shadowing

reflection at large obstacles

scattering at small obstacles

diffraction at edges

Figure (1)


Fading Fading is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal over certain propagation

media. The fading may vary with time, geographical position or radio frequency, and

is often modeled as a random process. A fading channel is a communication channel

that experiences fading. In wireless systems, fading May either be due to multipath

propagation, referred to as multipath induced fading, or due to shadowing from

obstacles affecting the wave propagation, sometimes referred to as shadow fading.

Fading can have following effects on a signal

signal paths change

different delay variations of different signal parts(frequencies)

different phases of signal parts

quick changes in the power received (short-term fadingor fast fading)

Additional changes in

distance to sender

obstacles further away

slow changes in the average power received (long-term fadingor slow fading)

Antenna A device for transmitting and receiving radiofrequency (RF) signals. Often

camouflaged on existing buildings, trees, water towers or other tall structures, the size

and shape of antennas are generally determined by the frequency of the signal they

manage.

We have different types of antennas for different purposes:

Isotropic radiator

equal radiation in all directions (three dimensional) only a theoretical reference

antenna .Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically and/or horizontally)

Radiation pattern: measurement of radiation around an antenna


Simple dipoles and Sectorized Antennas

The dipoles are simple structure antennas with half wavelength, Sectorized antennas

are made from array of dipoles to direct the power in one particular direction. They

direct the energy in one direction.


From 12-7-2016 to 17-7-2106

Media Accesses

In telecommunications that resource is a transmission medium and is divided into

channels in order to allow multiple users to access the same transmission medium

simultaneously. This simultaneous use of channels is called multiple accesses. A

channel can be defined as an individually assigned, dedicated pathway through a

transmission medium for a single user's information. The physical medium of

transmission, which in our case is the wireless spectrum, can be divided into

individual channels based on a set of criteria. These criteria depend on the technology

that is utilized to make the distinction between channels.

Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

In frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), the available bandwidth is divided

into frequency bands. Each station is allocated a band to send its data. In other words,

each band is reserved for a specific station, and it belongs to the station all the time.

Each station also uses a band pass filter to confine the transmitter frequencies. To

prevent station interferences, the allocated bands are separated from one another by

small guard bands.

Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

In time-division multiple access (TDMA), the stations share the bandwidth of the

channel in time. Each station is allocated a time slot during which it can send data.

Each station transmits its data in is assigned time slot.

Code-Division MultipleAccess (CDMA)

Code-division multiple access (CDMA) was conceived several decades ago. Recent

advances in electronic technology have finally made its implementation possible.

CDMA differs from FDMA because only one channel occupies the entire bandwidth

of the link. It differs from TDMA because all stations can send data simultaneously;

there is no timesharing.


General Architecture of CDMA


Base Station SubSystem (BSS)

Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that communicate across the

standardized Abis interface allowing operation between components made by

different suppliers:

1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

2. Base Station Controller (BSC)

Base Transceiver Systems (BTS)

The base transceiver station, or BTS, contains the equipment for transmitting and

receiving radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment for encrypting and

decrypting communications with the base station controller (BSC). Typically a BTS

for anything other than a pico cell will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow

it to serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of

sectorised base stations).

A BTS is controlled by a parent BSC via the "base station control function" (BCF).

The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact

base stations. The BCF provides an operations and maintenance (O&M) connection to

the network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each

TRX, as well as software handling and alarm collection.

The functions of a BTS vary depending on the cellular technology used and the

cellular telephone provider. There are vendors in which the BTS is a plain transceiver

which receives information from the MS (mobile station) through the Um air

interface and then converts it to a TDM (PCM) based interface, the Abis interface, and

sends it towards the BSC. There are vendors which build their BTSs so the

information is preprocessed, target cell lists are generated and even intra cell handover

(HO) can be fully handled. The advantage in this case is less load on the expensive

Abis interface.


Logical Structure of a BTS


From 17-7-2106 to 22-07-2106

Base Station Controller:

The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the

BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC

handles allocation of radio channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones,

and controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except in the case of an inter-BSC

handover in which case control is in part the responsibility of the anchor MSC). A key

function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many different low capacity

connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilization) become reduced to a smaller

number of connections towards the mobile switching center (MSC) (with a high level

of utilization). Overall, this means that networks are often structured to have many

BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected to large

centralized MSC sites.

Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network)

It is the component of a GSM system that carries out call switching and mobility

management functions for mobile phones roaming on the network of base stations. It

is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile devices to

communicate with each other and telephonesin the wider public switched telephone

network (PSTN). The architecture contains specific features and functions which are

needed because the phones are not fixed in one location.

Mobile switching Center MSC The mobile switching center (MSC) is the primary service delivery node for

GSM/CDMA, responsible for routing voice calls and SMS as well as other services

(such as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data).

The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-

over requirements during the call and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid

account monitoring. In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier

analogue services, fax and data information is sent directly digitally encoded to the

MSC. Only at the MSC is this re-coded into an “analogue" signal (although actually

this will almost certainly mean sound encoded digitally as PCM signal in a 64-kbit/s

timeslot, known as a DS0 in America).There are various different names for MSCs in

different contexts which reflects their complex role in the network, all of these terms

though could refer to the same MSC, but doing different things at different times.


Home Location Register (HLR) The home location register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each

mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the GSM core network. There can be

several logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN), though

one international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be associated

with only one logical HLR (which can span several physical nodes) at a time.

Authentication Center AuC

The authentication center (AuC) is a function to authenticate each SIM card that

attempts to connect to the GSM core network (typically when the phone is powered

on). Once the authentication is successful, the HLR is allowed to manage the SIM and

services described above. An encryption key is also generated that is subsequently

used to encrypt all wireless communications (voice, SMS, etc.) between the mobile

phone and the GSM core network.

Visitor location register (VLR)

The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database of the subscribers who have

roamed into the jurisdiction of the MSC (Mobile Switching Center) which it serves.

Each main base station in the network is served by exactly one VLR (one BTS may be

served by many MSCs in case of MSC in pool), hence a subscriber cannot be present

in more than one VLR at a time.

Billing center (BC) The billing center is responsible for processing the toll tickets generated by the VLRs

and HLRs and generating a bill for each subscriber. It is also responsible for

generating billing data of roaming subscriber.

Equipment identity register (EIR) The equipment identity register is often integrated to the HLR. The EIR keeps a list

of mobile phones (identified by their IMEI) which are to be banned from the network

or monitored. This is designed to allow tracking of stolen mobile phones. In theory all

data about all stolen mobile phones should be distributed to all EIRs in the world

through a Central EIR. It is clear, however, that there are some countries where this is

not in operation.


From 22-07-2016 to 30-7-2016

TRANSMISSION SECTION

Definition: In telecommunications, transmission (abbreviation: Tx) is the process of

sending and propagating an analogue or digital information signal over a physical

point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission medium, either wired, optical fiber

or wireless.[1][2] One example of transmission is the sending of a signal with limited

duration, for example a block or packet of data, a phone call, or an email.

Transmission technologies and schemes typically refer to physical layer protocol

duties such as modulation, demodulation, line coding, equalization, error control, bit

synchronization and multiplexing, but the term may also involve higher-layer protocol

duties, for example, digitizing an analog message signal, and source coding

(compression).

Terminology

Guided media:

Electromagnetic waves are guided along a solid medium, such as copper

twisted pair, copper coaxial cable, and optical fiber

Unguided media

Wireless transmission occurs through the atmosphere, outer space, or water.

Bandwidth:

All other factors remaining constant, the greater the bandwidth of a signal, the

higher the data rate that can be achieved.

Transmission impairments

Impairments, such as attenuation, limit the distance. For guided media, twisted

pair generally suffers more impairment than coaxial cable, which in turn suffers

more than optical fiber.

Interference

Interference from competing signals in overlapping frequency bands can distort

or wipe out a signal. Interference is of particular concern for unguided media,

but is also a problem with guided media. For guided media, interference can be

caused by emanations from nearby cables.

Number of receivers:

A guided medium can be used to construct a point to-point link or a shared link

with multiple attachments. In the latter case, each attachment introduces some

attenuation and distortion on the line, limiting distance and/or data rate.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)#cite_note-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)#cite_note-1


From 20-7-2106 to 25-7-2016

GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Twisted Pair

The least expensive and most widely used guided transmission medium is twisted

pair.

