CONFIDENTIAL/SULIT HDP 112ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

HDP 112

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

MIDTERM EXAMINATIONJANUARY 2013

Please read these instructions carefully before answering the questions. You are not allowed to open the question paper until you are informed to.

Candidates are not allowed to bring into the Examination Hall/Room any reference books, dictionaries of any kind, diagrams or pieces of paper or any written materials.

Sila baca arahan dengan teliti sebelum menjawab soalan. Pelajar tidak dibenarkan membuka kertas soalan sehingga diberitahu.

Para pelajar tidak dibenarkan membawa masuk sebarang bentuk buku rujukan, kamus, diagram atau helaian kertas atau bahan bertulis ke dalam Dewan/Bilik Peperiksaan.

This paper contains of TWO(2) sections A, B and C.

Kertas soalan ini mengandungi DUA(2) bahagian A ,B dan C.

Write your I/C NO. / PASSPORT NO, STUDENT ID, CLASS CODE and LECTURERS NAME in the section provided.

Tulis NO. K/P atau NO. PASSPORT, ID PELAJAR, KOD KELAS dan NAMA PENSYARAH di dalam bahagian yang disediakan.

Write the answer on the provided answering sheet. Use new page for the new question or new section.

Jawab di dalam kertas jawapan yang disediakan. Sila mulakan di muka surat baru bagi soalan atau bahagian yang berlainan.

Use only BLACK or BLUE PEN. Gunakan PEN BIRU atau HITAM sahaja.

Attach this FRONT COVER to your answer sheet. Kepilkan bahagian MUKA SURAT HADAPAN ini beserta dengan jawapan anda.

I/C No / PASSPORT NoCLASS CODE

STUDENT ID LECTURER

-------------------------------------------------------------------- To Be Filled By the Examiner Only ------------------------------------------------------------

MARKS REMARKS EXAMINER 1 EXAMINER 2

SECTION A20TOTAL (100 m)

SECTION B40

SECTION C40

NAMETOTAL (10%)

BRANCH

KUALA LUMPUR METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

COSMOPOINT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

HDP 112 -ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

MID TERM EXAMINATION: JANUARY 2013SECTION - A

Answer all the multiple choice questions given below: 20 x 1mark = 20 marks Shade your answer in the shading sheet provided1How many chamber of human heart?

A2

B3

C4

D5

2The apex of the heart lies in the ____________.

A2nd intercostal space-left side

B2nd intercostal space-right side

C5th intercostal space left side

D5th intercostal space-right side

3Fill in the missing term in following series :Left ventricle(ascending aorta(_____(myocardium

ACoronary arteries

BLeft atrium

CLung

Dright pulmonary artery

4Blood from the left ventricle is pumped out into the__________.

ALeft atrium Pulmonary artery

BAorta

CPulmonary artery

DInferior vena cava

5What is the purpose of the little hairs inside the nose?

ATo fight disease.

BThey serve no purpose.

CTo keep dust out of the lungs

DTo tickle the nose and cause sneezes.

6The impulse for cardiac contraction starts at___________.

ASA node

BAV node

CBundle of his

DPurkinje fiber

7_________acts as a flap that prevent food from entering the trachea.

ALarynx

BThroid cartilage

CCricoid cartilage

DEpiglottios

8The junction where the trachea and the two primary bronchi branch is reinforced by a cartilage plate called the _______.

ATracheal cartilage

BCorniculate cartilage

CVentricular cartilage

DCarina

9The very small functional units of the lung is:

AAlveoli

BAlveolar duct

CTerminal bronchiole

DRespiratory bronchiole

10Where does gas exchange occur?

ATerminal bronchioles

BRespiratory bronchioles

CAlveolar duct

DAlveoli

11Reduced oxygen to the body tissue is termed as _______.

ADead space

BCyanosis

CHypoxia

DCarboxia

12Tidal volume is air ________.

Aremaining in the lungs after forced expiration

Bexchanged during normal breathing

Cinhaled after normal inspiration

Dforcibly expelled after normal expiration

13Bluish color of the skin also known as _____

ACyanosis

BHypoxia

CDead space

DBruise

14Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

Amidbrain and medulla

Bmedulla and pons

Cpons and midbrain

Dupper spinal cord and medulla

15A dendrite conducts nerve impulses ________ the cell body.

AAway from

BToward

CBoth A and B

DAround, bypassing

16The importance of myelination is _______.

AInsulation of axon

BProtection of axon

CIncreasing speed of impulse conduction

DAll the above

17Neuroglial cells support and provide nutrition for the ________.

