Psychology

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Psychology

Transcript of Psychology

Page 1: Psychology

Psychology

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Psychologythe scientific study of behavior and mental

processesGreek words: psyche (mind, soul) and logos

(study)

Goals of Psychology:1.to describe behavior2.to identify factors that help predict behavior3.to understand or explain behavior by

identifying causes that bring about certain effects

4.to control or change behavior

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Subfields of Psychology

Behavioral geneticsBehavioral neuroscienceClinical psychologyCognitive psychologyCounseling psychologyCross-cultural psychologyDevelopmental psychologyEducational psychology

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Environmental psychologyEvolutionary psychologyExperimental psychologyForensic psychologyHealth psychologyIndustrial/Organizational psychologyPersonality psychologyProgram EvaluationPsychology of womenSchool psychologySocial psychologySport psychology

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History of Psychology

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Forerunners of Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt father of modern experimental psychology

William Jamesplayed an active part in bringing the new

experimental psychology to the United States and founded functionalism together with John Dewey

Sigmund Freuddeveloped the theory and method of the treatment

called psychoanalysis John Watson

founded the school of psychology called behaviorismMax Wertheimer

founder of Gestalt psychology, together with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler

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Ivan Pavlovexperimented on learning which led to the

principles of classical conditioning Jean Piaget

developed an important theory of cognitive development in children

B.F. Skinnerexperimented on learning which led to the

principles of operant conditioning Abraham Maslow

constructed his hierarchy of needsEdward Titchener

proponent of structuralism

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Other Important People:

Carl JungCarl RogersErik EriksonAlfred BanduraHoward GardnerAlfred Adler

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Date Event

5,000 BC

Trephining used to allow the escape of evil spirits.

1637Descartes described animal spirits. Knowledge was inborn in humans.

1690John Locke introduced the idea of tabula rasa.

1807Franz Josef Gall proposed phrenology.

1879Wilhelm Wundt inaugurated first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany

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Date Event

1890Principles of Psychology published by William James.

1895 Functionalist model formulated.

1900Sigmund Freud developed the psychodynamic perspective.

1904Ivan Pavlov won Nobel Prize for work on digestion that led to fundamental principles of learning.

1905 Mary Calkins worked on memory.

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Date Event

1915Strong emphasis on intelligence testing.

1920Gestalt psychology became the most influential.

1924John B. Watson, an early behaviorist, published Behaviorism.

1951Carl Rogers published Client-Centered Therapy, helping to establish the humanistic perspective.

1953B. F. Skinner published Science and Human Behavior advocating the behavioral perspective.

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Date Event

1954

Abraham Maslow published Motivation and Personality, developing the concept of self-actualization.

1980Jean Piaget, influential developmental psychologist died.

1985Increasing emphasis on cognitive perspective.

2000New subfields developed such as clinical neuropsychology and evolutionary psychology.

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Women in Psychology

Margaret Floy Washburn (first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology and made important works on animal behavior)

Leta Steller Hollingworth (first psychologist to focus on child development and on women’s issues)

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Mary Calkins (studied memory, and became the first female president of the American Psychological Association)

Karen Horney (focused on social and cultural factors behind personality)

June Etta Downey (spearheaded the study of personality traits and became the first woman to head a psychology department at a state university.

Anna Freud (made notable contributions to the treatment of abnormal behavior)

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Schools of Psychology Structuralism

it attempted to study the elements of the mind through introspective analysis (introspection)

Functionalismit studied the function or utility value of the mind

Psychoanalysisaimed to uncover and resolve unconscious emotional

conflicts that underlie neurotic symptoms through free association, dream analysis and projective tests

Behaviorismstudied behavior in terms of stimulus and response

Gestaltconcerned primarily with pattern organization, wholes, and

field properties of perception

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Perspectives in Psychology

Biological PerspectivesPsychodynamic PerspectivesCognitive PerspectivesBehavioral PerspectivesHumanistic/Phenomenological Perspectives