Psychoanalytic Approach - For Presentation

7/23/2019 Psychoanalytic Approach - For Presentation

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PSYCHOANALYTICPSYCHOANALYTIC

APPROACHAPPROACH

THE GREATTHE GREAT

GATSBYGATSBY


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Psychoanalytic concepts have become part of oureveryday lives.

Psychoanalytic concepts such as sibling rivalry,inferiority complexes, and defense mechanisms

are in such common use that most of us feel weknow what they mean without ever having heardthem defined.

Psychoanalysis sees the world psychoanalytically.

Psychoanalysis is a useful way of understandinghuman behavior. Psychoanalysis shows how theview of human behavior is relevant to ourexperience of literature.


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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Menurut Endraswara (2!"#$% psikologi sastra merupakan ka&ian yang memandang karya

sastra sebagai aktivitas ke&iwaan. 'alam arti luas bahwa karya sastra tidak lepas dari kehidupanseharihari yang menggambarkan berbagai rangkaian kepribadian manusia. )atna (dalam *lbertine, 2+"-% berpendapat psikologi analitik diharapkan mampu menemukan

aspekaspek ketaksadaran yang diduga merupakan sumbersumber penyimpangan psikologissekaligus dengan terapinya.

Psikologi sastra tidak bermaksud memecahkan masalah psikologis. amun secara definitif,tu&uan psikologi sastra ialah memahami aspekaspek ke&iwaan yang terkandung dalam suatukarya. Psikologi lahir untuk mempela&ari ke&iwaan manusia, yakni manusia yang ada di bumiinilah yang men&adi ob&ek penelitian psikologi, sastra lahir dari masyarakat, pengarang hidup

dalam tengahtengah masyarakat dan pengarang &uga menciptakan karya sastranya termasuktokoh yang ada didalamnya. /okoh yang diciptakan secara tidak sadar oleh pengarang memilikimuatan ke&iwaan yang timbul dari proyeksi pelaku yang ada dalam masyarakat, karya sastraberupa novel lebih pan&ang dan terperinci dalam penggambaran tokohnya, oleh karena ituke&iwaan yang ada dalam novel lebih kental pula.

Pendapat yang sama mengenai ke&iwaan tokoh dalam karya sastra, dikemukakan oleh )atna(dalam *lbertine 2+"-% ialah berpendapat bahwa pada dasarnya psikologi sastra memberikanperhatian pada masalah unsur ke&iwaan tokohtokoh fiksional yang terkandung dalam karyasastra.

Psikoanalisis adalah sebuah metode perawatan medis bagi orangorang yang menderitagangguan syaraf. Psikoanalisis merupakan suatu &enis terapi yang bertu&uan untuk mengobatiseseorang yang mengalami penyimpangan mental dan syaraf.'alam struktur kepribadian 0reud, ada tiga unsur sistem penting, yakni id, ego, dan superego.Menurut 1ertens (2"!2% istilah lain dari tiga faktor tersebut dalam psikoanalisis dikenalsebagai tiga 3instansi4 yang menandai hidup psikis. 'ari ketiga sistem atau ketiga instansi inisatu sama lain saling berkaitan sehingga membentuk suatu kekuatan atau totalitas


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5f psychoanalysis can help us better

understand human behavior, then it must

certainly be able to help us understand

literary texts, which are about humanbehavior.

/he concepts we6ll discuss below are

based on the psychoanalytic principlesestablished by 7igmund 0reud (+89

+#!#%.


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The origins of the unconsciousThe origins of the unconscious

:hen we look at the world through a psychoanalytic lens, wesee that it is comprised of individual human beings, each with apsychological history that begins in childhood experiences in thefamily and each with patterns of adolescent and adult behaviorthat are the direct result of that early experience.

1ecause the goal of psychoanalysis is to help us resolve our

psychological problems, often called disorders or dysfunctions(and none of us is completely free of psychological problems%,the focus is on patterns of behavior that are destructive in someway. /yson (2% says, 3patterns of behavior because ourrepetition of destructive behavior reveals the existence of somesignificant psychological difficulty that has probably beeninfluencing us for some time without our knowing it.4 (Theexistence of the unconscious%

/he unconscious is important in determining behavior. * lot ofdesires, motivations ; conflicts are below the level ofconsciousness. People are driven by" animalistic, instinctual

urges, especially lust and aggression


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You Cn!t A"#$s Get %ht You %nt&You Cn!t A"#$s Get %ht You %nt&

/he idea expressed is 3


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/he family is very important in

psychoanalytic theory because we are

each a product of the role we are given inthe family complex.

