Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 248 (2000) 53
psyc 321_10 experimental ecology
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Transcript of psyc 321_10 experimental ecology
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Developmental Research MethodsTopic 10: Experimental Ecology?
04/10/2023CEDP 321/322 Ryan Sain, Ph.D. 1
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Experimental EcologyThe experiment is an interaction
between the experimenter, subjects and environment
Laboratory observation vs. external observation◦Mothers and play
Ecological validity◦How much does the context influence
the findings?
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Experimenter effects
Bias in data collection◦Maskelyne and
Kinnenbrook This is a case of
the PERSONAL EQUATION
Operational definitions help this
Multiple observers
Interrater reliability
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Bias in data errors• Favor own hypothesis• Morton – intelligence across races• Selection bias• Did not know he was doing this
• Sometimes its not so innocuous• Burt - manipulation of data to support his
theory. (intelligence is a result of genetic factors)
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Biased interactionsExperimenters can treat various
subjects differently◦Attractive, male, female, etc.
Use scripts
◦We also bias people by hinting at what the goals of our research are. Subjects will then try to change their
behavior to match or not match our goals.
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Reducing biasUse multiple experimentersBlinding
◦Blind the subject◦Blind the experimenter or both
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Subject factorsProblems with interpreting results
come from subjects too.
These are huge issues and cloud the experiment in the forms of threats to validity.
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Hawthorne effectA thing observed
changesLadies working at a
production plant◦ Increased
productivity in general – even when they should not have.
◦ They were reacting to being part of the study and felt special as a result – and increased productivity.
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Placebo (expectancy)Just the act of taking something may
cause you to change on whatever factor it is.◦Headaches, etc.
You can control this by taking measurements BEFORE you start the placebo condition to see if they change in the placebo condition as well.◦Mixed design
You can also control for this through blinding.
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Demand CharacteristicsParticipants response is
influenced by the experimental setting by themselves.
They have an idea about how to behave in a given situation◦They then match their behavior to
that idea.◦Alcohol, marijuana, etc.
Deception helps control for these.Distractors help control for these.
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Cultural bias
Our bias may be the culture itself◦African Americans and psychotherapy
Rules for including minorities and women in research
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ParadigmsChanging the way we see the
world allows us to ask new questions about it.
New technologiesNew discoveries.