Physical Description: A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires arranged

in a regular spiral pattern. A wire pair acts as a single communication link. Typically,

a number of these pairs are bundled together into a cable by wrapping them in a tough

protective sheath. Over longer distances, cables may contain hundreds of pairs. The

twisting tends to decrease the crosstalk interference between adjacent pairs in a cable.

Neighboring pairs in a bundle typically have somewhat different twist lengths to

reduce the crosstalk interference. On long-distance links, the twist length typically

varies from 5 to 15 cm.The wires in a pair have thicknesses of from 0.4 to 0.9 mm.

Unshielded and Shielded Twisted Pair

Twisted pair comes in two varieties: unshielded and shielded. Unshielded twisted pair

(UTP) is ordinary telephone wire. Office buildings, by universal practice, are prewired

with excess unshielded twisted pair, more than is needed for simple telephone support.

This is the least expensive of all the transmission media commonly used for local area

networks and is easy to work with and easy to install.


Coaxial Cable Physical Description:

Coaxial cable, like twisted pair, consists of two conductors, but is constructed

differently to permit it to operate over a wider range of frequencies. It consists of a

hollow outer cylindrical conductor that surrounds a single inner wire conductor

(Figure 4.2b).The inner conductor is held in place by either regularly spaced insulating

rings or a solid dielectric material. The outer conductor is covered with a jacket or

shield. A single coaxial cable has a diameter of from 1 to 2.5 cm. Coaxial cable can be

used over longer distances and support more stations on a shared line than twisted

pair. Applications Coaxial cable is a versatile transmission medium, used in a wide

variety of applications.

The most important of these are

• Television distribution

• Long-distance telephone transmission

• Short-run computer system links

• Local area networks

Optical Fiber Physical Description

An optical fiber is a thin (2 to ),flexible medium capable of guiding an optical ray.

Various glasses and plastics can be used to make optical fibers. The lowest losses

have been obtained using fibers of ultrapure fused silica. Ultrapure fiber is difficult to

manufacture; higher-loss multicomponent glass fibers are more economical and still

provide good performance. Plastic fiber is even less costly and can be used for short-

haul links, for which moderately high losses are acceptable. An optical fiber cable has

a cylindrical shape and consists of three concentric sections: the core, the cladding,

and the jacket (Figure 4.2c).The core is the innermost section and consists of one or

more very thin strands, or fibers, made of glass or plastic; the core has a diameter in

the range of 8 to Each fiber is surrounded by its own cladding, a glass or plastic

coating that has optical properties different from those of the core and a diameter of

The interface between the core and cladding acts as a reflector to confine light that

would otherwise escape the core. The outermost layer, surrounding one or a bundle of

cladded fibers, is the jacket. The jacket is composed of plastic and other material


layered to protect against moisture, abrasion, crushing, and other

environmental dangers.

• Greater capacity: The potential bandwidth, and hence data rate, of optical fiber is

immense; data rates of hundreds of Gbps over tens of kilometers have been

demonstrated. Compare this to the practical maximum of hundreds of Mbps over

about 1 km for coaxial cable and just a few Mbps over 1 km or up to 100 Mbps to 10

Gbps over a few tens of meters for twisted pair.

• Smaller size and lighter weight: Optical fibers are considerably thinner than

coaxial cable or bundled twisted-pair cable—at least an order of magnitude thinner for

comparable information transmission capacity. For cramped conduits in buildings and

underground along public rights-of-way, the advantage of small size is considerable.

The corresponding reduction in weight reduces structural support requirements.

• Lower attenuation: Attenuation is significantly lower for optical fiber than for

coaxial cable or twisted pair (Figure 4.3c) and is constant over a wide range.

• Electromagnetic isolation: Optical fiber systems are not affected by external

electromagnetic fields. Thus the system is not vulnerable to interference, impulse

noise, or crosstalk. By the same token, fibers do not radiate energy, so there is little

interference with other equipment and there is a high degree of security from

eavesdropping. In addition, fiber is inherently difficult to tap.