356m the failure4> 356m the perfect child4> 35

must always ?come in second6 to mybrother4> 356m unlovable4> or 356m

responsible for my parents6 problems.4


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Ps$chon"$tic A''rochPs$chon"$tic A''roch

Psychoanalytic concepts exist in daily life.

Psychoanalysis @ understanding human

behavior.


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Childhood events

ConflictsConflicts

AnxietyAnxiety

The conscious, preconscious, unconscious:The conscious, preconscious, unconscious:

Id, ego, superegoId, ego, superego

Defense mechanismsDefense mechanisms


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The Structure of Hu(n )in*The Structure of Hu(n )in*

/he conscious mind

/he preconscious mind

/he unconscious mind


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The conscious (in*The conscious (in*

The conscious (in*is you awareness atthe present moment.


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The 'reconscious

+su,conscious- (in* The 'reconscious +su,conscious- (in*consists of accessible information.


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The unconscious (in*The unconscious (in*

1ased on this work, 0reud asserted that

peopleAs behavior is affected by their

unconscious" B...the notion that human

beings are motivated, even driven, bydesires, fears, needs, and conflicts of

which they are unaware...B (/yson +-+%.

0reud believed that our unconscious wasinfluenced by childhood events.


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The Structure of Person"it$The Structure of Person"it$

ID.ID./he id is the psychological reservoir of our instincts, andour libido, or sexual energy. /he id is devoted solely to thegratification of prohibited desires of all kinds=desire for power,for sex, for amusement, for food=without an eye toconseCuences. 5n other words, the id consists largely of thosedesires regulated or forbidden by social convention.

Ego.Ego./he ego, or the conscious self that experiences theexternal world through the senses, plays as a referee betweenthe id and superego, and all three are defined by theirrelationships" none acts independently of the others and achange in one always involves changes in the other two. 5n

this way, the ego is, to a large degree, the product of conflictsbetween what society says we can6t have and what we(therefore% want.

Su'erego.Su'erego. /he superego is in direct opposition to the id./he superego=or cultural taboos=determines which desires

the id will contain.


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I*/ Ego/ n* Su'eregoI*/ Ego/ n* Su'erego

0reud" our desires and our unconscious conflicts giverise to three areas of the mind that wrestle fordominance as we grow from infancy, to childhood, toadulthood"

ID(irrational and emotional part of the mind%9 the location of the drives, impulses, andlibido

EGO(rational part% one of the ma&ordefenses against the power of the drives D

and home of the defensesSEPEREGO (moral part% the area of the

unconscious that houses &udgment of selfand others


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The Structure of Person"it$The Structure of Person"it$


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CON0LICTSCON0LICTS


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Neurotic n1iet$

onflict between EFG ; 5'

Re"it$ n1iet$onflict between EFG ;

)E*H5/< )or" n1iet$onflict between EFG ;

MG)*H


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The Benefit of AN2IETY

An1iet$ cn ,e n i('ortnt e1'erience

,ecuse it cn re3e" our 's$cho"ogic"

core issues.

7ometimes our defenses momentarily

break down, and this is when we

experience anxiety.


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Ps$cho"ogic" core issuesPs$cho"ogic" core issues

How selfesteem 0ear of intimacy

0ear of abandonment

0ear of betrayal

5nsecurity

0ear of death Gedipal fixation (complex%


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Ps$cho"ogic" Core IssuesPs$cho"ogic" Core Issues

0ear of intimacy=the chronic and overpoweringfeeling that emotional closeness will seriouslyhurt or destroy us and that we can remainemotionally safe only by remaining at an

emotional distance from others at all times. *swe saw above, fear of intimacy can also functionas a defense. 5f this particular defense occursfreCuently or continually, then fear of intimacy isprobably a core issue.

0ear of abandonment=the unshakable beliefthat our friends and loved ones are going todesert us (physical abandonment% or don6t really

care about us (emotional abandonment%.


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0ear of death relates to fear of abandonmentwhich also plays a role when we fear the deathof others. :hen children lose a parent, when

adults lose a spouse, the overwhelming feelingof loss is often a feeling of abandonment. 0ear of betrayal=the nagging feeling that our

friends and loved ones can6t be trusted, for

example, can6t be trusted not to lie to us, not tolaugh at us behind our backs, or in the case ofromantic partners, not to cheat on us by datingothers.


