Statistics (cont.) Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology.
Psych Final Review. Unit 1: Intro to Psych Objectives: Objectives: Define psychology Define...
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Transcript of Psych Final Review. Unit 1: Intro to Psych Objectives: Objectives: Define psychology Define...
Psych Final Psych Final ReviewReview
Unit 1: Intro to PsychUnit 1: Intro to Psych Objectives:Objectives:
Define psychologyDefine psychology Study of behaviors and mental processesStudy of behaviors and mental processes
History of psychologyHistory of psychology Trephining- Elements/Humors- Phrenology- Trephining- Elements/Humors- Phrenology-
Enlightenment (anatomy)- Lab science (Wundt’s Enlightenment (anatomy)- Lab science (Wundt’s structuralism and James’ functionalism)- Gestalt structuralism and James’ functionalism)- Gestalt to …to …
Major schools of psychologyMajor schools of psychology Behaviorism- Psychoanalytic- Humanistic- Behaviorism- Psychoanalytic- Humanistic-
Cognitive- BiologicalCognitive- Biological Why psych a scienceWhy psych a science
Scientific Method- Research Methods- Basic vs. Scientific Method- Research Methods- Basic vs. AppliedApplied
Modern Schools of Modern Schools of ThoughtThought
BehaviorismBehaviorism John B. WatsonJohn B. Watson Observable Observable
behavior/ behavior/ consequenceconsequence
PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud Hidden conflict Hidden conflict
drives behaviordrives behavior CognitiveCognitive
Jean PiagetJean Piaget Org, remember, Org, remember,
use knowledgeuse knowledge
HumanisticHumanistic Maslow and RogersMaslow and Rogers Hierarchy of needs Hierarchy of needs
guides behaviorguides behavior BiologicalBiological
NewNew NS, Hormones, NS, Hormones,
Genes influence Genes influence behaviorbehavior
Psych As SciencePsych As Science Basic- study to know more, Applied- use what Basic- study to know more, Applied- use what
we know to solve problemswe know to solve problems Scientific MethodScientific Method
Problem, Hypothesis, Research, Analyze, Theory, Problem, Hypothesis, Research, Analyze, Theory, RetestRetest
Research MethodsResearch Methods Observation, Case study, Interview, Survey, TestsObservation, Case study, Interview, Survey, Tests Experimental Method: Variables, Groups, Bias, BlindsExperimental Method: Variables, Groups, Bias, Blinds Correlational MethodCorrelational Method Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional, Cross-Sequential Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional, Cross-Sequential
ResearchResearch
Unit 2: Biological BasisUnit 2: Biological Basis Objectives:Objectives:
Techniques for studying the brain.Techniques for studying the brain. Phrenology- Galvanism- Infamous Patients- Phrenology- Galvanism- Infamous Patients-
Lesioning- Electrical Activity (EEG)- Imaging (CAT, Lesioning- Electrical Activity (EEG)- Imaging (CAT, PET, MRI)PET, MRI)
Nervous System- neuron and neural Nervous System- neuron and neural communication.communication.
Types, Parts, Neurotransmitters, Reaction TimeTypes, Parts, Neurotransmitters, Reaction Time Neuroanatomy Diagram- CNS, PNS (and parts)Neuroanatomy Diagram- CNS, PNS (and parts)
Function and location of parts of the brain.- Function and location of parts of the brain.- DiagramDiagram
Function and location of lobes and Function and location of lobes and hemispheres.hemispheres.