AMuscle cells

BGlands

CNeurons

DNephrons

18Gaps in the myelin sheath are called _______.

Anodes of Ranvier

Bthe synapse

Cdendrite

Daxon

19The total number of spinal nerves are _________.

A12 pairs

B24 pairs

C31 pairs

D33 pairs

20Motor neurons running from the CNS to the muscles and gland called______.

AAfferent neurons

BEfferent neurons

CAutonomic neurons

DSpinal nerves

SECTION - B

Answer ALL of the following SHORT questions:

8 x 5 marks = 40 marks

1Describe the effects of exercise on cardiovascular system.(5 marks)

2Write a note on movement of the ribcage during breathing.(5 marks)

3Explain in details stages of cardiac cycle.(5 marks)

4(a) What is gas exchange?(2 marks)

(b)Describe the factor affecting gas exchange(3 marks)

5(a) What is ECG?(2 marks)

(b)Write on normal ECG waveform.(3 marks)

6Describe in details on cyanosis.(5 marks)

7(a) Define cardiac output.(2 marks)

(b)Write a note on the factor affecting cardiac output.(3 marks)

8List function of kidney.(5 marks)

SECTION - C

Answer ANY TWO of the following ESSAY questions:

2 x 20marks = 40 marks1Describe the structure of the heart under the following headings:

(a)Chambers and valves of the heart(9 marks)

(b)Layers of heart(6 marks)

(c)Coronary circulation(5 marks)

2Explain in details the structure of the lungs under the following headings.

.

(a)Lobes and bronchopulmonary segments(10 marks)

(b)Pleura and pleural space(5 marks)

(c)Muscle of respiration(5 marks)

3Explain with the help of a diagram, lung volumes and capacities.(20 marks)

4(a)With the help of a labeled diagram, explain in details the different part of neuron.(10 marks)

(b)Write a note on structure of peripheral nerves.(10 marks)

END OF QUESTIONS

KUALA LUMPUR METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

COSMOPOINT INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

HDP 112 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

SOLUTION

Q.NoSolutionSubMarks Total marks

Question A1(c ) 4

1 marks1 marks

Question A2(c) 5th intercostal space-left side1 marks1 marks

Question A3(b) Coronary artery1 marks1 marks

Question A4(b) Aorta1 marks1 marks

Question A5( c) To keep dust out of the lungs1marks1 marks

Question A6(A) SA node1 marks1 marks

Question A7(d) Epiglottis1 marks1 marks

Question A8(d) Carina1 marks1 marks

Question A9(a) alveoli1 marks1 marks

Question A10(a) alveoli1 marks1 marks

Question A11(c )Hypoxia1 marks1 marks

Question A12(b) exchanged during normal breathing1 marks1 marks

Question A13(a) cyanosis1 marks1 marks

Question A14(b) pons and medulla1 marks1 marks

Question A15(b) towards1 marks1 marks

Question A16(d) all the above1 marks1 marks

Question A17(c ) neuron1 marks1 marks

Question A18(a) node of Ranvier1 marks1 marks

Question A19(c ) 31 pairs1 marks1 marks

Question A20(b) efferent neurons1 marks1 marks

Question B1Regular exercise makes the cardiovascular system more effiecient at pumping blood and delivering oxygen to the exercise muscle.

During exercise, there:

-Gradual increase in heart rate

-Gradual decrease in stroke volume

-Cardiac output is maintained

- Rise in systolic blood pressure

Initial signal t drive cardiovascular system comes from higher brain center

2. fined tuned feedback from:

Chemoreceptor

Mechanoreceptor

Baroreceptor

There is Redistribution of Blood Flow

1. Increased blood flow to working skeletal muscle.

At rest ,muscle receive approximately 20 % of the total blood flow,but during exercise, the blood flow to muscle increase to 80-85%.

2. Reduced blood flow to less active organ-Liver ,kidney

3. Brain blood flow not affected.

5 marks5 marks

Question B2The chest wall is formed by 12 pairs of ribs, strernum, costal cartilage and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.

1st rib- during inspiration the 1st rib elevates and moves superiorly and posteriorly at costovetebral joints and pushes the manubrium superiorly. This increases the vertical diameter of the rib cage.

2nd rib-6th rib During inspiration, the upper half of ribs moves superiorly and anteriorly increasing the anterio-posterior diameter of the thorax(Pump handle movement).

7th-10th ribs- during inspiration the lower half of the ribs moves superiorly and laterally increasing the lateral diameter of the thorax (Bucket handle movement)

11-12th ribs they can move in any direction because they dont have any attachment with sternum.