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How selfesteem=the belief that we are less worthy thanother people and, therefore, don6t deserve attention,love, or any other of life6s rewards. 5ndeed, we oftenbelieve that we deserve to be punished by life in someway.

5nsecure or unstable sense of self=the inability tosustain a feeling of personal identity, to sustain a senseof knowing ourselves. /his core issue makes us veryvulnerable to the influence of other people, and we mayfind ourselves continually changing the way we look orbehave as we become involved with different individualsor groups.

Gedipal fixation (or oedipal complex%=a dysfunctionalbond with a parent of the opposite sex that we don6toutgrow in adulthood and that doesn6t allow us todevelop mature relationships with our peers.


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DE0ENSE )ECHANIS)SDE0ENSE )ECHANIS)S

/echniCue used by the ego to cope withanxiety.

/o keep all of this conflict buried in our

unconscious, 0reud argued that wedevelop defenses" selective perception,selective memory, denial, displacement,pro&ection, regression, fear of intimacy, and

fear of death, among others. 'efenses are the processes by which the

contents of our unconscious are kept in the

unconscious.


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DENIALDENIAL


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Rtion"i4tion


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A 's$chon"$sis ofA 's$chon"$sis of

The Gret Gts,$The Gret Gts,$


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'57I775G (h. + %'57I775G (h. + %

:hat are the psychological core issues

experienced by the characters found in /heFreat Fatsby

0ind the anxiety experienced by the

characters.

:hat are defense mechanisms used by the

characters to cope with the anxietyJ Please,

find the evidences from the novelJ


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END OFEND OFPRESENTATIONPRESENTATION


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CLASS DISCUSSION5CLASS DISCUSSION5

The Gret Gts,$The Gret Gts,$

0ind the existence of id, ego, and

superego in the main characters.

5dentify the existence of fears in the main

characters.

0ind the defense mechanisms in the maincharacters.


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THE GREAT GATSBYTHE GREAT GATSBY

* drama of dysfunctional love Gne area of human behavior explored in 0. 7cott

0itKgerald6s /he Freat Fatsby (+#2% that hasimportant implications for psychoanalyticcriticism is found in the romantic relationshipsportrayed in the novel.

/he force and endurance of Fatsby6s love for'aisy

/he relationship between /om and 'aisy, /omand Myrtle, Myrtle and Feorge, and ick andLordan


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So(e 6uestions $ou cn s7 #hi"e

re*ing $our no3e"s5

:hat unconscious motives are operating in the (main% charactersJ :hat core issues are being illustrated and where did they stem from for thecharactersJ ()emember unconscious consists of repressed wounds, fears,unresolved conflicts, and guilty desires.%

*re there any Gedipal dynamics, or any other dynamics at workJ 5s itpossible to relate one character6s behavior to early experiences with familyin the storyJ

ow can the characters6 behaviors be explained in terms of psychoanalyticconcepts (regression, crisis, pro&ection, fear or fascination with death,sexuality%J

ow might recurrent, or striking dream symbols reveal the way in which thecharacter is pro&ecting his or her unconscious desires, fears, wounds,unresolved conflicts onto other characters, onto the setting, or onto eventsJ*re there any relevant symbols to death, sexuality, or the unconsciousJ

*n example of a paper written using this theory of criticism is an essay onthe fear of intimacy in the novel The Great Gatsby./he person wouldanalyKe characters explaining their fear of intimacy and why and how itimpacted on other characters in the story, and the story itself.


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8UESTIONS8UESTIONS+. ow do the operations of repression structure or inform the

workJ /hat is, what unconscious motives are operating in themain characters> :hat core issues are thereby illustrated> andhow do these core issue is structure or inform the pieceJ()emember, the unconscious consists of repressed wounds,fears, unresolved conflicts, and desires.%

2. *re there any oedipal dynamics or any other family dynamics at work hereJ /hat is, is it possible to relate a character6spatterns of adult behavior to early experiences in the family asrepresented in the storyJ ow do these patterns of behaviorand family dynamics operate and :hat do they revealJ

!. ow can characters6 behavior, narrative events, and or images

be explained in terms of psychoanalytic concepts of any kind(for example, regression, crisis, pro&ection, fear of orfascination with death, sexuality which includes love andromance as well as sexual behaviors as a primary indicator ofpsychological identity or the operations of egoidsuperego%J


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Lo# Se"f9Estee( : To(Lo# Se"f9Estee( : To( /om was born with richness. /he wealth might not come

from his own efforts. 0or /om, fear of intimacy is related to low selfesteem. 5f

/om were as emotionally secure as his wealth and siKemake him appear, he wouldn6t work as hard as he doesto impress others with his money and power, as he does.