Glandular SystemGlandular System Endocrine vs. Exocrine SystemEndocrine vs. Exocrine System Function and location of major endocrine glandsFunction and location of major endocrine glands
Nervous SystemNervous System Brain CellsBrain Cells
Glial Cells/ NeuronsGlial Cells/ Neurons NeuronsNeurons
Sensory, Motor, Sensory, Motor, InterneuronInterneuron
Parts of NeuronParts of Neuron Body (soma)- Body (soma)-
Dendrites- Axon Dendrites- Axon (myelin sheath)- End (myelin sheath)- End Bulbs- SynapseBulbs- Synapse
CommunicationCommunication Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters
(excite/inhibit)(excite/inhibit) Reaction Time/ Reaction Time/
DiscriminationDiscrimination
NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomy Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System
Brain and Spinal CordBrain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous
SystemSystem Somatic and AutonomicSomatic and Autonomic
Sympathetic and Sympathetic and ParasympatheticParasympathetic
BrainBrain Right vs. Left Right vs. Left
HemispheresHemispheres LobesLobes
Frontal, Parietal, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital Temporal, Occipital
Fissures, Motor/Sensory Fissures, Motor/Sensory CortexCortex
The BrainThe Brain
Unit 3: States of Unit 3: States of ConsciousnessConsciousness
Objectives:Objectives: Define consciousness, id various states.Define consciousness, id various states.
Awareness of self and environmentAwareness of self and environment Conscious- Non-Con- Precon- Subcon- Uncon- AlteredConscious- Non-Con- Precon- Subcon- Uncon- Altered
Describe state of sleepDescribe state of sleep Explain theories on sleepExplain theories on sleep Explain theories on dreamingExplain theories on dreaming Describe meditation and hypnosis.Describe meditation and hypnosis.
Hypnosis: Deeply relaxed and highly suggestible Hypnosis: Deeply relaxed and highly suggestible (Characteristics?) (Uses?)(Characteristics?) (Uses?)
Meditation: Controlled consciousness for tranquilityMeditation: Controlled consciousness for tranquility Identify types and effects of drugs and alcoholIdentify types and effects of drugs and alcohol
Sleep and DreamsSleep and Dreams
TheoriesTheories Evolutionary- Evolutionary-
RecuperativeRecuperative CircadianCircadian
Stages of Sleep Stages of Sleep CycleCycle Awake- Drowsy- I- Awake- Drowsy- I-
II- III- IV- REM (V)II- III- IV- REM (V) Different brain Different brain
waveswaves
Dream TheoryDream Theory Cultural, Cultural,
Psychoanalytic, Psychoanalytic, Activation-Synthesis, Activation-Synthesis, Problem SolvingProblem Solving
Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders Insomnia, Insomnia,
Narcolepsy, Narcolepsy, Snoring/Apnea, Snoring/Apnea, Walking/Talking/ Walking/Talking/ Wetting, TerrorsWetting, Terrors
Unit 4: Learning, Memory, Unit 4: Learning, Memory, and Intelligenceand Intelligence
Objectives:Objectives: Describe components of classical Describe components of classical
conditioning.conditioning. Describe components of operant Describe components of operant
conditioning.conditioning. Describe social learning theory.Describe social learning theory. Diagram and explain the memory pathway.Diagram and explain the memory pathway. Identify types of memories.Identify types of memories. Explain why we forget.Explain why we forget.