5 marks5 marks

Question B3The Cardiac Cycle

Stages of Cardiac Cycle.

Cardiac cycle occurs due to:

Systole- period of contraction

Diastole a period of relaxation of the heart chambers.

Stages of Cardiac Cycle

Atrial Systole - contraction of atria-0.1 sec

Venticular Systole contraction of ventricles-0.3 sec

Complete Cardiac Diastole relaxation of the atria and ventricles -0.4 secs

Atrial contraction : SAnode triggers causing atrial contraction. Blood from the atria enter into the ventricles.

Ventricular systole : AV node troggers and impulse travel through the ventricles. Ventricles contract, Atrioventricular valve close, aortic and pulmonary valve open. Blood from the ventricles flow into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Complete cardiac diastole after contraction of the ventricles there is a complete cardiac diastole when the atria and ventricles are relaxed. Aortic and pulmonary valves close, while atrioventricular valves open. The blood from the veins fill the two atria- superior and inferior vena cava fill the right atrium and the pulmonary veins fill the left atrium. The atrioventricular valves are open and blood flows to the ventricles passively.

5 marks5 marks

Question B4(a)

Gas exchange is the exchange of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between tissues and blood.

1 marks5 marks

(b)Factor affecting gas exchange:

-The thickness of the membrane: this comprises the thickness of the alveolar wall, capillary wall and the interstitial membrane. The thicker the membrane the lesser gas exchange.

-The surface area of the membrane: These comprise the surface area available for gas exchange. The more the surface area, the more gas exchange.

-The diffusion coefficient of the gas through the membrane; the more the diffusion gradient, the greater is the gas exchange

-The partial pressure difference of the gas between the two sides of the membrane ;this comprises the difference in the amount of gas present in the tissue and the blood. The greater the difference in the partial pressure, the more gas exchange.

4 marks

Question B5Electrocardiogram:

(a) Definition:

An electrocardiogram is a non-invasive procedure for recording of the electrical signal produced by heart muscle fibers during each heartbeat,2 marks5 marks

(b) ECG Normal waveform

- P wave represent atrial depolarization.

- QRS complex represent ventricular depolarization

- T wave represent ventricular repolarization

3 marks

Question B6Cyanosis is blue coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessel near the skin surfaces.

Cyanosis divided in to two main types:

Central (around the core and lips)

Peripheral (only the extremities are effected)5marks5 marks

Question B7(A)

Cardiac output is defined as the quantity of blood pumped by heart in 1 minutes.

Cardiac output= heart rate* stroke volume

1 marks5 marks

Factor affecting cardiac output:

There are three important factors that affect the cardiac output:

- Preload

-Contractility

-After load

Preload: preload means the amount of blood coming back into the heart through the veins. More preload greater is the cardiac output.

Contractility: it is the ability of the heart to produce a strong contraction.

Contractility depends on the inotrophic agents

After load: it is the amount of back pressure that the heart has to overcome before the semilunar vlve can open and blood flow out into the aorta and pulmonary artery. More the afterload lesser is the cardiac output.

4 marks

Question B8Nervous system is made up of highly specialized cells that are capable of transmitting information rapidly between different parts of the body.

The nervous system is divided into the

-peripheral nervous system (PNS)

- central nervous system (CNS)

The CNS consists of the spinal cord and the brain

Functions are:

Thought, language, emotion, the control of movement and analysis of sensation.

The PNS consists of

-sensory neurons running from stimulus receptors that inform the CNS of the stimuli

motor neurons running from the CNS to the muscles and glands - called effectors - that take action.

The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into

the sensory-somatic nervous system

the autonomic nervous system

5 marks5 marks

Q.No.SolutionSubMarksTotalMarks

Question C1(a) The heart is a hollow muscular organ in the thoracic cavity

Chambers of the heart: The heart has 4 chambers.The two chambers on the right side are called right atrium and right ventricleThe two chambers on the left side are known as the left atrium and left ventricleThe left and right atria are smaller in size, the upper chambers of the heart. The atria are separated by interatrial septum.The left and right ventricles are larger in size, the lower chambers of the heart. The two ventricles are separated by interventricular septum.Valves of the heart: The heart has 4 valves.The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by the tricuspid valve - right atrioventricular (AV) valve.The opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle is guarded by the bicuspid valve -- Mitral valve - left atrioventricular (AV) valveThe opening between right ventricle and pulmonary artery is guarded by the Pulmonary valve.The opening between the left ventricle and the aorta is guarded by the Aortic valve.

