PSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick CHAPTER 12 · Evaluating Trait Theories • Pro: –Five-factor model...
Transcript of PSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick CHAPTER 12 · Evaluating Trait Theories • Pro: –Five-factor model...
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
CHAPTER 12
Personality
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Lecture Overview
• Psychoanalytic/
Psychodynamic Theories
• Trait Theories
• Humanistic Theories
• Social-Cognitive Theories
• Biological Theories
• Personality Assessment
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Personality: Key Definition
• Personality: relatively
stable & enduring
patterns of thoughts,
feelings, & actions
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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychoanalytic/
• Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: examine how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, & actions
• Early Key Figures:
– Founding Father--Freud
– Neo-Freudians--Adler, Jung, Horney
Psychodynamic Theories
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Theories: Levels of Consciousness
Psyche - Mind
• Conscious: thoughts or motives
person is currently aware of or
remembering
• Preconscious: thoughts, motives,
or memories that can be easily
brought to mind
• Unconscious: thoughts or motives
that lie beyond normal awareness
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Theories: Personality Structures
• Id: instinctual energy
(pleasure principle)
• Ego: rational part of
psyche (reality
principle)
• Superego: the
conscience (morality
principle)
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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Theories: Defense Mechanisms
• Defense mechanisms: ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality
ID
EGO SUPER EGO
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychoanalytic/
Psychodynamic Theories:
Psychosexual Stages of Development
• Psychosexual Stages: Freudian idea of five
developmental periods as key to personality
development
– Oral Stage: birth-18 months
– Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs
– Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs
– Latency Stage: 6 yrs-puberty
– Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood
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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Stage Age Erogenous
Zone Task
Oral 0-18 mos. Mouth Weaning
Anal 18 mos.- 3yrs. Anus Toilet Training
Phallic 3 - 6 yrs. Genitals Overcoming Oedipus Complex
Latent 6 – puberty None Interacting with same sex
peers
Genital puberty - adult Genitals
Establishing intimate
relationships with the opposite
sex
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychosexual Stages of Development
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychosexual Stages of Development
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Supposed symptoms of fixation and/or regrHslon
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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychosexual Stages of Development
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists
• Adler believed that
behavior was
purposeful and goal
directed instead of
motivated by
unconscious forces.
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Adler: Individual Psychology
• Motivated by our goals in life
• Inferiority complex
• Will-To-Power
– Superiority
– Full Potential
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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Carl Jung
• Analytical Psychology
• Unconscious
processes
• Motives
– Positive
– Spiritual
• Forces • Personal unconscious
– Sexual • Collective – Aggressive unconscious
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Carl Jung
• Archetypes
• Anima - feminine
• Animus - masculine
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists
• child’s relationship to parents
• security
– toward people
– away from
people
– against people
• Horney
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Criticisms
Enduring inRuences
anal tic theories T.11t.&LE: 1 2 • 1
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ause & Refl ssessment --~ ~'::: -~
-
ause & Reflect: ssessment
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Evaluating Psychoanalytic/
Psychodynamic Theories
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
1. Using the iceberg analogy, explain Freud’s three levels of consciousness.
2. Label Freud’s five psychosexual stages
Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
1. Explain the relationship between the Id, Ego, and Superego.
2. Identify, explain, and give an example of five defense mechanisms.
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ause & Reflect: sychology & Life
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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Trait Theories
• Traits: relatively stable & consistent characteristics used to describe someone
• Key Figures:
– Early Trait Theorists: Allport, Cattell, Eysenck
– Modern Trait Theorists: McCrae & Costa--Five-Factor Model (FFM)
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Trait Theorists:
The Five-Factor Model (FFM)C
Study Tip:• Openness (open to new ideas vs. Note the
conventional & narrow in interests) first letter
• Conscientiousness (responsible & organized of each
factorvs. irresponsible & careless)
• Extroversion (sociable & talkative vs. withdrawn & quiet)
• Agreeableness (trusting & good-natured vs. suspicious & ruthless)
• Neuroticism (emotionally unstable & moody vs. emotionally stable & easygoing)
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
• Psychology helps us
understand personality &
relationships. For
example, place a dot on
each line to indicate your
traits of openness,
extroversion, etc. Then
do the same for your
Pause & Reflect:
Psychology & Life
ideal romantic partner.
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ause & Reflect: sychology & Life
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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Trait Theorists:
The Five-Factor Model (FFM)
• Researchers asked over
10,000 men & women
from 37 countries what
they wanted in a mate.
• They found:
– high degree of
agreement.
– five-factor traits are at
the top of both lists.
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Does Your Personality Match Your
Career Choice?
Pause & Reflect:
Psychology & Life
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
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ause & Retie ssessment
1
2
3
4
5
Big Fi~~ Traih
\ I \ I \ I \ I \ I •
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Evaluating Trait Theories
• Pro:
– Five-factor model (FFM) helps
describe & organize personality
characteristics using the fewest
number of traits.
• Con:
– Lacks causal explanation
– Stability vs. change
– Ignores situational effects
– Great variations in personality
cannot be accounted for by
4 or 5 traits
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
1. _____ are relatively stable
personal characteristics used
to describe someone.
2. Label the five factors
3. Tending to be withdrawn,
quiet, passive, & reserved is
known as _____ on the five-
factor model (FFM).