ConditioningConditioning ClassicalClassical
Pavlov- BehaviorsPavlov- Behaviors NS- UCS- UCR- CS- NS- UCS- UCR- CS-
CRCR Principles of CCPrinciples of CC
Acqui- Gen- Discrim- Acqui- Gen- Discrim- Extinc- RecovExtinc- Recov
Watson- EmotionsWatson- Emotions Baby AlbertBaby Albert FixingFixing
Counter- Counter- Desensitization- Desensitization- FloodingFlooding
OperantOperant SkinnerSkinner Behavior/Behavior/
ConsequenceConsequence (+/-) Reinforcement (+/-) Reinforcement
–Punishment- –Punishment- Omission TrainingOmission Training
Primary/Secondary Primary/Secondary ReinforcersReinforcers
Continuous/Partial Continuous/Partial ReinforcementReinforcement
Ratio- IntervalRatio- Interval Fixed-VariableFixed-Variable
Shaping, ChainingShaping, Chaining
Learning cont…Learning cont… SeligmanSeligman
Feedback- Transfer- Feedback- Transfer- PracticePractice
Learned Learned Laziness/HelplessnessLaziness/Helplessness
Observational LearningObservational Learning BanduraBandura Modeling/Social LearnModeling/Social Learn BoBo DollBoBo Doll
Attention- Retention- Attention- Retention- Imitation- MotivationImitation- Motivation
Vicarious Living- Vicarious Living- Disinhibition- Self-EfficacyDisinhibition- Self-Efficacy
Memory & ForgettingMemory & Forgetting Information ProcessingInformation Processing
Input-Central Processing-Input-Central Processing-OutputOutput
Sensory Memory-Sensory Memory- Selective Attn- Feature Selective Attn- Feature
Extraction- Extraction- STM-STM-
Chunking- Rehearsal- Chunking- Rehearsal- EncodingEncoding
LTMLTM Implicit/Explicit MemoryImplicit/Explicit Memory Types: Episodic- Types: Episodic-
Declarative- ProceduralDeclarative- Procedural Org: Hierarchy- Schema- Org: Hierarchy- Schema-
Semantic NetworkSemantic Network Retrieval: Recognition- Retrieval: Recognition-
Recall- RelearningRecall- Relearning
ForgettingForgetting Serial-Position Effect, Decay Serial-Position Effect, Decay
Theory, Interference Theory, Interference Theory, RepressionTheory, Repression
Amnesia Amnesia Psychogenic Psychogenic
Fugue/AmnesiaFugue/Amnesia Organic: Antero/Retro-Organic: Antero/Retro-
gradegrade
Improving MemoryImproving Memory Mnemonic DevicesMnemonic Devices
Rhymes, Acronym, Imagery, Rhymes, Acronym, Imagery, Pegword Method, Method Pegword Method, Method of Lociof Loci
Mnemonists, Synesthesia, Mnemonists, Synesthesia, Eidetic memory, SavantsEidetic memory, Savants
IntelligenceIntelligence TheoriesTheories
Spearman’s 2 FactorSpearman’s 2 Factor Thurstone’s 7 AbilitiesThurstone’s 7 Abilities Cattell’s fluid/crystalCattell’s fluid/crystal Gardner’s multiple Gardner’s multiple
intellintell Sternberg’s TriarchicSternberg’s Triarchic Emotional IntellEmotional Intell
DeterminantsDeterminants Nature v NurtureNature v Nurture Gender, Race, EthnicityGender, Race, Ethnicity
MeasurementMeasurement Intelligence TestsIntelligence Tests
Stanford-Binet (MA), Stanford-Binet (MA), Wechsler Tests, NIT, Wechsler Tests, NIT, SATSAT
Standardization- Standardization- Reliability- Validity- Reliability- Validity- BiasBias
Achievement vs. Achievement vs. AptitudeAptitude
Distribution of ScoresDistribution of Scores Mental Retardation Mental Retardation
(70(70)) Giftedness (130Giftedness (130))
Unit 5: Developmental Unit 5: Developmental PsychPsych
Objectives:Objectives: Explain how study developmentExplain how study development Describe Piaget’s stages of intellectual growthDescribe Piaget’s stages of intellectual growth Explain Freud’s theory on social dvptExplain Freud’s theory on social dvpt Describe Erikson’s theory on identity formationDescribe Erikson’s theory on identity formation Evaluate Kohlberg’s theory on moral dvptEvaluate Kohlberg’s theory on moral dvpt Define and explain adolescenceDefine and explain adolescence Explain identity according to James MarciaExplain identity according to James Marcia Differentiate between three stages of adulthoodDifferentiate between three stages of adulthood
Lifespan DevelopmentLifespan Development Physical- Cognitive-Physical- Cognitive-