0or examples" when he brags about his house and stables to ick, when he Naunts Myrtle before ick and others, when he degrades those who don6t belong to the

3dominant race4 (+$> ch.+%, when he toys with Feorge :ilson concerning whether or

not he will sell Feorge a car that the poor mechanicmight be able to resell at a proOt.

Even /om6s choice of mistresses=all from the lowerclass


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'aisy6s low selfesteem, like her fear of intimacy,is indicated in large part by her relationship with/om.

0alling so much in love with a man who was

openly unfaithful to her suggests anunconscious belief that she doesn6t deservebetter.

Daisy looks down on herself when saying herhope about her child, Pammy. She is desperate

about womens social status among men.!" said, #"m glad its a girl. $nd " hope shell be afool%thats the best thing a girl can be in thisworld, a beautiful little fool.& (') ch. *+.

Lo# Se"f9Estee( : Dis$Lo# Se"f9Estee( : Dis$


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'aisy6s insecurity, like /om6s, freCuentlyreCuires the ego reinforcement obtained

by impressing others.

'aisy tells ick about !her membership in arather distinguished secret society to which

she and Tom belong& ('') ch. *+.

Insecurit$ : Dis$Insecurit$ : Dis$


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0EAR O0 INTI)ACY0EAR O0 INTI)ACY/he unconscious conviction that emotional ties to

another human being will result in one6s beingemotionally devastated. 0ear of intimacy in the novel lies in /om

1uchanan6s chronic extramarital affairs, of which

Lordan became aware three months after thecouple6s wedding. Lordan tells ick"

5 saw them /om and 'aisyQ in 7anta 1arbarawhen they came back from their honeymoonQ D

* week after 5 left . . . /om ran into a wagon onthe Rentura road one night and ripped a frontwheel off his car. /he girl who was with him gotinto the papers too because her arm was broken she was one of the chambermaids in the 7anta

1arbara otel. (8+82> h -%


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0er of Inti(c$ : To(0er of Inti(c$ : To( /om6s relationships with women, including his wife,

reveal his desire for ego gratification rather than foremotional intimacy.

0or /om, 'aisy represents social superiority. 7he is notthe kind of woman who can be acCuired by Fatsby whom

he calls !r. -obody from nowhere&.#" suppose the latest thing is to sit back and let r.-obody from -owhere make loe to your wife.(+!8> ch.$%.

/om6s possession of Myrtle represents his sense of hisown masculine power.e brings her to fashionable restaurants where they

are seen by male acCuaintances.

e introduces her to ick so soon after their reunion.


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0er of Inti(c$ : Dis$0er of Inti(c$ : Dis$ 5n fact, /om6s interest in other women is so routine

that 'aisy has come to expect it. /om6s infidelityoccurs repeatedly.

#Go ahead, answered Daisy genially, #$nd if youwant to take down any addresses heres my littlegold pencil/. (**0) ch. 1+.

'aisy6s fear of intimacy also appears after theirhoneymoon, 7he wants emotional intimacy with herhusband as Lordan tells ick.

#" saw them in Santa 2arbara when they came back

and " thought "d neer seen a girl so mad about herhusband. "f he left the room for a minute shed lookaround uneasily and say #3heres Tom gone4 andwear the most abstracted expression until she sawhim coming in the door. (50) ch.6+.


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Rection 0or(tionRection 0or(tion+Acting in the o''osite #$ to one uncce't,"e+Acting in the o''osite #$ to one uncce't,"e

,eh3ior-,eh3ior-

'aisy doesn6t love /om when she marrieshim. 1ut, after ! months (back after the

honeymoon%, her feeling of love for /omchanges. e seems or pretend to be so inlove with him.

!" saw them in Santa 2arbara when they came back and "

thought "d neer seen a girl so mad about her husband."f he left the room for a minute shed look arounduneasily and say #3heres Tom gone4 and wear themost abstracted expression until she saw him coming inthe door.& (50) ch.6+.


