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Introduction to Psychology
Section 014, Fri 11:00am-12:15pm, Bobst LL139, Chloe Chan
Recitation 1-Ch 2a
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Contact Information [email protected] Office hours by appointment
Arrange through email or in-person Location and time based on availability
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Course Overview 7 hour research participation requirement
Extra credit if student completes 4 extra hours Questions? Contact Jessica Thomas (
[email protected]) Class participation (iClicker)
Attending 15 non-exam class sessions: improve final grade by an added z-score of 0.0425
Attending 19 non-exam class sessions: : improve final grade by an added z-score of 0.0850
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Exams First exam: February 22nd
4 exams Best exam: weighted 1/3 of course grade Worst exam: weighted 1/6 of course grade 2 Intermediate exams: each weighted ¼ of course
grade Exams will have 2 sections: multiple choice and
essay Better section will be weighted 6/10 of exam grade Worse section will be weighted 4/10 of exam grade
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How to Study Study resources
Textbook Study Guide (up to 1/3 of MC questions on exam) Handouts (essential information NOT included in
textbook) Lecture slides Recitation slides Possible essay questions (handout) MC points of focus (handout) Review sessions hosted before exam
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Ch 2a- The Genetic and Evolutionary Roots of Behavior
Genetics and DNA Evolution by Natural Selection The Genetics and Evolution of Behavior Some Final Thoughts: The Strengths and the
Limits of Evolutionary Theorizing
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Genetics and DNA Chromosomes: structures in the nucleus of each
cell that contain the genes, the units of hereditary transmission. A human cell has 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): The complex molecule that is the constituent of genes
Gene: A section of a DNA molecule that contains instructions for how and when to assemble a protein. Genes are located on chromosomes
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Cell Nucleus Chromosome Gene DNA
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Gene Expression Gene expression is controlled by the interaction
between genes and the environment (nature and nurture)
3 factors that control if or when a gene will be expressed:
(1) Environment just outside of the cell (2) State of development the organism is in (3) Organism’s overall environment and behavior
Genotype: The complete set of an organism’s genes Phenotype: The overt characteristics and behaviors of
an organism
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Gene Transmission Mom: 23 pairs of
chromosomes (46 total chromosomes)
Dad: 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total chromosomes)
Donate 1 from each pair to sex cells each egg and each sperm contains 23 chromosomes
Egg + sperm = Baby (46 chromosomes)
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Interaction among Genes Genes come in pairs at
corresponding loci Homozygous: paired
genes are identical (Br-Br or Bl-Bl)
Heterozygous: paired genes are different (Br-Bl)
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Interaction among Genes Allele: An alternative form of a specific gene Dominant: A term for a gene that directs the
development of a particular characteristic even when the corresponding gene on the other chromosome is different- i.e., some other allele
Recessive: A term for a gene that directs the development of a particular characteristic only if the corresponding gene on the other chromosome matches it—i.e., is the same allele
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Interaction among Genes Codominant: Both genes in the pair affect the
phenotype Blood type AB
Incomplete Dominance: A person with two different alleles will have a phenotype that is intermediate between the types favored by each allele on its own Serotonin transporter gene
Polygenic inheritance: A pattern in which many genes all influence a single trait Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) Passed on by a single recessive gene on chromosome 12 Those with PKU produce far too little of a digestive enzyme
that breaks down phenylalanine, an amino acid Leads to build up of phenylalanine in the brain/body & mental
retardation But…PKU genotype may or may not lead to the PKU
phenotype (mental retardation) PKU can be tested at birth!
