Psychology of LearningEXP4404

Chapter 5: Reinforcement

Dr. Steve

Topics Covered

Law of Effect Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning

Reinforcement Escape-Avoidance Learning

Operant vs. Classical Conditioning Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers Shaping & Chaining Variables Affecting Reinforcement Neuromechanics of Reinforcement Extinction Theories of Reinforcement

Law of Effect

E. L. Thorndike Puzzle Box for studying “animal intelligence”

Trial and Error Learning Law of Effect

www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8

Operant Learning

Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning – B. F. Skinner’s Operant Chamber

Operant Learning

Reinforcement Reinforcer

Positive Reinforcer Negative Reinforcer

Operant Learning

Escape-Avoidance Learning

Learned Helplessness

Operant Learning

Operant vs. Classical Conditioning

Operant Classical

Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers

Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers

Secondary Reinforcers

• Clicker Training

Operant Learning

Shaping

Bird shaping video

Chaining Forward chaining Backward chaining

Operant Learning

Funny example of Chaining Behavior

Variables Affecting Reinforcement

Contingency Contiguity

Reinforcer Characteristics Crespi Effect (aka, Contrast Effect)

Negative Effect Positive Effect

Variables Affecting Reinforcement

Token Economies

Variables Affecting Reinforcement

Task Characteristics

Motivating Operation

Competing Reinforcers

Variables Affecting Reinforcement

Operant Learning

Reward Pathway

Latent Learning

Operant Learning

Extinction

Extinction Effects of extinction include:

Extinction burst

Effects of extinction include (cont’d): Spontaneous Recovery Resurgence Behavior is Extinguished

Extinction

Theories of Reinforcement

Hull’s Drive-Reduction Theory P(R) = (D x H x K x V) – I

P(R) = probability of response D = Drive or length of deprivation H = Habit or how often response has been reinforced K = Incentive (pull factor) quantity or quality of goal V = Stimulus intensity (push factor) – greater better I = Inhibition- reduces probability of response (fatigue)

“Forgetting” may be function of reduction in D, K, or V (note: H cannot decrease) or increase in I

Premack Principle – aka – Relative Value Theory

Theories of Reinforcement

Response Deprivation Theory – aka Equilibrium Theory

Theories of Reinforcement

Theories of Reinforcement

Theories of Negative Reinforcement (Avoidance)

Mowrer’s Two-Process Theory

Theories of Negative Reinforcement (Avoidance)

One-Process Theory

Theories of Reinforcement