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5t is no surprise, therefore, that /om6s relationship with

Myrtle lacks intimacy. e has no desire to be close to hismistress> she is merely the means by which he avoidsbeing close to his wife. *nd his treatment of Myrtlecertainly suggests no deep emotional investment. ecalls for her when it suits him, lies to about 'aisy6sreligious opposition to divorce in order to keep her frombecoming inconveniently demanding, and casually breaksher nose with !a short deft moement& (6*) ch. '+.

0or Myrtle, /om 1uchanan represents a ticket out ofFeorge :ilson6s garage. /hrough /om, Myrtle hopes toacCuire permanent membership in a world where she can

display the 3impressive hauteur4 we see her en&oy at theparty in the couple6s apartment, during which 3herlaughter, her gestures, her assertions became moreviolently affected moment by moment4 (!> ch. 2%. :hileeconomic> desperation, rather than fear of intimacy, is theonly motive given in the novel for Myrtle6s pursuit of /om.

0er of Inti(c$ : To( ; )$rt"e0er of Inti(c$ : To( ; )$rt"e


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Dis'"ce(entDis'"ce(ent

+Re*irecting uncce't,"e fee"ings fro( the+Re*irecting uncce't,"e fee"ings fro( theorigin" source to sfer su,stitute trget-origin" source to sfer su,stitute trget-

/o cope with anxiety resulted from the insecurity

of his marriage when Myrtle becomesdemanding, /om slaps Myrtle for saying his

wife6s name, 'aisy.

#Daisy7 Daisy7 Daisy7 shouted rs. 3ilson.

#"ll say it wheneer " want to7 Daisy7 Dai%%#

aking a short deft moement Tom 2uchanan

broke her nose with his open hand.(6*) ch. '+.


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Myrtle6s relationship with her husband, Feorge,suggest that she wants to avoid emotionalcloseness. 7he was apparently induced to marryFeorge :ilson not by any personal feeling for

him but by her mistaken impression that he wasfrom a higher class than the one to which hebelongs" she !thought he was a gentleman& who!knew something about breeding,& and when shelearned that the good suit in which he wasmarried was borrowed, she !cried to beat theband all afternoon& (6) ch. '+.

8n the other hand, George is completely andemotionally dependent on yrtle.

0er of Inti(c$ : )$rt"e ; George0er of Inti(c$ : )$rt"e ; George


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Gnce the household Lordan shares with the 1uchanans

becomes too emotionally untidy,4 ick beats a hastyretreat. e doesn6t want to get closer anymore.

*fter returning with her from the scene of Myrtle :ilson6sdeath, ick declines Lordan6s invitationto keep hercompany in the 1uchanan home"

!"d be damned if "d go in) "d had enough of them for oneday and suddenly that included 9ordan too. She musthae seen something of this in my expression for sheturned abruptly away and ran up the porch steps into thehouse& (*:) ch. ;+.

That -icks fear of intimacy is not limited to hisrelationship with 9ordan is suggested by his two preiousromances. $lthough he claims that he !wasnt eenaguely engaged& to !an old friend& ('6) ch. *+ backhome in innesota, he admits that he came


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Fatsby doesn6t want to lose 'aisy

anymore.e buys a house in :est Egg to get closer to

her.

e asks ick to arrange the meeting with'aisy.

e tries to impress 'aisy with the wealth he

has, such as luxurious mansion, the fancyparty, etc.

0er of A,n*on(ent0er of A,n*on(ent: Gts,$: Gts,$


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'aisy is so afraid that /om will leave her. 5t is obvious that she didn?t love /om when she

married him. 1ut, after the honeymoon, sheexpress her love so much to /om. ow can thisfeeling change so fastJ

5n psychoanalytic terms, a woman who falls inlove with a man with infidelity suffering fromsevere fear of intimacy. 5f she fears intimacy,nothing can make her feel safer than a man whohas no desire for it. Ipon learning that /om6s

interest do not focus exclusively on her, such awoman will become very capable of loving himintensely because he will not break therelationship even if he can. /his why 'aisychanges her attitude toward /om,

0er of A,n*on(ent0er of A,n*on(ent: Dis$: Dis$


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Deni"Deni"+A3oi* of ,eco(ing #re of 'infu" re"it$-+A3oi* of ,eco(ing #re of 'infu" re"it$-

e denies" /hat he comes from lower class family /hat he has unhappy childhood

/hat he is uneducated /hat 'aisy has left him.

