PSYCHOLOGY
description
Transcript of PSYCHOLOGY
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PSYCHOLOGY
Perceptual Organization
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Perceptual Illusions
http://www.yorku.ca/eye/m-lillu.htm
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Objectives
1. Understand how illusions help us understand perception
2. Understand perceptual organization principles
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Outline A. Intro & illusions B. Organizational Principles
1. Form perception Figure/Ground Gestalt grouping
2. Depth perception Binocular cues - retinal dispartity,
convergence Monocular cues - 8
3. Motion Perception - stroboscopic, phi phenomemon
4. Perceptual Constancy - size & shape, size & distance, light, color
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Perception
What can we learn from looking at the visual illusions #1-6 in your textbook?
Illusion reveal the ways we normally organize and interpret sensation.
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Perceptual Illusions
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Perceptual Organization: Muller-Lyer Illusion
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Illusions
Muller-Lyer IllusionWe interpret the arrows as cues for
distance & length The arrows at the ends of the lines
make them appear of different lengths
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Room Illusion
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Room Illusion
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Perceptual Organization: Size-Distance Relationship
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Illusions
What assumptions do we make about rooms?
90 degree anglesSize & distance (we make the false
assumption that they are the same distance way)
To fool us they distorted the shape of the room
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St. Louis Arch
Taller than wider?Wider than taller?
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Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Relative Height
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St. Louis Arch
Explanation: Relative Height - we perceive
objects higher in our field of vision as farther away
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Perceptual Illusions
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Illusions
Hans- Wallach’s - glowing blue wormGestalt principles grouping principles
lead you astray in this puzzleApply grouping principles like - continuity
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Perceptual Illusions
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Illusions
Hoffman - ripple illusion
It is a shading technique using light & shadows
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Perceptual Illusions
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Illusions
People tend to overestimate distance in the fog Light & Shadow issues Relative Clarity issues
Where can this information be useful in the real world?
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Perceptual Illusions
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Perception
What can we learn from looking at the visual illusions #1-6 in your textbook?
Illusion reveal the ways we normally organize and interpret sensation.
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Which sense dominates?
Visual Capture tendency for vision to dominate
the other senses
Ex. - movie theater, roller coaster
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Perceptual Organization: Gestalt
Our brains do more then just register info, we filter & infer to make sense
Gestalt = whole tendency to integrate pieces of
information into meaningful wholes
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Necker Cube
The whole may exceed the sum of the parts
8 circles - people tend not to notice the circles but the whole box
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Perceptual Organization: Illusory Contours
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Fig. 15.2
Is there really a line down the middle?
Your eye perceives one
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Outline M15 A. Intro & illusions B. Organizational Principles
1.Form perceptionFigure/GroundGestalt grouping
2.Depth perception Binocular cues - retinal dispartity,
convergence Monocular cues - 8
3.Motion Perception - stroboscopic, phi phenomemon
4.Perceptual Constancy - size & shap, size & distance, light
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Form perception
Our brains do more then just register info, we filter & infer to make sense by discriminating what it is - form
We organize and interpret meaning
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What is it?
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Perceptual OrganizationForm perception
Figure and Ground--organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground); Reversible figures
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What is it?
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
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What is it?
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Perceptual Organization: Gestalt
Grouping the perceptual tendency to organize
stimuli into coherent groups
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Gestalt grouping prin.
Grouping Principlesa) proximity--group nearby figures togetherb) similarity--group figures that are similarc) continuity--perceive continuous patternsd) closure--fill in gapse) connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are
seen as unit when connected
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Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles
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Perceptual Organization: Closure
Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.
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Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles
Gestalt grouping principles are at work here
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Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles
Impossible doghouse
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Perceptual Organization:
Depth Perception ability to see objects in three
dimensions allows us to judge distance Somewhat innate ability as shown by
infants
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Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Visual Cliff
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Depth perception
1. Binocular cuesa) retinal disparity
images from the two eyes differ closer the object, the larger the
disparity(floating finger sausage)
b) convergenceneuromuscular cue - two eyes move inward for near objects
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2. Monocular Cues
a) relative sizesmaller image is more distant
b) Interposition (overlay)closer objects blocks distant
object
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Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Relative Size
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Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Interposition
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Monocular cues
c) relative clarityhazy object seen as more distant
d) texture coarse --> closefine --> distant
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Perceptual Illusions
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Monocular cues
e) relative heighthigher objects seen as more
distant
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Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Relative Height
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Monocular cues
f) relative motioncloser objects seem to move faster
g) linear perspectiveparallel lines converge with distance
h) relative brightnesscloser objects appear brighter
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Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Light and Shadow
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Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Perspective Techniques
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Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Illusory Depth
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Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Illusory Depth Explanation
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Motion Perception
1. Stroboscopic movement - still pictures can be perceived as moving ( cartoons & film)
2. Phi phenomenon - 2 adjacent stationary lights blink on/off in succession are perceived as moving
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Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change color shape size
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Size & distance p.239
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Monster & Ponzo illusions
Monster - linear perspective, relative height; cues to distance & size
Ponzo - we perceive the bar as farther away as being larger based on experience
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Moon illusion
Moon looks larger at the horizon then it does high in the sky
Explanation: cues to objects distances at the horizon make the moon seem farther away
Similar to the monster & ponzo illusion
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Perceptual Organization-Brightness Contrast
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Perceptional Constancy
1. Shape2. Size & distance3. Color4. Lightness/Brightness
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Concentrate on the 4 dots in the middle for 30 sec.
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Which is line is longer?
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.