Social changes that Social changes that take place birth to take place birth to deathdeath
Stage Theory- Stage Theory- MilestonesMilestones Pds of Human Life Pds of Human Life
SpanSpan Prenatal dvptPrenatal dvpt Neonatal equipmentNeonatal equipment EtcEtc
Critical PeriodsCritical Periods Language, Motor Language, Motor
(Genie)(Genie)
Cognitive DvptCognitive Dvpt PiagetPiaget
Schemas: Schemas: assimilate/accommodateassimilate/accommodate
SensorimotorSensorimotor Object permanence, Object permanence,
stranger anxietystranger anxiety PreoperationalPreoperational
Egocentric, no Egocentric, no conservationconservation
Concrete OperationalConcrete Operational Conservation, Conservation,
reversible thought, reversible thought, perspectiveperspective
Formal OperationalFormal Operational Abstract, Consequence, Abstract, Consequence,
morality, problem morality, problem solve, hypothesissolve, hypothesis
Lifespan DevelopmentLifespan Development Moral DvptMoral Dvpt
Kohlberg’s Moral Kohlberg’s Moral DilemmasDilemmas
Preconventional- Preconventional- ConventionalConventional PostconventionalPostconventional
Social DvptSocial Dvpt Freud- PsychosexualFreud- Psychosexual
Oral-Anal-Phallic-Oral-Anal-Phallic-Latency-Genital Latency-Genital (libido, fixation)(libido, fixation)
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
Social DvptSocial Dvpt Erikson- Erikson-
Psychosocial CrisesPsychosocial Crises Trust/MistrustTrust/Mistrust Autonomy/Shame-Autonomy/Shame-
DoubtDoubt Initiative/GuiltInitiative/Guilt Industry/InferiorityIndustry/Inferiority Identity/ConfusionIdentity/Confusion Intimacy/IsolationIntimacy/Isolation Generativity/Generativity/
StagnationStagnation Integrity/DespairIntegrity/Despair
Lifespan DvptLifespan Dvpt AdolescenceAdolescence
Transition PdTransition Pd Biological, CognitiveBiological, Cognitive
EriksonErikson G. Stanley Hall G. Stanley Hall
(storm/stress)(storm/stress) HavighurstHavighurst MarciaMarcia
Diffusion, Foreclosure, Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, AchievedMoratorium, Achieved
BaumrindBaumrind Authoritarian, Authoritarian,
Authoritative, Authoritative, Permissive Indulgent, Permissive Indulgent, Permissive Neglectful Permissive Neglectful ParentsParents
Peer GroupsPeer Groups Clique, CrowdClique, Crowd Sex role, identitySex role, identity
AdulthoodAdulthood LevinsonLevinson
Young-Middle-LateYoung-Middle-Late Decremental Model of Decremental Model of
AgingAging Physical, Mental Physical, Mental
changeschanges AgeismAgeism
Death and DyingDeath and Dying Kubler-Ross- Kubler-Ross-
ThanatologistThanatologist Awareness: Closed, Awareness: Closed,
Suspected, OpenSuspected, Open Stages: Denial, Anger, Stages: Denial, Anger,
Bargaining, Depression, Bargaining, Depression, AcceptanceAcceptance
Unit 6: Sensation and Unit 6: Sensation and PerceptionPerception
Objectives:Objectives: Differentiate between the twoDifferentiate between the two
Sensation is sensory info from environment, Sensation is sensory info from environment, Perception is how our brain interprets this Perception is how our brain interprets this infoinfo
Explain thresholds.Explain thresholds. List and describe the workings of the List and describe the workings of the
five basic senses.five basic senses. Examine factors which play a role in Examine factors which play a role in
perception.perception.
SensationSensation SensesSenses
Sight, smell, taste, Sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing, touch, hearing, kinesthetic, vestibularkinesthetic, vestibular
Transduction- EnergyTransduction- Energy
PsychophysicsPsychophysics Thresholds: Absolute, Thresholds: Absolute,
Difference (JND- Difference (JND- Weber’s Law)Weber’s Law)
Signal Detection Signal Detection TheoryTheory
Sensory AdaptationSensory Adaptation
WavelengthsWavelengths Frequency, AmplitudeFrequency, Amplitude
Vision, HearingVision, Hearing
Parts of Eye, Ear…Parts of Eye, Ear…How they function in How they function in vision, hearingvision, hearing
Remaining senses- Remaining senses- why have them, how why have them, how work, damaged?work, damaged?