:hat does he do thenJ e works hard to be rich e tries to make himself happy by making parties and

inviting people e lies that his parents are dead and he inherit the wealth e lies that he graduates from Gxford


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Deni"Deni"

3an6t repeat the pastJ . . . :hy of course youcanS4 (++> ch. %.

Fatsby6s lonely pursuit of 'aisy replays theloneliness of his youth, and he seems to feel as

much an outsider in the mansion he bought toreceive her=the only room he uses or markswith a personal possession is his bedroom=ashe must have felt in the home of his parents.7urely, Fatsby could not have been wounded

more severely by his parents than he is by'aisy6s abandonment of him, both when shemarried /om and when he loses her again to hisrival the night of Myrtle :ilson6s death.


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Deni"Deni"

'aisy tells /om that she loves Fatsby, but

/om acts like she didn6t say anything

important. Feorge :ilson foolishly refuses to believe

that his wife is having an affair.


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Su,"i(tionSu,"i(tionRe'"cing soci""$ uncce't,"e i('u"ses #ithRe'"cing soci""$ uncce't,"e i('u"ses #ith

soci""$ cce't,"e ,eh3ior-soci""$ cce't,"e ,eh3ior-

1orn in poorness, Fatsby did anything to

make money and became a wealthy man.


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Re'ressionRe'ression+Re'ressing the un#nte* uncce't,"e+Re'ressing the un#nte* uncce't,"e

i('u"ses un*er the unconscious-i('u"ses un*er the unconscious- Fatsby represses his desperate past and finally changes his

name.

!" didnt want you to think " was =ust some nobody. >ou see, "

usually find myself among strangers because " drift here andthere trying to forget the sad thing that happened to me.&(;0) ch. 6+

ick seems to forget the relationship with Lordan *fter theCuarrel happening at the night of Myrtle6s death. erepresses the memory of breaking up with her on thetelephone the day after Myrtle6s death.

33e talked like that for a while and then abruptly we werenttalking any longer. " dont know which of us hung up with a

sharp click but " know " didnt care.& (*11) ch. 5+


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8UOTATIONS8UOTATIONS


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ANALYSIS O0ANALYSIS O0

DE0ENSE )ECHANIS)S 9 CH.=DE0ENSE )ECHANIS)S 9 CH.=+. ?56m pparalyKed with happiness.6 ('aisyp.++%

2. (56ve heard it said that 'aisy6s murmur was only to make people lean towardher> D ('aisyp.++%

!. ?'o they miss meJ6 she cried ecstatically.

?/he whole town is desolate. ('aisyp.+2%

-. ?HookS6 she complained. ?5 hurt it.6

:e all looked=the knuckle was black and blue.

?


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DE0ENSE )ECHANIS)S 9 CH.=DE0ENSE )ECHANIS)S 9 CH.=8. ?/hey oughtn6t to let her run around the country

this way.6

?:ho oughtn6t toJ6 inCuired 'aisy coldly.

?er family.6 (Lordanp.22%

#. /he fact that gossip had published the bannswas one of the reasons 5 had come east. (ickp.2!%

+. D, 5 was confused and a little disgusted as 5

drove away. 5t seemed to me that the thing for'aisy to do was to rush out of the house, child inarms=but apparently there were no suchintentions in her head. ('aisyp.2!%


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DE0ENSE )ECHANIS)S 9 CH.>DE0ENSE )ECHANIS)S 9 CH.>+. :e6re getting offS6 he insisted. ?5 want you to meet my girl. (/omp.2$%

2. ?:hen are you going to sell me that carJ6

?ext week> 56ve got my man working on it now.6

?:orks pretty slow, don6t heJ6

?o, he doesn6t,6 said /om coldly. ?*nd if you feel that way

about it, maybe 56d better sell it somewhere else after all.6

?5 don6t mean that,6 explained :ilson Cuickly. ?5 &ustmeant==?(/omp.28%

!. e6s so dumb he doesn6t know he6s alive.6 (/omp.!%

-. ?old on,6 5 said, ?5 have to leave you here.6

?o, you don6t,6 interposed /om Cuickly. ?Myrtle6ll be hurt if you don6t come upto the apartment. :on6t you, MyrtleJ6 (/omp.!%

. ? /he only )*T< 5 was when 5 married him. 5 knew right away 5 made a mistake. e

borrowed somebody6s best suit to get married in and never even told me about it,D(Myrtlep.!#%

. *nd /om6s the first sweetie she ever had.6 (Myrtlep.!#%

$. ?'aisyS 'aisyS 'aisyS6 shouted Mrs. :ilson. ?56ll say it whenever 5 want toS 'aisyS'ai==?