9 marks20 marks

(b)

Layers of the heart: The heart has 3 layers

The innermost layer is called endocardium

The middle layer is made of cardiac muscles called myocardium

The outermost layer is called the pericardium

The pericardium is divided further as the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium

The serous pericardium is further divided into visceral and parietal pericardium

The pericardial fluid is present between these two layers

6 marks

(c)

Coronary circulation: The heart receives blood supply through the right and left coronary arteries. They are the first branches of aorta.Main branches of Right coronary artery:- Posterior interventricular branch

- Marginal artery

Main branches of left coronary artery:- Anterior interventricular branch

- Circumflex artery

Venous blood of heart is collected by the coronary sinus. It opens directly into the right atrium.

Veins draining into coronary sinus are:

Great cardiac vein

Middle cardiac vein

Small cardiac vein

5 marks

Question C2(a)

LOBES OF THE LUNGS AND BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT

Each lung is divided into lobes by means of fissures

The right lung which is bigger has 3 lobes

-upper lobe

-middle lobe

-lower lobe

The left lung has 2 lobes:

Upper lobe

Lower lobe

The right lung has two fissures:

The horizontal fissures

The oblique fissures

The left lung has only one fissures:

The oblique fissure

Bronchopulmonary segment

RIGHT LUNG

Upper lobe

-apical segment

-anterior segment

Posterior segment

MIDDLE LOBE

-Medial segment

-Lateral segment

LOWER LOBE

-apicobasal

-Medial basal

-Anterior basal

-Lateral basal

- Posterior basal

LEFT LUNG

Upper lobe

-apical segment

-Anterior

-Posterior

Lingula

-Superior segment

-Inferior segment

Lower lobe

-Apicobasal

- lateral basal

-anterior basal

-posterior basal

10 marks20 marks

(b) the pleura is the outer covering of the lung

It consists of two layers

Parietal pleura

Visceral pleura

Pleural space

Between the parietal and visceral pleura there is a space called as pleural cavity.

The pleural cavity contains pleural fluid.

The pleural fluid prevents between the two pleural during breathing movement.5 marks

Intercostal muscle

Intercostal muscles are groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall.the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs.Intercostal muscles are groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall.

the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs.

d) diaphragmThe diaphragm is a sheet of internal muscle that extends across the bottom of the rib cage.

The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in respiration

Origin :Sternal: back of the xiphoid processCostal: the inner surfaces of the lower six ribs on either sideLumbar: the lumbar vertebraeInsertion: Central tendonNerve supply:Phrenic nerve

5 marks

Question C3Respiratory volumes

I) Tidal volume (TV)

It is the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during quiet breathing at rest. TV=500ml

ii) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) It is the volume of air additional to TV that can be inspired during a maximum inspiration. IRV=2500ml

iii) Expiratory Reserve volume (EVR)

It is the volume of air additional to TV that can be expired during a maXimum expiration.ERV=1000ml

iv) Residual volume (RV)It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration.

RV=1500ml

Respiratory capacities

i) Total lung capacity (TLC)

It is the total volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration.

TLC= IRV + TV + ERV+ RV=5500ml

ii) Vital capacity (VC)

It is the maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

VC= IRV + TV + ERV = 4000ml

iii) Inspiratory capacity (IC):

It is the maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the end point of quiet expiration at rest

IC =IRV + TV =3000ml

iv) Functional residual volume (FRC):

It is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of quiet expiration at rest.

FRC= RV + ERV = 2500ml

20 marks20 marks

Question C4(a)

CELL BODY/SOMA

The expanded portion of the cell contains the nucleus and the apparatus necessary to sustain the metabolic activities of the cell.

The nucleus has a inner core called nucleolus.

The other structures present in the cell body are golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum.

AXON

Axon is a longitudinal, tubular extension of the cell membrane and cytoplasm.

The function is to transmit information away from the cell body, the cell membrane surrounding the axon is referred to as axolemma.

DENDRITES

They are processes of the cell membrane that radiate from the cell body in various directions and are responsible for receiving information and transmitting it to the cell body.

10 marks20 marks

(b)

STRUCTURE OF A PERIPHERAL NERVE

A peripheral nerve is formed by a number of axons.

The size of the nerve depends on the number of axons.

Individual myelinated axons are surrounded by a tubular sheath of fibrous tissue called endoneurium.

A group of axons are held together by a larger fibrous sheath called perineurium

A bundle of axons held within a perineurial sheath is called as a nerve fascicle.

The fascicles inside a peripheral nerve is bound by an external sheath of fibrous tissue called epineurium

10 marks

Exam

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