Psy 311: Methods1 GOALS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY l Describe, explain, and optimize human...
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Transcript of Psy 311: Methods1 GOALS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY l Describe, explain, and optimize human...
Psy 311: Methods 1
GOALS OF DEVELOPMENTAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Describe, explain, and optimize human development
Psy 311: Methods 2
GOALS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
1. DESCRIBE – characterize the behavior of human
beings of different ages and trace how it changes with age
– normal development & individual differences
Psy 311: Methods 3
GOALS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
2. EXPLAIN– understanding why humans develop as
they do
– why people develop similarly & differently.
Psy 311: Methods 4
GOALS OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
3. OPTIMIZE– how people can be helped to develop
in a positive direction
– prevention & remediation
Psy 311: Methods 5
METHODS OVERVIEW WHO: Sampling WHAT: Measures HOW: METHODS WHEN: DESIGN
Psy 311: Methods 6
CHALLENGE TOLIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
METHODS– How can we demonstrate causality?
– How can we study different pathways of development?
– How can we study changing people in a changing world?
Psy 311: Methods 7
METHODS
TYPES OF METHODS– Correlational
– Experimental
Psy 311: Methods 8
CORRELATIONAL METHOD
WHAT IS IT?– Looks at naturally existing relationships.
– Studies people who have already had experiences.
– Assigned “naturally” to groups.
Psy 311: Methods 9
CORRELATIONAL METHOD (cont.)
DISADVANTAGES– Can’t prove cause-effect relations
between variables.• Could be the reverse effect.• Could be something else that causes
both variables.
A Teacher
Involvement
BChild’s
Motivation
CChild’sGender
Psy 311: Methods 11
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
WHAT IS IT?– 1. Random assignment of people to
“treatment” and “control” groups.
– 2. Manipulate the independent or “causal” variable.
– 3. Comparison groups are identical on everything but the treatment.
Psy 311: Methods 13
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD (cont.)
ADVANTAGES– Can establish cause-effect relations
between variables.• Does show cause and effect.
–Does not rule out reverse relationship.
Psy 311: Methods 14
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD (cont.)
DISADVANTAGES– “Treatment” may be artificial.
– May not work this way in the real world.
– “Can” cause vs. “does” cause.
– Lots of interesting causal variables cannot be manipulated.
Psy 311: Methods 15
CORRELATIONAL METHOD (cont.)
ADVANTAGES– Can be applied to data collected in
natural settings.
– Can be more applicable to the real world.
– Can be used to study issues that cannot be studied experimentally.
Psy 311: Methods 16
EXPANDING METHODS (cont.)
CORRELATIONAL– Examining beginnings.
– Adding time sequences. EXPERIMENTAL
– Natural experiments.
– Optimizing interventions.
Psy 311: Methods 17
DEVELOPMENTALDESIGNS
TYPES OF DESIGNS– Cross-Sectional
– Longitudinal
– Sequential
Psy 311: Methods 18
CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
WHAT IS IT?– At one time point.
– Look at people of different ages.
Psy 311: Methods 19
CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN (cont.)
WHAT DO YOU GET?– Information about age differences.
Psy 311: Methods 20
CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN (cont.)
DISADVANTAGES– 1. Age differences may be COHORT
differences.
• BIRTH COHORTS: People of the same generation or born at about the same time.
Psy 311: Methods 21
CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN (CONT)
DISADVANTAGES– 2. Provides no information about...
–how a person changes over time.
–how earlier experiences influence later development.
Psy 311: Methods 22
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
WHAT IS IT?– At many points in time; repeatedly
– Follow the same group of people
Psy 311: Methods 23
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN (CONT)
WHAT DO YOU GET?– Information about age changes
Psy 311: Methods 24
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN (cont.)
ADVANTAGES– 1. Actually can study how a person changes
over time.– 2. Actually can study how different people
change over time.– 3. Actually can study…
• how earlier developments are linked to later development.
• how earlier experiences influence later development.
Psy 311: Methods 25
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN (cont.)
DISADVANTAGES– 1. Age changes may be HISTORICAL
changes.
Psy 311: Methods 26
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN (cont.)
DISADVANTAGES– 2. Participants may be affected by
participation in study.• e.g., repeated testing
– 3. Participants may drop out.
Psy 311: Methods 27
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN (cont.)
DISADVANTAGES– 4. Measures may later prove
inadequate.
– 5. Practical problems• time consuming • expensive
Psy 311: Methods 28
CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN (cont.)
ADVANTAGES– 1. Does give information about age
differences.
– 2. Hints at developmental trends.
– 3. Practical.• takes little time to conduct• inexpensive.
Psy 311: Methods 29
SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
WHAT IS IT?– Combines cross-sectional and
longitudinal designs.
– Longitudinal studies on multiple generations or cohorts.
Psy 311: Methods 30
SEQUENTIAL DESIGN (cont.)
WHAT DO YOU GET?– 1. Age differences and Cohort
differences.
– 2. Age changes and Historical changes.
Psy 311: Methods 31
SEQUENTIAL DESIGN (Cont)
ADVANTAGES– 1. Compares development at different
historical periods
– 2. Compares development of different cohorts
Psy 311: Methods 32
SEQUENTIAL DESIGN (Cont)
DISADVANTAGES– 1. Complex
– 2. Time consuming
– 3. Still only generalizable to the cohorts and historical periods you DID measure
– 4. You may find effects you do not want.
Psy 311: Methods 33
DESIGNS FOR DEVELOPMENTAL QUESTIONS
Psy 311: Methods 34
CROSS-SECTIONAL
Advantages– Age differences
– Suggests change
– Inexpensive, quick
Disadvantages– Age differences
could be cohort differences
– No information about change or effects of early experience
Psy 311: Methods 35
LONGITUDINAL Advantages
– Age change
– How people develop differently
– Connections between early & later development
Disadvantages– Age change could
be historical change
– Expensive & long
– Drop out
– Repeated testing
Psy 311: Methods 36
SEQUENTIAL
Advantages– Age changes
– Historical changes in development
Disadvantages– Really complex,
expensive & long
Psy 311: Methods 37
WHAT IS THE BEST DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGN? Age differences
– CROSS-SECTIONAL• exploratory
Age changes– LONGITUDINAL
• effects of earlier experiences Historical changes
– SEQUENTIAL
Psy 311: Methods 38
WHAT IS THE BEST DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGN
(CONT)?
Truly Developmental– LONGITUDINAL
Most Complete– SEQUENTIAL
Depends on the question
Psy 311: Methods 39
LAST NAME, first name 1. Name the major problem with each
design: a) Correlational b) Experimental c) Cross-sectional d) Longitudinal e) Sequential
Psy 311: Methods 40
END