Disorders Due to Psychoactive Substances (Psychoactive Drugs)
Psychoactive Mushrooms Presentation
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Transcript of Psychoactive Mushrooms Presentation
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Psychoactive
Mushrooms
John Clarke
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Topics To Cover:
Psilocybin containing magic mushrooms
Amanita muscaria/ Fly Agaric mushrooms
History/tradition/culture Pharmacology
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Magic Mushrooms
Multiple species of the Psilocybegenus
240 psychoactive mushrooms, 170 arepsilocybin-containing
60 Psilocybe spp. growing naturally in the US,
25 are hallucinogenic
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Traditional Use
Used by Mesoamerican natives
Religious communion, divination, andhealing
Used for thousands of years until Spanishinvaded
1955: Wasson first westerner to take
mushrooms
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Effects Mood lift, euphoria, giggling, laughter, giddiness,
increased flow of ideas/deep thinking, things becomemore interesting/colourful
General change in consciousness, feeling more
emotionally sensitive, time dilation, photosensitivity,sleepiness, pupil dilation, buzzing/energy in periphery
Intense fear, headache as effects subside, nausea, GIT
discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, confusion,lightheadedness/syncope
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Pharmacology Active compounds: Psilocybin and Psilocin
tryptamines Only Psilocin is biologically active
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Psilocin
5HT2A, 5HT2C and 5HT1A agonist
Hallucinatory effects due to 5-HT2Abinding in brain
No effects on DA systems Only affects NA systems in high doses
Extent of blue/black bruising is indicativeof potency
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Clinical Implications
No recognised medical use
BUT used as experimental treatment fora variety of disorders
Cluster headaches
Easing psychological sufferingassociated with cancer
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Amanita muscaria
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Amanita muscaria
Grows throughout the northern
hemesphere
Poisonous when fresh
Completely legal
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Amanita muscaria Appear (alongside Psilocybe spp.) in
Algerian art from 3500 BC Appearances in paintings from
renaissance, more prominent in Victorian
era Typically associated with fairies, elves,
little people
Christmas
Alice in Wonderland
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Amanita muscaria
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Traditional Use
Use was widespread, but in Siberia in
particular
Siberian shamans would use it as an
alternative method to enter a trance state Eastern Siberian shamans and laypeople
used it religiously and recreationally
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Effects Euphoria, analgesia, relaxation, trance/dreamlike state,
synaesthesia, clarity of thought, social feelings,increased sexual feelings, seeing little people
Sedative (but some people become energetic), changes
in body perception (motor skills, size, proprioception),pupil dilation, blurred vision, watery eyes, runny nose.
Nausea, GIT discomfort, muscle twitching, increased
salivation and perspiration, powerful dissociation anddelirium at high doses
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Pharmacology Active compounds: Ibotenic acid and
Muscimol Ibotenic acid is a neurotoxin
Found use as a brain lesioning agent
Responsible for toxic delirium when fresh mushrooms are
eaten Decarboxylates into Muscimol during drying process
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Muscimol Selective GABA-A agonist/GABA-C partial
agonist Binds to GABA site, not an allosteric
modulator
Alters neuronal activity in many brainregions
Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum Passes through the body unaltered
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Muscimol Bits & Pieces Alcohol withdrawal can lead to hallucinations of
little people Alcohol also acts on GABA systems
Could these symptoms be related?
Siberian tribes used to drink their shamansurine
We now know muscimol passes through the body
unchanged
presence in urine Who decided to try this first?!
Negligable muscarinic effects
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Muscimol as a Tool Reversable inactivation of brain areas
Compared with axon-sparing brain lesions
Useful method for inferring brain behaviour
relationships Where and when neuronal events for
learning/memory take place