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Chapter 8

PsychologicalDevelopment Across

The Life Span

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Infancy and ChildhoodDevelopment

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Reflexes

innate inoluntary behavioral patterns that helpsbabies to survive.

Babies do have developed sensory abilities atbirth, but it takes some times to reach 'full power'.

Infants manage a tremendous amount of motor development from birth to 2 years of age.

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Six Motor Milestones

raising head andchest

rolling over sitting up with support sitting without support crawling walking

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CognitiveDevelopment

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Piaget's Theory

believes that children form mental concepts or 'schemes' as they experience new situations andevents.

Assimilation - children first try to understandnew things in terms of schemes they actuallypossess

Accomodation adjustment or alteration of oldschemes to fit new information

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4 Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor

(birth to 2 yrs)

use of senses and

motor abilities to learnthe world around them. Preoperational

(2-7 yrs)

development of language and concepts

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4 Stages of Cognitive Development

Concrete Operations

(7-12 yrs)

children start to think

more logically and askquestions. Formal Operations

(12 to adulthood)

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Vygotsky's Theory

stressed the importance of social interactionswith other people during development.

Scaffolding development by asking leadingquestions and providin examples of concepts in aprocess

Zone of Proximinal Development (ZPD) difference between what a child can do aloneversus what a child can do with the help of ateacher.

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Stages of Language Development

Cooing Babbling One-word speech Telegraphic speech Whole sentences

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PsychosocialDevelopment

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Temperament

behavioral characteristics well established atbirth.

Easy with regular sleeping/eating schedulesand adaptable to change

Difficult very unhappy, loud, active, tends to

be crabbySlow to warm up less grumpy, quieter, slow to

adapt to change

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Attachment

emotional bond between an infant and aprimary caregiver.

Erickson's Theory believes that development occurs in 8 stages,

each one an 'emotional crisis'

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Gender

behavior associated with being male or female.

Gender Identity perceptions of one's gender and the behavior

that is assocated with it

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Adolescence

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Puberty

physical changes that occur in the body assexual development reaches its peak.

Primary sex characteristics growth of actualsex organs

Secondary sex characteristics changes inthe body, such as development of breasts andbody hair.

Growth spurt rapid period of growth that takesplace at around 10 for girls and 12 for boys.

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Personal Fable

young people believe themselves to be uniqueand protected from harm.

Imaginary audience young people believe that other people are just

as concerned about their thoughts and

characteristics as they are

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Kohlberg's Levels of MoralDevelopment

Preconventional child's behavior is governedby its consequences

Conventional society's norms govern behavior

Postconventional moral principles are decidedby the individual

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

adolescent must find aconsistent sense of self.

Teens will always haveconflict with parents.

Rebellion and conflict isa necessary step inbreaking away fromchildhood dependenceon parents and becomea 'self-sufficient' adult.

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