PRT 2008 Lecture 2. Agricultural Systems Agricultural system Subsistence farming Subsistence farming...

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PRT 2008 PRT 2008 Lecture 2 Lecture 2

Transcript of PRT 2008 Lecture 2. Agricultural Systems Agricultural system Subsistence farming Subsistence farming...

Page 1: PRT 2008 Lecture 2. Agricultural Systems Agricultural system Subsistence farming Subsistence farming Commercialized farming Commercialized farming.

PRT 2008PRT 2008

Lecture 2Lecture 2

Page 2: PRT 2008 Lecture 2. Agricultural Systems Agricultural system Subsistence farming Subsistence farming Commercialized farming Commercialized farming.

Agricultural SystemsAgricultural Systems

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Agricultural systemAgricultural system

• Subsistence farmingSubsistence farming

• Commercialized farmingCommercialized farming

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Subsistence farmingSubsistence farming

Characterized by low Characterized by low input/yield. Usually inter-input/yield. Usually inter-cropping. Slash and burn. cropping. Slash and burn.

High risk.High risk.

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Cont.Cont.

Involves working on a plot of land Involves working on a plot of land to produce only enough food to to produce only enough food to

feed the family working on it. The feed the family working on it. The success is dependent on climate, success is dependent on climate,

soil, agricultural practice and soil, agricultural practice and crops grown.crops grown.

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Cont.Cont.

The land produces enough food to The land produces enough food to sustain the family through daily sustain the family through daily

activities, rarely enough of surplus activities, rarely enough of surplus to take to the market or store for to take to the market or store for

later use.later use.

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Cont.Cont.

Does not promote accumulation of Does not promote accumulation of capital. Thus, free of capitalist capital. Thus, free of capitalist economy. The benefit of fewer economy. The benefit of fewer

working hours provides the family working hours provides the family with time for a healthy life.with time for a healthy life.

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Cont.Cont.

The area of land a farmer can The area of land a farmer can cultivate is limited by soil cultivate is limited by soil

fertility, climate, tools, fertility, climate, tools, techniques and available crop techniques and available crop

types. types.

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Cont.Cont.

Socio-economic conditions may Socio-economic conditions may prevent an expansion of farming prevent an expansion of farming plot, especially when inheritance plot, especially when inheritance traditions require that the plot be traditions require that the plot be

split among the children.split among the children.

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Cont.Cont.

Raising of domesticated Raising of domesticated livestock (free-range chicken), livestock (free-range chicken), fish in small pond and paddy fish in small pond and paddy

fieldsfields

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Cont.Cont.

Happen in Africa, South Happen in Africa, South America, certain part of America, certain part of Europe, South-east Asia.Europe, South-east Asia.

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Commercialized FarmingCommercialized Farming

Characterized by monoculture, or Characterized by monoculture, or a combination of a few crops with a combination of a few crops with high yielding modern varieties and high yielding modern varieties and large quantities of chemical input large quantities of chemical input (pesticides and fertilizers). Use of (pesticides and fertilizers). Use of modern techniques and advanced modern techniques and advanced

machineries.machineries.

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Tropical Plantation Tropical Plantation AgricultureAgriculture

• Oil palm, rubber, cocoa, coffee, Oil palm, rubber, cocoa, coffee, coconut, tea, etc.coconut, tea, etc.

• Produce are exported to the Produce are exported to the developed Westdeveloped West

• Some are for home consumptionSome are for home consumption

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Vegetable farmingVegetable farming

• A specialized production in rows and A specialized production in rows and blocksblocks

• Open or enclosedOpen or enclosed

• Allow machinery to cultivate the fieldAllow machinery to cultivate the field

• Labor intensiveLabor intensive

• Using latest post-harvest technologiesUsing latest post-harvest technologies

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Organic farmingOrganic farming

Using no chemical or very Using no chemical or very little of it to produce little of it to produce vegetables and fruitsvegetables and fruits

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HydroponicsHydroponics

A technique of growing plants A technique of growing plants without soilwithout soil

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Cont.Cont.

Passive hydroponics – plants in Passive hydroponics – plants in containers of nutrient solution in containers of nutrient solution in

growing medium such as growing medium such as vermiculite, clay granules, gravel, vermiculite, clay granules, gravel,

cocoa bean shell, etc.cocoa bean shell, etc.

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Cont.Cont.

Flood & drain – a tray filled with Flood & drain – a tray filled with plants in a growing medium of plants in a growing medium of

nutrient solution which is pumped nutrient solution which is pumped into the tray then drained back into the tray then drained back

into a reservoir.into a reservoir.

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Cont.Cont.

Deep water culture – plant roots Deep water culture – plant roots are suspended and are allowed to are suspended and are allowed to hang down into aerated nutrient hang down into aerated nutrient

solutionsolution

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Cont.Cont.

Nutrient film technique – plants Nutrient film technique – plants grow through light-proof plastic grow through light-proof plastic

films placed over shallow, gently films placed over shallow, gently sloping channel along which a sloping channel along which a

steady flow of a thin film of steady flow of a thin film of nutrient solution is maintained nutrient solution is maintained such that roots grow into dense such that roots grow into dense

matmat

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Cont.Cont.

Aeroponics – plant roots are Aeroponics – plant roots are suspended in a mist (produced by suspended in a mist (produced by misters commonly used in micro-misters commonly used in micro-irrigation system) or extreme fine irrigation system) or extreme fine

fog of nutrient rich solutionfog of nutrient rich solution

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Cont.Cont.

Media – expanded clay aggregate Media – expanded clay aggregate (baked clay pebbles), rockwool (baked clay pebbles), rockwool (from basalt), coco coir (from (from basalt), coco coir (from coconut husk), perlite (glass coconut husk), perlite (glass

pebbled from volcanic rocks), etc.pebbled from volcanic rocks), etc.

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AquacultureAquaculture

Cultivation of aquatic organisms Cultivation of aquatic organisms such as raising catfish or tilapia in such as raising catfish or tilapia in ponds or net-pens in lakes, rivers ponds or net-pens in lakes, rivers

and baysand bays

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Poultry and animal Poultry and animal farmingfarming

They are in They are in enclosures/shelters or enclosures/shelters or

rangelandrangeland

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Agri-based industriesAgri-based industries

• Fruit processing – canning juices/codials, jem and Fruit processing – canning juices/codials, jem and jelly, pickled and dehydrated fruits, herbals and jelly, pickled and dehydrated fruits, herbals and health potionshealth potions

• Food processing – mills for rice, sugar and spices, Food processing – mills for rice, sugar and spices, packed food such as cereals and canned beverages, packed food such as cereals and canned beverages, katchup, chocolate candies, canned fish, flakeskatchup, chocolate candies, canned fish, flakes

• Animals – poultry, dairy, fish processing (burger, fillet, Animals – poultry, dairy, fish processing (burger, fillet, bottled milkbottled milk

• Industrials – leather and rubber goods, batik and Industrials – leather and rubber goods, batik and songket, oleochemicals, biofuel, wood-based productssongket, oleochemicals, biofuel, wood-based products

• Cottage industries – food, handicraftsCottage industries – food, handicrafts