• Greater repeater spacing: Fewer repeaters mean lower cost and fewer sources of

error. The performance of optical fiber systems from this point of view has been

steadily improving. Repeater spacing in the tens of kilometers for optical fiber is

common, and repeater spacing’s of hundreds of kilometers have been demonstrated.

Coaxial and twisted-pair systems generally have repeaters every few kilometers.

Different Modes of fiber Optical


From 30-07-2016 to 5-8-2016

Splicing of Optical Fiber Knowledge of fiber optic splicing methods is vital to any company or fiber optic

technician involved in Telecommunications or LAN and networking projects.

There are two methods of fiber splicing

Fusion Splicing

Preparing the fiber - Strip the protective coatings, jackets, tubes, strength members,

etc. leaving only the bare fiber showing. The main concern here is cleanliness.

Step 2: Cleave the fiber - Using a good fiber cleaver here is essential to a successful

fusion splice. The cleaved end must be mirror-smooth and perpendicular to the fiber

axis to obtain a proper splice.

Mechanical Splicing

Mechanical splicing is an optical junction where the fibers are precisely aligned and

held in place by a self-contained assembly, not a permanent bond. This method aligns

the two fiber ends to a common centerline, aligning their cores so the light can pass

from one fiber to another.

Step 1: Preparing the fiber - Strip the protective coatings, jackets, tubes, strength

members, etc. leaving only the bare fiber showing. The main concern here is

cleanliness.

Step 2: Cleave the fiber - The process is identical to the cleaving for fusion splicing

but the cleave precision is not as critical.

Distribution Frame In telecommunications, a distribution frame is a passive device which terminates

cables, allowing arbitrary interconnections to be made. For example, the Main

Distribution Frame (MDF) located at a telephone central office terminates the cables

leading to subscribers on the one hand, and cables leading to active equipment (such

as DSLAMs and telephone switches).


Digital Distribution Frame

A Digital Distribution Frame (DDF) is the interface when coaxial cable has to be

terminated, organized or cross-connected in long-distant transport networks, or in

access networks close to subscribers.

Optical Fiber Distribution Frame

In optical distribution frame (ODF) is a frame used to provide cable interconnections

between communication facilities, which can integrate fiber splicing, fiber

termination, fiber optic adapters & connectors and cable connections together in a

single unit.

SDH and Sonet

Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) and synchronous optical network (SONET)

refer to a group of fiber-optic transmission rates that can transport digital signals with

different capacities. Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous

Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit

streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from

light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low transmission rates data can also be transferred

via an electrical interface.

SWOT ANALYSIS

PTCL is a big organization regarding all the departments including Finance, Operations,

Human resource etc. there are several strengths, weakness opportunities and thrats of

these departments, which will be discussed as follow:


Strengths

The Biggest Foreign Exchange Earner

PTCL is the biggest source of foreign exchange for Pakistan. It earns a lot foreign

exchange form its international traffic.

Adequate Financial Resources

PTCL earns billions of Rupees as a major source of capital. These adequate financial

resources not only enable the company to copy with any unexpected event but to deploy

its resources to increase product line and services without feeling any financial difficult.

Free From Competitive Pressure

PTCL has no competitor in the market and other companies are legally not allowed

enter in competition with PTCL before 2003.So PTCL is performing its activities freely

without any pressure.

Leadership In The Market

PTCL is leading Company to provide telecom facilities in the Pakistan. PTCL aims at

using the latest technology in the field of engineering and IT for its services. It is also

getting constancy from international Companies in order to remain leader in telecom

sector.

Modern Technology

PTCL is running modern technology to develop its products and services and improve

the quality of services. In this connection it has replaced the old exchanges with new

digital exchanges. It has computerized billing system. Due to this technology thousand

of complaints have been reduced. PTCL has also entered in the business of Mobile

phone and Internet services.

Human Resource Development

Human resource development and employment of technology towards modern

development.

Weaknesses

Ambiguity In Strategic Direction

PTCL is doing business very well but only to that extend to which customers respond.

Although PTCL is generating revenue from its value added services but it doesn’t have

any solid financial strategic outline, which can cope the entire complex financial

situation, and also ambiguity exists in implementation strategic financial plans.

