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Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences

Lecture 14

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Office Hour InvitationsOctober 14th, 11:30-12:30 Kenny 2517

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From last class ….

Prejudice: Refers to the positive or negative affective reaction that people have toward others because of their group membership. Prejudice associated with sex and gender is sexism.

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1. What are the consequences of gender stereotypes? (continued)

Gender Stereotypes

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1. define the terms: hostile sexism and benevolent sexism.

2. identify measures of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism.

3. identify sex differences in and correlates of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism.

By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

4. define the term: sex discrimination.

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What are the consequences of gender stereotypes? (continued)

1. Sexism (continued)

• HS and BS are assessed by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI; Glick and Fiske, 1996).

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Your Questionnaire: ASI(Glick and Fiske, 1996)

• Score 1: Hostile sexism score.

• Score 2: Benevolent sexism score.

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ASI: Descriptive Statistics(Glick and Fiske, 1996)

Scale Score Range Mean for Females Mean for Males

HS 0-5 1.73 (SD=.84) 2.38 (SD=.78)

BS 0-5 2.20 (SD=.84) 2.53 (SD=.74)

• Cronbach’s alphas, HS, BS: .80, .77.

• Correlations between HS and BS: .31 (males), .45(females).

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• Glick et al. (2000) administered the ASI to participants in 19 countries (e.g., Australia, Botswana, Cuba, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, South Korea, US):

(a) HS and BS are positively correlated with one another.

(b) Males obtain higher scores on HS than females.

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(e) National scores on HS and BS among males and females are negatively correlated with national scores on gender equality.

(c) Males obtain higher scores on BS than females.

(d) HS and BS scores among males are positively correlated with HS and BS scores among females.

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Correlations Between ASI Averages and National Indices of Gender Equality

(Glick et al., 2000)

ASI Subscale GDI GEM

Men’s Averages

HS -.47* -.53*

BS -.40† -.43†

Women’s Averages

HS .03 -.38†

BS -.32 -.42†

GDI=Gender-Related Development Index GEM=Gender Empowerment Measure

*p<.05, †p<.10 (marginally significant)

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• Sexism toward men is less well studied than sexism toward women.

• HM and BM are assessed by the Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (AMI; Glick and Fiske, 1999).

• Two forms of sexism toward men have been identified: Hostile sexism (HM) and benevolent sexism (BM).

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Your Questionnaire: AMI(Glick and Fiske, 1999)

• Score 1: Hostile sexism (toward men) score.

• Score 2: Benevolent sexism (toward men) score.

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AMI: Descriptive Statistics(Glick and Fiske, 1999)

Scale Score Range Mean for Females Mean for Males

HM 0-5 2.38 (SD=.91) 1.84 (SD=.89)

BM 0-5 1.50 (SD=.91) 1.93 (SD=.95)

• Cronbach’s alphas, HM, BM: .86, .83.

• Correlations between HM and BM: .65 (males), .39 (females).

• Correlations between ASI and AMI: .69 (males), .76 (females).

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• Glick et al. (2004) administered the AMI to participants in 16 countries (e.g., Argentina, Australia, England, Italy, Mexico, Singapore, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey):

(a) HM and BM were positively correlated with one another.

(b) Females obtained higher scores on HM than males.

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(e) National scores on HM and BM were negatively correlated with national scores on gender equality.

(c) Males obtained higher scores on BM than females.

(d) HS and BS scores among males were positively correlated with HM and BM scores among females.

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Correlations Between AMI Averages and National Indices of Gender Equality

(Glick et al., 2000)

AMI Subscale GDI GEM

Men’s Averages

HM -.51* -.45†

BM -.62** -.63**

Women’s Averages

HM -.65** -.66**

BM -.53* -.56*

GDI=Gender-Related Development Index GEM=Gender Empowerment Measure

*p<.05, **p<.01

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• Refers to the differential treatment of individuals based on their sex.

2. Sex Discrimination

• Examples:

2004: Class-action law suit, Betty Dukes et al. vs. Walmart.

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1. What are the consequences of gender stereotypes? (continued)

Gender Stereotypes