Making a short deft movement /om 1uchanan broke her nose with his open hand.(/omp.-+%


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DE0ENSE )ECHANIS)S 9 CH.?DE0ENSE )ECHANIS)S 9 CH.?

+. ?:ell,=he told me once he was an

Gxford man. (Fatsbyp.-%


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ENDEND

O0 PRESENTATIONO0 PRESENTATION

IDID


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IDID Menurut 1ertens (2"!2!!%, 5' merupakan lapisan psikis yang paling mendasar

sekaligus id men&adi bahan dasar bagi pembentukan hidup psikis lebih lan&ut. *rtinya idmerupakan sisitem kepribadian asli paling dasar yakni yang dibawa se&ak lahir. 'ari id inikemudian akan muncul ego dan superego. 7aat dilahirkan, id berisi semua aspekpsikologik yang diturunkan, seperti insting, impuls, dan drives. 5d berada dan beroperasidalam daerah unconscious, mewakili subyektivitas yang tidak pernah disadari sepan&angusia. 5d berhubungan erat dengan proses fisik untuk mendapatkan energi psikis yangdigunakan untuk mengoperasikan sistem dari struktur kepribadian lainnya.

Energi psikis dalam id itu dapat meningkat oleh karena perangsang, dan apabila energi itumeningkat maka menimbulkan tegangan dan ini menimbulkan pengalaman tidak enak(tidak menyenangkan%. 'ari situlah id harus mereduksikan energi untuk menghilangkan

rasa tidak enak dan menge&ar keenakan. 5d beroperasi berdasarkan prinsip kenikmatan(pleasure principle%, yaitu berusaha memperoleh kenikmatan dan menghindari rasa sakit.1agi 5d, kenikmatan adalah keadaan yang relative inaktif atau tingkat ener&i yang rendah,dan rasa sakit adalah tegangan atau peningkatan ener&i yang mendambakan kepuasan.Ladi ketika ada stimulasi yang memicu ener&i untuk beker&atimbul tegangan energiidberoperasi dengan prinsip kenikmatan> berusaha mengurangi atau menghilangkantegangan itu> mengembalikan diri ke tingkat energi rendah.

Pener&emahan dari kebutuhan men&adi keinginan ini disebut dengan proses primer. Proses

primer ialah reaksi membayangkan atau mengkhayal sesuatu yang dapat mengurangiatau menghilangkan tegangandipakai untuk menangani stimulus kompleks, seperti bayiyang lapar membayangkan makanan atau putting ibunya.5d hanya mampu membayangkan sesuatu, tanpa mampu membedakan khayalan itudengan kenyataan yang benarbenar memuaskan kebutuhan. 5d tidak mampu menilai ataumembedakan benarsalah , tidak tahu moral. Ladi harus dikembangkan &alan memperolehkhayalan itu secara nyata, yang member kepuasan tanpa menimbulkan ketegangan barukhususnya masalah moral. *lasan inilah yang kemudian membuat id memunculkan ego.


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EGOEGO Ego adalah aspek psikologis daripada kepribadian dan timbul karena kebutuhan

organisme untuk berhubungan secara baik dengan dunia kenyataan atau realita (0reud