Child put on strict diet without phenylalanine develop normally Environmental factors (diet) can influence person’s phenotype
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Evolution by Natural Selection Proximate cause: The influences within an
organism’s lifetime that led to its particular traits or behaviors
Ultimate cause: The reasons why, over many years of evolution, a particular trait or behavior helped members of a population to survive and reproduce
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Darwin’s Two Great Ideas The descent of all life comes from a
common origin Came from his observations of different
finch species in the Galapagos islands Evolution occurs through Natural Selection
Individuals with the advantageous trait are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on these traits to offspring
Individuals with the disadvantageous are more likely will die, meaning they will reproduce less, and the trait will not be passed on to offspring
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Evolution by Natural Selection Natural Selection: The mechanism that drives
biological evolution. It refers to the greater likelihood of successful reproduction for organisms whose attributes are advantageous in a given environment
Naturalistic Fallacy: The (mistaken) idea that anything “natural” must be “good”
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Three Principles of Natural Selection
(1) There must be variation among the individuals within a population
(2) Certain of the variants must survive and reproduce at higher rates than the others
(3) The traits associated with this superior survival and reproduction must be passed from parents to offspring
Variation among individuals arises from: Random selection of chromosomes during sexual
reproduction Mutations: Errors in the replication of DNA
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Genes and Evolution “Survival of the Fittest”?
Not personal survival, but species/ gene survival
Reproduce and pass genes to next generation
Examples of these principles: Piping plover Belding’s ground squirrel
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Piping Plover Example When a predator approaches nest, mother bird flies away and
feigns injury She appears as an easy target in order to draw in the
predator and distract them from her offspring This behavior puts the mother bird at substantial risk!
Genes favoring a self-protective response would make the mother more likely to survive, but less likely to contribute copies of those genes to future generations Genes promoting self-protection would become less
common in the population. Natural selection favors the protective mother (and genes that
promote protective behavior) protective behavior becomes the dominant trait in the
population
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Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection
Selective breeding New breeds of farm animals and crops
Fossil Record Intermediate organisms
Anatomical leftovers Remnant hip and leg bones (whales), tailbone (humans)
Molecular structure of genome Pattern of relatedness
Process of evolution in present-day populations Threespine stickleback
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Threespine Stickleback Example Water went from murky to clear in Lake
Washington Fish with more armor more likely to survive and
pass trait onto offspring Low-plated fish dropped from 91% in 1957 to
16% in 2005 Evidence of Natural Selection!
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The Unity of Life Because of our shared ancestry, we have much in
common with other species we can learn a lot about ourselves from studying them
Translate animal research results to learn about humans!
Evidence in support of a common ancestor: Birds & crocodiles Whales & even-toed, hoofed animals (hippos) Crystal jellyfish’s green fluorescent protein in rhesus
monkeys Humans’ hLhx2 gene in fruit flies
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The Genetics and Evolution of Behavior
Evolution favors flexibility and learning rather than rigidly defined behaviors
Niche construction: The process in which organisms, through their own behaviors, alter the environment and create their own circumstances
Niche: All of the factors in an organism’s environment that have the potential to affect its life
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Study guide MC Questions 2) Which of the following statements is FALSE?
(a) A cell has a nucleus containing 46 chromosomes (b) Chromosomes carry instruction for how to build
and operate a body (c) Each chromosome is made of a single, long,
coiled strand of DNA (d) The DNA molecule has a double helix shape (e) The rungs of the helix are made up of
complementary chains of adenine (A) paired with guanine (G) and cytosine (C) paired with thymine (T)
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Study guide MC Questions 14) Studies have indicated that people who
produce less of a serotonin transporter are at greater risk for both depression and anxiety and may react differently to antidepressant medication. The genetics that control the amount of transporter are examples of (a) dominance (b) incomplete dominance (c) polygenic inheritance (d) two of the above (e) none of the above
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Study guide MC Questions 15) The reasons why, over many years of
evolution, a particular trait or behavior would have helped members of a population to survive and reproduce is termed its ____causes. (a) phenotypic (b) ultimate (c) proximate (d) genomic (e) two of the above
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Study guide MC Questions 28) For behaviors just as for physical traits, what does
evolution NOT require for advantageous behavioral traits to come to characterize an entire species? (a) variation among individuals on some relevant behavioral
characteristic (b) a higher rate of reproductive success for individuals with
some of the variations (c) increased personal survival beyond the age for reproducing
and promoting the survival of offspring or their children (d) continued conditions in the environment favorable over
several generations to the passing of the successful variations from parents to offspring
(e) none of the above