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Humanistic Theories
• Emphasis:
– People are naturally good
– Personality develops from
internal feelings & thoughts &
sense of basic worth
– Personality & behavior depend
on perceptions & interpretations
• Key Figures: Rogers & Maslow
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Well-adjusted indMdwil
Con-.1cldable ove.lap ~ween 'lelt<oocepc omd experience
lncongruenc:-e
Seli«>ncep! Experrence
Poorty ad,USted individual l1nlc ove1lapbciwl"t"fl
selr<oncept omd e ,cperlenc:e
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Humanistic Theories:
Rogers’ Key Concepts
• Key component of personality is
the self--what a person defines
as “I” or “me”
• Mental health is related to the
degree of congruence between
the self-concept & life
experiences.
What kind of Mindset do you have?
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Carl Rogers
• Low self-esteem or poor mental health
• Result of
– Love and acceptance conditional on
• Behaving
• Expressing
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Humanistic Theories:
Rogers’s Key Terms (Continued)
• Unconditional Positive
Regard: positive behavior
with no contingencies
attached
• Value of person vs. behavior
• Guide behavior
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use & Reflect: ritical Thinking
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Conditional Love
• To gain parental approval
– Deny true feelings
• Suspects he is not a “nice-
boy”
• Self-esteem
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Pause & Reflect:
Critical Thinking
• As a child did you receive primarily conditional or unconditional positive regard?
• According to Rogers, how might this have
affected your adult
personality?
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Humanistic Theories:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Self-Actualization: Maslow’s term for the inborn drive to develop all one’s talents & capabilities
• Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s proposal
that basic physical necessities
must be satisfied before
higher-growth needs
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•
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Humanistic Theories:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Evaluating Humanistic Theories
• Pro: • Con:
– Many concepts – Naive
incorporated into assumptions
successful – Poor testability & therapy inadequate
evidence
– Narrowness
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Social-Cognitive Theories
• Social Cognitive Theories
Personality reflects:
– individual’s interactions
with the environment
– how we think about
the world & interpret
what happens to us
– Key Figures:
Bandura & Rotter
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Cognitions Behavior
'/4 Personality
I Environment
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Social-Cognitive Theories:
Bandura’s Key Terms
• Self-Efficacy: person’s learned expectation of success
• Reciprocal Determinism: cognitions, behaviors, & the environment interact to produce personality
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Social-Cognitive Theories:
Rotter’s Key Terms
• Cognitive Expectancies: what people expect to happen & the reinforcement value attached to specific outcomes
• Locus of Control: what people consider the source of life’s rewards & punishments (internal or external locus of control)
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Evaluating
Social-Cognitive Theories
• Pro: • Con:
– Emphasizes how – Narrow focus environment affects & – Ignores is affected by unconscious & individuals
– Offers testable, of personality objectives, operationally defined terms, & relies on empirical data
emotional aspects
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ause & Reflect: ssessment
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Pause & Reflect:
Assessment
1. The _____ approach to personality emphasizes internal experiences & the basic goodness of the individual.
2. Rogers believed _____ is essential to a child’s healthy personality development.
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Biological Theories
• Three major biological contributors to personality:
• Brain Structures
• Neurochemistry
• Genetic Factors
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Neurochemistry
• Sensation seeking
– MAO
– Physical arousal
– Extroverts vs. Introverts
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Ii
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Integrating the Perspectives
Genetics
Shared
Environmental
factors
Unshared
Environmental
factors
Other
factors
• Biopsychosocial
model suggests
multiple theories
provide different
insights &
contribute different
proportions to
personality.
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Personality Assessment
• Four methods to measure personality:
1. Interviews
2. Observations
3. Objective Tests (MMPI)
4. Projective Tests
(Rorschach, TAT)
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I . H ypochondria.sis
2. D epression
3. H )'-scer ia
4. Psrchopath ic d eviate
:5 •• \lascul in it)•- fem.inini ty
6. Paranoia
i. Psychasthen ia
8. Schizophrenia
9. H ypomania
10. Soc ia l imrovers.ion
V,;a.lidity Sca.les;
1. L (lie)
2. F (confusion)
3. K (d e fensiveness)
4.? (cannor say)
:-,..rumerous ph}'Sical complaints
Serious lr d epress ed and pessimistic
Suggestible, immature, self-centered , deman ding
Rebellious, nonconformist
Interests l ike those of other sex
Sus p kious and resentful of others
F earful, agitated , b rood ing
\ •Vith drawn, reclus ive, biz.a r re th inking
D is a-actible, im puls ive, dramu:ic
Shy, ina-ove rre d, self- effacing
T ypica.l l n t e cpre t,uions; o f H igh Scores
Den ies common problems, projects a "s ai n tly" or false picru re
Answers are concra d ic rory
.\ l in im.i zes social an d emotional compl aints
.\lan}' items left unanswere d
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
Evaluating Methods
of Personality Assessment
• Interviews & • Objective Tests Observations – Pro: standardized – Pro: insights information
– Con: time consuming – Con: possible & expensive deliberate deception,
• Projective Tests social desirability bias,
diagnostic difficulties,– Pro: insights possible cultural bias,
– Con: low reliability & & inappropriate use
validity
PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick
End of CHAPTER 12
Personality
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