dalam 7uryabrata 2+"+2%. Ego berbeda dengan id. Menurut Uoeswara (+##+"!!!-%,ego adalah sistem kepribadian yang bertindak sebagai pengaruh individu kepada ob&ekdari kenyataan, dan men&alankan fungsinya berdasarkan prinsip kenyataan.Menurut (0reud dalam 1ertens 2"!!%, ego terbentuk dengan diferensiasi dari id karenakontaknya dengan dunia luar, khususnya orang di sekitar bayi kecil seperti orang tua,pengasuh, dan kakak adik.Ego timbul karena adanya kebutuhankebutuhan organisme memerlukan transaksitransaksi yang sesuai dengan dunia realita atau kenyataan.Ego adalah eksekutif (pelaksana% dari kepribadian, yang memiliki dua tugas utama>pertama, memilih stimuli mana yang hendak direspon dan atau insting mana yang akandipuaskan sesuai dengan prioritas kebutuhan. Uedua, menentukan kapan dan bagaimanakebutuhan itu dipuaskan sesuai dengan tersedianya peluang yang resikonya minimal.Menurut 1ertens (2"!!%, tugas ego adalah untuk mempertahankan kepribadiannyasendiri dan men&amin penyesuaian dengan lingkungan sekitar, lagi untuk memecahkankonflikkonflik dengan realitas dan konflikkonflik antara keinginankeinginan yang tidakcocok satu sama lain.'engan kata lain, ego sebagai eksekutif kepribadian berusaha memenuhi kebutuhan id

sekaligus &uga memenuhi kebutuhan moral dan kebutuhan berkembangmencapaikesempurnaan dari superego. Ego sesungguhnya beker&a untuk memuaskan id, karena ituego yang tidak memiliki energi sendiri akan memperoleh energi dari id.Intuk itu sekali lagi memahami apa yang dimaksudkan dengan proses sekunder, perluuntuk melihat sampai dimana proses primer membawa seorang individu dalam pemuasankeinginan sehingga dapat diwu&udkan dalam sebuah kenyataan. Proses sekunder terdiridari usaha menemukan atau menghasilkan kenyataan dengan &alan suatu rencanatindakan yang telah dikembangkan melalui pikiran dan oral (pengenalan%.


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Menurut 1ertens (2"!!!-%, superego dibentuk melalui internalisasi (internaliKation%, artinyalaranganlarangan atau perintahperintah yang berasal dari luar (para pengasuh, khususnyaorang tua% diolah sedemikian rupa sehingga akhirnya terpancar dari dalam. 'engan kata lain,

superego adalah buah hasil proses internalisasi, se&auh laranganlarangan dan perintahperintahyang tadinya merupakan sesuatu yang 3asing4 bagi si subyek, akhirnya dianggap sebagaisesuatu yang berasal dari subyek sendiri, seperti 3Engkau tidak bolehDatau engkau harusD4men&adi 3*ku tidak bolehDatau aku harusD4Menurut 0reud (dalam 7uryabrata, 2+"+2$% 7uper Ego adalah aspek sosiologi kepribadian,merupakan wakil dari nilainilai tradisional serta citacita masyarakat sebagaimana ditafsirkanorang tua kepada anakanaknya yang dimasukkan dengan berbagai perintah dan larangan.7uper Ego lebih merupakan kesempurnaan daripada kesenangan. Gleh karena itu, 7uper Egodapat pula dianggap sebagai aspek moral kepribadian. 0ungsinya yang pokok ialah menentukan

apakah sesuatu benar atau salah, pantas atau tidak, susila atau tidak, dan dengan demikianpribadi dapat bertindak sesuai dengan moral masyarakat.7uperego adalah kekuatan moral dan etik dari kepribadian, yang beroperasi memakai prinsipidealistic sebagai lawan dari prinsip kepuasan id dan prinsip realitik dari ego (alwisol,2-"2+%.7uperego bersifat nonrasional dalam menuntut kesempurnaan, menghukum dengan keraskesalahan ego, baik yang telah dilakukan maupun baru dalam fikiran. 7uperego dalam halmengontrol id, bukan hanya menunda pemuasan tapi merintangi pemenuhannya.0ungsi utama dari superego yang dihadirkan antara lain adalah"+. 7ebagai pengendali dorongan atau impulsimpuls naluri id agar impulsimpuls tersebut

disalurkan dengan cara atau bentuk yang dapat diterima oleh masyarakat.2. Intuk mengarahkan ego pada tu&uanyang sesuai dengan moral ketimbang dengankenyataan.!. Mendorong individu kepada kesempurnaan. 7uperego senantiasa memaksa ego untukmenekan hasrathasrat yang berbeda kealam sadar. 7uperego bersama dengan id, beradadialam bawah sadar (all dan HindKey, +##!"$8%.Ladi superego cenderung untuk menentang, baik ego maupun id, dan membuat dunia menurutkonsepsi yang ideal Uetiga aspek tersebut meski memiliki karakteristik sendirisendiri dalam

SUPEREGOSUPEREGO

Psychoanalytic Approach - For Presentation

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