Externally, PTCL has no competitors so it has no benchmark to gauge financial

performance of its different departments with those of competitors.

Seniority Bases Promotions

PTCL is leading information technology but it is not knowledge oriented so far as

promotions of its employees are concerned. Promotions of PTCL employees are

seniority based. Most of employees are concerned. Promotions of PTCL employees,


who get promoted on seniority basis, are less knowledgeable and non-

professional and cannot cope with the challenges of this ever-growing

field. On the other hand most of its knowledgeable and well-educated employees have

no chance of getting higher Positions. They have to work under their boss who has more

experience but less knowledge about Information Technology and Telecommunication.

Lack of Human Resources Management

PTCL has no human resources management department. It doesn’t have clear policy

regarding hiring & training of work force. In PTCL, for most of the jobs there is no job

work & evaluation of performance of employees.

Customer Dissatisfaction And Delayed Responses

Many customer of PTCL are not satisfied with its services because of wrong billing,

late delivery of bills and delayed responses for any fault in the telephone. Some

customer complains that they received their bills in full amount although they have

stayed out of the home and had not use the telephone at all.

Opportunities

Increasing Awareness Rate

PTCL can show its interest in educating people & increasing literality rate. In this way,

PTCL will not only fulfill its social responsibility but will also be able to increase

awareness rate & it will be help full in the expansion of PTCL business.

Skillful human resources:

PTCL can improve the skill of its manpower by providing them the opportunities of

advanced courses that will make them to cope with the ever-changing condition in field

of telecommunication.

Entering The New Market

PTCL recently is starting its mobile services hence; it will enter in the market. PTCL

can expand its business by exploring and entering in new markets in similar way.

Telecom Facilities In Rural Areas

All the value added services and digital facilities are available only in the main cities of

Pakistan. PTCL can expand its business by providing telecom facilities in rural areas,

which is only possible when adequate planning is done.

Recruitment

PTCL can also improve the human resources by the selection of competent person for

different departments and this can only possible by discouraging the corruption and

favoritism.

Threats

Exchange Rate Risk

Exchange Rate Risk will cause PTCL net exchange loss on foreign loans. Devaluation

of rupees will increase the cost of production, machinery, and almost all the equipment,


imported from foreign countries. So exchange rate risk will affect the

Profitability of PTCL and also increase the risk of getting foreign loans in

future.

Government Legislation

Government policies can affect the performance of PTCL. Hence government policies

will be a real threat for PTCL if they are not in favor of PTCL business activities. This

can affect the recruiting policies of PTCL.

Turnover

At the end of the monopoly, competitors will enter the industry and the completion will

increase as a result of which they will offer high pays and facilities to skill-person of

the industry. This can increase the turnover of PTCL, which can create a serious threat

for the organization.

Decrease In Market Share Due To Competition

After the end of monopoly, dissatisfied customers may shift to those telecom services

providers who they think would offer better services than PTCL, and will increase

customer satisfaction. Decrease in market share would decrease the profitability of

PTCL, which will be a real threat in near future.Swot matrix table are on the other page.

Recommendations and Suggestions

The equipment should be updated, the company is using the same BTS system since three

decades. Their efficiency has been reduced and traffic has increased, hence the system must

be time and technology oriented.

Recruitment of technical people on the basis of merit should be done.

Refreshing courses of the training are not scheduled and is not provided to all the staff

equally. I have a suggestion for it that training department should arrange the training

courses properly and it should be at least once a year.


Top and lower level management both should attend the workshops,

seminars and meetings so that they can also give their suggestion and

opinion

The backup should be stand by, because we have seen so many breakdowns during the rainy

seasons.

The company is earning, so it should now go toward fiber to home concept.

There must be trainings for technical staff from well know technical institution of the

country. And international trainings should also be arranged.

PTCL is one of the leading provider of the internship in the telecommunication field. I would

recommend to increase this ratio more and more on the basis of merit so that larger number

of fresh engineers should avail such opportunities.

PTCL 6 Weeks - · PDF file · 2016-11-19PTCL 6 Weeks Summer Internship Report ......

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