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Psy2005: Applied Research Methods & Ethics in Psychology
Lab Week 7: Using Simple Effects to investigate the effects of type of session and type of therapy on self-reported drug
use
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SPSS data filesOpen Psy2005 folderOpen Week 7Double click on ‘drug treatments3.sav’Fundamental principle
◦Each participant has their own row◦Each different bit of data must go in a
separate column / variableData view vs. Variable View
◦Change via ‘tabs’ at bottom of window or keyboard combination ⌘T
◦Data view for viewing / editing data◦Variable view for details of variables
Tutor Led
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Aims & OutcomesProvide an overview of research
focusing on drug treatmentsConduct a Simple Effects analysis
on an independent groups factorial ANOVA◦Session when treatment is held
constant◦Treatment when session is held
constantExplain the key features of Simple
Effects
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Work on your own, in groups, whatever you feel is best for you!
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Drug Treatments in Current StudyTreatments (Weekly Sessions)
◦12-Step programme◦A Cognitive–Behavioural Motivational
Intervention ◦Standard care
Type of session◦Group therapy◦Individual therapy
Outcome Measures (1, 6, & 12 months)◦Self-monitored logbooks: drugs taken◦Recordings taken over a 28 day period prior to
measurement
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Participants & TherapistsParticipants:
◦Prolific and other Priority Offender status and tested positive for cocaine or heroin during their arrest.
◦Randomly allocated to one of the three groups.
Therapists: Twelve therapists ran the sessions. ◦All were qualified to degree standard
and had a minimum of three years experience
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ProcedureParticipants took part as part of a
voluntary rehabilitation procedureParticipants had either:
◦ 90 minute weekly closed (nobody was allowed to join after the first session) meetings in groups of 4-8 people with two Counsellors.
◦ 45 minute weekly individual sessions with one Counsellor
Participants attended the sessions for 1 year. Treatment outcomes were measured at 1 month, 6 months & 12 months.
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About the Experiment!Teasing apart the design
◦Independent variables: Type of drug treatment : 12 Step,
CBT/MI, Standard Care Type of session: group, individual
◦Dependent variable Self-reported drug use
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Factorial ANOVA
Total Variability
Variance Explained by the Experiment
Variance explained by
treatment
Variance explained by session
Variance Explained by interaction
between treatment and session
Unexplained Variance
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Self-reported drug use at time: 1 month
Self-reported drug use at time: 6 months
Self-reported drug use at time: 1 Year
Type of session:Group Vs Individual therapy Situation. More on this later!
Type of therapy:12 StepCBT with MIStandard care.
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Conducting a factorial ANOVAStudent Led
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Student Led
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The Output: The ANOVA
Session (F(1,136)=10.352, MSe=1.650, p=0.002)
Therapy (F(2,136)=13.550, MSe=1.650, p<0.001)
Session x Therapy (F(2,136)=4.402, MSe=1.650 p=0.014)
Tutor Led
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The Output: The interaction effect(F(2,136)=4.402, MSe=1.650, p=0.014)
Tutor Led
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Conclusions: This is your first Summative Assessment
Following a Factorial ANOVA on Drug Use (1 month) the following findings were observed◦ Main effect for Session Factor◦ Main effect for Treatment Factor◦ Interaction effect for Session x Therapy
What does this mean?◦ You will have to wait until Week 8 to get a better
understanding of the interaction.◦ Before then, look at the graph and try to make
sense of it yourself◦ You need to understand this as it forms an integral
part of your first summative assessment
Tutor Led
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Evaluating the interaction effect: Simple Effects
• Interpreting main effects:• Does the factor have a similar effect at all levels of the
other factor• Are the lines parallel?
• Interpreting interaction effects: • A statistical interaction occurs when the effect of one
independent variable on the dependent variable changes depending on the level of another independent variable.
• Simple Effect analysis is the examination of the effect of one factor at all levels of the other factor
• For our example there are two simple effects for type of treatment (more if they are significant!) and three simple effects for type of session.
• We will use the error term from the main ANOVA as our denominator as this is the most accurate measure of unexplained variance (MSe=1.650, df=136)
Tutor Led
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Simple Effects for type of Session: Plotting the analyses
1.
2.
3.
Session:1. group vs individual at 12
Step2. group vs individual at
CBT/MI3. group vs individual at
Stan. Care
Tutor Led
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Back to SPSS: Select Cases for 12-step participants Student Led
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Select Cases for 12-step participants
Student Led
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Independent Groups ANOVAStudent Led
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Output for Session at 12-Step
Apply a Bonferroni correction as we are carrying out a family of tests (0.05/3=0.0167)
Session at 12-Step (F(1,136)=14.596, MSe=1.650, p<0.001) These findings show that there is a significant reduction in self-reported
drug use when the 12-step was presented in group sessions as opposed to individual sessions
This is replaced With MSe=1.650
This is replacedWith df=136
This becomes 14.596
Student Led
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Back to SPSS: Select Cases for CBT/MI participants Student Led
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Select Cases for CBT/MI participants
Student Led
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Intependent Groups ANOVAStudent Led
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Output for Session at CBT/MI
Apply a Bonferroni correction as we are carrying out a family of tests (0.05/3=0.0167)
Session at CBT/MI(F(1,136)=4.584, MSe=1.650, p=0.034) These show that the group session is more effective at
CBT/MI but the correction means we cannot accept these findings as significant
This is replaced With MSe=1.650
This is replacedWith df=136
This becomes 4.584
Student Led
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Back to SPSS: Select Cases for Standard Care participants Student Led
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Select Cases for Standard Care participants Student Led
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Intependent Groups ANOVAStudent Led
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Output for Session at Standard Care
Apply a Bonferroni correction as we are carrying out a family of tests (0.05/3=0.0167)
Session at CBT/MI(F(1,136)=0.135, MSe=1.650, p=0.714)
These show no significant differences between the two types of session at Standard Care
This is replaced With MSe=1.650
This is replacedWith df=136
This becomes 0.135
Student Led
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Simple Effects for type of Session: Plotting the analyses
1.
2.
3.
Session:1. group vs individual at 12
(F(1,136)=14.596, MSe=1.650, p<0.001)
2. group vs individual at CBT/MI (F(1,136)=4.584, MSe=1.650, p=0.034 NS)
3. group vs individual at Stan. Care (F(1,136)=0.135, MSe=1.650, p=0.714 NS)
Tutor Led
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Workbook 1 (Week 7)
There is no Workbook 1 (week 7) but please make sure you take a copy of the PPT files as they contain all of the information you need to write your lab report.