PerceptionPerception
VisualVisual AfterimagesAfterimages Perceptual Organization- Gestalt LawsPerceptual Organization- Gestalt Laws Perceptual Constancy- Size, Color, Perceptual Constancy- Size, Color,
ShapeShape Perceptual Illusions- Perceptual Illusions- Depth Perception- Binocular, Depth Perception- Binocular,
Monocular, Motion CuesMonocular, Motion Cues
Unit 7: Motivation and Unit 7: Motivation and EmotionEmotion
Objectives:Objectives: Define motivation.Define motivation.
Internal and external factors that guide Internal and external factors that guide behavior toward goal.behavior toward goal.
Compare various theories of motivation.Compare various theories of motivation. Explain Maslow’s hierarchy and self-Explain Maslow’s hierarchy and self-
actualization.actualization. Describe various theories of emotion.Describe various theories of emotion.
MotivationMotivation MotiveMotive
Need, Drive, IncentiveNeed, Drive, Incentive
Theories- Motivated to act b/c…Theories- Motivated to act b/c… Instinct- born toInstinct- born to Drive Reduction- need toDrive Reduction- need to Psychoanalytic (Freud)- to survivePsychoanalytic (Freud)- to survive Incentive (Extrinsic)- outside Incentive (Extrinsic)- outside
rewardreward Cognitive (Intrinsic)- personal Cognitive (Intrinsic)- personal
satisfactionsatisfaction Humanistic (Maslow)- reach Humanistic (Maslow)- reach
potentialpotential
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsNeeds Physiological-Safety-Physiological-Safety-
Love and Belong-Love and Belong-Esteem-Self Esteem-Self Actualization NeedsActualization Needs
Fundamental/SocialFundamental/Social Deficiency/GrowthDeficiency/Growth
EmotionEmotion Linked to motives- Linked to motives-
feelings associated feelings associated withwith
Biology of EmotionBiology of Emotion Limbic System Limbic System
(Amygdala, (Amygdala, Hypothalamus)Hypothalamus)
Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe
Full body experienceFull body experience
Physiological TheoriesPhysiological Theories James-LangeJames-Lange
Event, Response, EmotionEvent, Response, Emotion Cannon-BardCannon-Bard
Event, Response & EmotionEvent, Response & Emotion Facial FeedbackFacial Feedback
Event, Face, EmotionEvent, Face, Emotion
Cognitive TheoriesCognitive Theories Schachter-SingerSchachter-Singer
Event, Response, Event, Response, Interpretation, EmotionInterpretation, Emotion
Opponent-ProcessOpponent-Process Event, Response, Event, Response,
Interpretation, Counter Interpretation, Counter EmotionEmotion
Unit 8: Abnormal Unit 8: Abnormal PsychologyPsychology
Objectives:Objectives: Define abnormalDefine abnormal Explain medical model and DSMExplain medical model and DSM Differentiate between the 15 major Differentiate between the 15 major
DSM disordersDSM disorders Explain possible treatments and types Explain possible treatments and types
of therapyof therapy
Mental IllnessMental Illness AbnormalAbnormal
Deviation, Deviation, Maladjustment, Maladjustment, DistressDistress
Impairs daily Impairs daily functioningfunctioning
Medical ModelMedical Model Diagnose symptoms- Diagnose symptoms-
TreatTreat DSM-IVDSM-IV
Mental IllnessMental Illness MoodMood AnxietyAnxiety SomatoformSomatoform DissociativeDissociative SchizophreniaSchizophrenia PersonalityPersonality Impulse ControlImpulse Control Others…Others…
TreatmentTreatment Medical, Therapy, Medical, Therapy,
ComboCombo